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Arshad M, Athar ZM, Hiba T. Current and Novel Treatment Modalities of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cureus 2024; 16:e56140. [PMID: 38618480 PMCID: PMC11015429 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) presents a clinical challenge characterized by progressive fibrosis and destruction of lung tissue. Despite recent advancements, including antifibrotic medications like pirfenidone and nintedanib, IPF remains a chronic and often fatal condition with limited treatment options. This article provides an overview of the current treatment modalities for IPF and explores the need for new therapeutic approaches. Antifibrotic medications have shown efficacy in slowing disease progression but are not curative and may not be suitable for all patients. Ongoing research focuses on emerging therapies such as stem cell therapy, immunomodulatory agents, and novel pharmacological targets like phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors. While these treatments offer promise, there remains an unmet need for effective therapies capable of halting or reversing fibrotic lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tasneem Hiba
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, USA
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2
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Giriyappagoudar M, Vastrad B, Horakeri R, Vastrad C. Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3109. [PMID: 38137330 PMCID: PMC10740779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttanagouda Giriyappagoudar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi 580022, Karnataka, India;
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. Socitey’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeshwari Horakeri
- Department of Computer Science, Govt First Grade College, Hubballi 580032, Karnataka, India;
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
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3
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Papiris SA, Kannengiesser C, Borie R, Kolilekas L, Kallieri M, Apollonatou V, Ba I, Nathan N, Bush A, Griese M, Dieude P, Crestani B, Manali ED. Genetics in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Clinical Perspective. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2928. [PMID: 36552935 PMCID: PMC9777433 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unraveling the genetic background in a significant proportion of patients with both sporadic and familial IPF provided new insights into the pathogenic pathways of pulmonary fibrosis. AIM The aim of the present study is to overview the clinical significance of genetics in IPF. PERSPECTIVE It is fascinating to realize the so-far underestimated but dynamically increasing impact that genetics has on aspects related to the pathophysiology, accurate and early diagnosis, and treatment and prevention of this devastating disease. Genetics in IPF have contributed as no other in unchaining the disease from the dogma of a "a sporadic entity of the elderly, limited to the lungs" and allowed all scientists, but mostly clinicians, all over the world to consider its many aspects and "faces" in all age groups, including its co-existence with several extra pulmonary conditions from cutaneous albinism to bone-marrow and liver failure. CONCLUSION By providing additional evidence for unsuspected characteristics such as immunodeficiency, impaired mucus, and surfactant and telomere maintenance that very often co-exist through the interaction of common and rare genetic variants in the same patient, genetics have created a generous and pluralistic yet unifying platform that could lead to the understanding of the injurious and pro-fibrotic effects of many seemingly unrelated extrinsic and intrinsic offending factors. The same platform constantly instructs us about our limitations as well as about the heritability, the knowledge and the wisdom that is still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros A. Papiris
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Caroline Kannengiesser
- Département de Génétique, APHP Hôpital Bichat, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1152, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Raphael Borie
- Service de Pneumologie A, INSERM UMR_1152, Centre de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, APHP Hôpital Bichat, Sorbonne Université, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Lykourgos Kolilekas
- 7th Pulmonary Department, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kallieri
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Apollonatou
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Ibrahima Ba
- Département de Génétique, APHP Hôpital Bichat, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Nathan
- Peditric Pulmonology Department and Reference Centre for Rare Lung Diseases RespiRare, INSERM UMR_S933 Laboratory of Childhood Genetic Diseases, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne University and APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Andrew Bush
- Paediatrics and Paediatric Respirology, Imperial College, Imperial Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Matthias Griese
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, German Center for Lung Research, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe Dieude
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM U1152, APHP Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie A, INSERM UMR_1152, Centre de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, APHP Hôpital Bichat, Sorbonne Université, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Effrosyni D. Manali
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
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Anti-Myxovirus Resistance Protein-1 Immunoglobulin A Autoantibody in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Can Respir J 2022; 2022:1107673. [PMID: 35391716 PMCID: PMC8983265 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1107673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously analysed serum autoantibody levels in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (iNSIP), and healthy controls and identified the autoantibody against anti-myxovirus resistance protein-1 (MX1) to be a specific autoantibody in iNSIP. We found that a higher anti-MX1 autoantibody level was a significant predictor of a good prognosis in patients with non-IPF idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. In this retrospective study, we sought to clarify the prognostic significance of the anti-MX1 autoantibody in IPF. Methods We measured anti-MX1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and IgM autoantibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum collected at the time of diagnosis from 71 patients with IPF diagnosed according to the 2018 IPF guideline. The gender-age-physiology (GAP) index was calculated in each case. Results The study population (59 men and 12 women) had a median age of 67 years. Serum anti-MX1 IgG and IgA autoantibody levels correlated positively with GAP stage (p < 0.05). Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis did not identify an elevated anti-MX1 IgG, IgA, or IgM autoantibody level as a significant prognostic factor; however, a higher anti-MX1 IgA autoantibody level heralded significantly poorer survival after adjustment for GAP stage (p=0.030) and for percent forced vital capacity and modified Medical Research Council score (p=0.018). Neither the anti-MX1 IgG autoantibody nor the IgM autoantibody could predict survival after these adjustments. Conclusions The serum anti-MX1 IgA autoantibody level is a significant prognostic factor in IPF. Further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological role of this autoantibody in IPF.
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Turn RE, Hu Y, Dewees SI, Devi N, East MP, Hardin KR, Khatib T, Linnert J, Wolfrum U, Lim MJ, Casanova JE, Caspary T, Kahn RA. The ARF GAPs ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 act at the Golgi and cilia to regulate ciliogenesis and ciliary protein traffic. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar13. [PMID: 34818063 PMCID: PMC9236152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMODs are a family of three mammalian paralogues that display GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward a uniquely broad array of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family GTPases that includes ARF-like (ARL) proteins. ELMODs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, highly conserved across eukaryotes, and ancient in origin, being present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. We described functions of ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in the regulation of cell division, microtubules, ciliogenesis, and mitochondrial fusion. Here, using similar strategies with the paralogues ELMOD1 and ELMOD3, we identify novel functions and locations of these cell regulators and compare them to those of ELMOD2, allowing the determination of functional redundancy among the family members. We found strong similarities in phenotypes resulting from deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 and marked differences from those arising in Elmod2 deletion lines. Deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 results in the decreased ability of cells to form primary cilia, loss of a subset of proteins from cilia, and accumulation of some ciliary proteins at the Golgi, predicted to result from compromised traffic from the Golgi to cilia. These phenotypes are reversed upon activating mutant expression of either ARL3 or ARL16, linking their roles to ELMOD1/3 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Yihan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China
| | - Skylar I. Dewees
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Narra Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Katherine R. Hardin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tala Khatib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Michael J. Lim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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6
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Turn RE, Linnert J, Gigante ED, Wolfrum U, Caspary T, Kahn RA. Roles for ELMOD2 and Rootletin in ciliogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:800-822. [PMID: 33596093 PMCID: PMC8108518 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMOD2 is a GTPase-activating protein with uniquely broad specificity for ARF family GTPases. We previously showed that it acts with ARL2 in mitochondrial fusion and microtubule stability and with ARF6 during cytokinesis. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deleted for ELMOD2 also displayed changes in cilia-related processes including increased ciliation, multiciliation, ciliary morphology, ciliary signaling, centrin accumulation inside cilia, and loss of rootlets at centrosomes with loss of centrosome cohesion. Increasing ARL2 activity or overexpressing Rootletin reversed these defects, revealing close functional links between the three proteins. This was further supported by the findings that deletion of Rootletin yielded similar phenotypes, which were rescued upon increasing ARL2 activity but not ELMOD2 overexpression. Thus, we propose that ARL2, ELMOD2, and Rootletin all act in a common pathway that suppresses spurious ciliation and maintains centrosome cohesion. Screening a number of markers of steps in the ciliation pathway supports a model in which ELMOD2, Rootletin, and ARL2 act downstream of TTBK2 and upstream of CP110 to prevent spurious release of CP110 and to regulate ciliary vesicle docking. These data thus provide evidence supporting roles for ELMOD2, Rootletin, and ARL2 in the regulation of ciliary licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 655099, Germany
| | - Eduardo D Gigante
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 655099, Germany
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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7
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Michalski JE, Schwartz DA. Genetic Risk Factors for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Insights into Immunopathogenesis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 13:1305-1318. [PMID: 33447070 PMCID: PMC7801923 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s280958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an etiologically complex interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive scarring of the lungs with a subsequent decline in lung function. While much of the pathogenesis of IPF still remains unclear, it is now understood that genetic variation accounts for at least one-third of the risk of developing the disease. The single-most validated and most significant risk factor, genetic or otherwise, is a gain-of-function promoter variant in the MUC5B gene. While the functional impact of these IPF risk variants at the cellular and tissue levels are areas of active investigation, there is a growing body of evidence that these genetic variants may influence disease pathogenesis through modulation of innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Michalski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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8
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Gao J, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Hou R. lncRNA CRNDE is Upregulated in Glioblastoma Multiforme and Facilitates Cancer Progression Through Targeting miR-337-3p and ELMOD2 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:9225-9234. [PMID: 32982309 PMCID: PMC7502397 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) was reported to promote carcinogenesis in several cancers. However, the role of CRNDE in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) needs to be further explored. Methods CRNDE expression levels in GBM tissues and cells were explored using real-time quantitative PCR at first. Effects of CRNDE on GBM cell behaviors were detected by conducting in vitro experiments. Interactions of CRNDE, microRNA-337-3p (miR-337-3p), and ELMO domain containing 2 (ELMOD2) were verified by bioinformatics analysis tools and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Expression correlations of CRNDE and ELMOD2 in GBM tissues were analyzed at GEPIA website. Results CRNDE expression was upregulated in GBM tissues and cells compared with normal counterparts. CRDNE knockdown inhibits proliferation and migration, but promotes apoptosis in GBM cell, while CRNDE overexpression caused opposite effects. Mechanisms exploration indicated CRNDE serves as sponge of miR-337-3p to upregulate ELMOD2 expression. Furthermore, we showed CRNDE and ELMOD2 were positively correlated in GBM tissues. Discussion In conclusion, our study highlighted the importance of CRNDE/miR-337-3p/ELMOD2 axis in GBM progression and offered novel strategies for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunbang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhe Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
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Turn RE, East MP, Prekeris R, Kahn RA. The ARF GAP ELMOD2 acts with different GTPases to regulate centrosomal microtubule nucleation and cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2070-2091. [PMID: 32614697 PMCID: PMC7543072 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMOD2 is a ∼32 kDa protein first purified by its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward ARL2 and later shown to have uniquely broad specificity toward ARF family GTPases in in vitro assays. To begin the task of defining its functions in cells, we deleted ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts and discovered a number of cellular defects, which are reversed upon expression of ELMOD2-myc. We show that these defects, resulting from the loss of ELMOD2, are linked to two different pathways and two different GTPases: with ARL2 and TBCD to support microtubule nucleation from centrosomes and with ARF6 in cytokinesis. These data highlight key aspects of signaling by ARF family GAPs that contribute to previously underappreciated sources of complexity, including GAPs acting from multiple sites in cells, working with multiple GTPases, and contributing to the spatial and temporal control of regulatory GTPases by serving as both GAPs and effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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10
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Borie R, Le Guen P, Ghanem M, Taillé C, Dupin C, Dieudé P, Kannengiesser C, Crestani B. The genetics of interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28:28/153/190053. [PMID: 31554702 PMCID: PMC9488931 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0053-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a set of heterogeneous lung diseases characterised by inflammation and, in some cases, fibrosis. These lung conditions lead to dyspnoea, cough, abnormalities in gas exchange, restrictive physiology (characterised by decreased lung volumes), hypoxaemia and, if progressive, respiratory failure. In some cases, ILDs can be caused by systemic diseases or environmental exposures. The ability to treat or cure these ILDs varies based on the subtype and in many cases lung transplantation remains the only curative therapy. There is a growing body of evidence that both common and rare genetic variants contribute to the development and clinical manifestation of many of the ILDs. Here, we review the current understanding of genetic risk and ILD. Common and rare genetic variants contribute to the development and clinical manifestation of many interstitial lung diseaseshttp://bit.ly/31loHLh
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Borie
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1152, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Le Guen
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1152, Paris, France
| | - Mada Ghanem
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1152, Paris, France
| | - Camille Taillé
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1152, Paris, France
| | - Clairelyne Dupin
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U1152, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Dieudé
- INSERM U1152, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Kannengiesser
- INSERM U1152, Paris, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France .,INSERM U1152, Paris, France
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Abstract
Respiratory viral infections including human rhinovirus (RV) infection have been identified as the most important environmental trigger of exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. While well established as the most common viral infections associated with exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, RVs and other respiratory viruses are also now thought to be important in triggering exacerbations of cystic fibrosis and the interstitial lung diseases. Here, we summarize the epidemiological evidence the supports respiratory viruses including RV as triggers of exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. We propose that certain characteristics of RVs may explain why they are the most common trigger of exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. We further highlight the latest mechanistic evidence supporting how and why common respiratory viral infections may enhance and promote disease triggering exacerbation events, through their interactions with the host immune system, and may be affected by ongoing treatments. We also provide a commentary on how new treatments may better manage the disease burden associated with respiratory viral infections and the exacerbation events that they trigger.
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Telomere shortening activates TGF-β/Smads signaling in lungs and enhances both lipopolysaccharide and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1735-1745. [PMID: 29925920 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere shortening is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a high-morbidity and high-mortality lung disease of unknown etiology. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, wild-type (WT) mice with normal telomeres and generation 3 (G3) or G2 telomerase RNA component (TERC) knockout Terc-/- mice with short telomeres were treated with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bleomycin by intratracheal injection. We show that under LPS induction, G3 Terc-/- mice develop aggravated pulmonary fibrosis as indicated by significantly increased α-SMA, collagen I and hydroxyproline content. Interestingly, TGF-β/Smads signaling is markedly activated in the lungs of G3 Terc-/- mice, as indicated by markedly elevated levels of phosphorylated Smad3 and TGF-β1, compared with those of WT mice. This TGF-β/Smads signaling activation is significantly increased in the lungs of LPS-treated G3 Terc-/- mice compared with those of LPS-treated WT or untreated G3 Terc-/- mice. A similar pattern of TGF-β/Smads signaling activation and the enhancing role of telomere shortening in pulmonary fibrosis are also confirmed in bleomycin-induced model. Moreover, LPS challenge produced more present cellular senescence, apoptosis and infiltration of innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of G3 Terc-/- mice, compared with WT mice. To our knowledge, this is the first time to report telomere shortening activated TGF-β/Smads signaling in lungs. Our data suggest that telomere shortening cooperated with environment-induced lung injury accelerates the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and telomere shortening confers an inherent enhancing factor to the genesis of IPF through activation of TGF-β/Smads signaling.
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O'Dwyer DN, Dickson RP, Moore BB. The Lung Microbiome, Immunity, and the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 196:4839-47. [PMID: 27260767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of culture-independent techniques for microbiological analysis has uncovered the previously unappreciated complexity of the bacterial microbiome at various anatomic sites. The microbiome of the lung has relatively less bacterial biomass when compared with the lower gastrointestinal tract yet displays considerable diversity. The composition of the lung microbiome is determined by elimination, immigration, and relative growth within its communities. Chronic lung disease alters these factors. Many forms of chronic lung disease demonstrate exacerbations that drive disease progression and are poorly understood. Mounting evidence supports ways in which microbiota dysbiosis can influence host defense and immunity, and in turn may contribute to disease exacerbations. Thus, the key to understanding the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease may reside in deciphering the complex interactions between the host, pathogen, and resident microbiota during stable disease and exacerbations. In this brief review we discuss new insights into these labyrinthine relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Experimental evidence reveals the UCP1 genotype changes the oxygen consumption attributed to non-shivering thermogenesis in humans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5570. [PMID: 28717127 PMCID: PMC5514118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have spread out all over the world adapting to many different cold environments. Recent worldwide genome analyses and animal experiments have reported dozens of genes associated with cold adaptation. The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene enhances thermogenesis reaction in a physiological process by blocking ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis on a mitochondrial membrane in brown adipose tissues. To our knowledge, no previous studies have shown an association between variants of the UCP1 gene and physiological phenotypes concerning non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) under the condition of low temperature in humans. We showed that the degree of NST for healthy subjects in an artificial climate chamber is significantly different among UCP1 genotypes. Defining the haplotypes covering the UCP1 region (39.4 kb), we found that the frequency of the haplotype with the highest NST was significantly correlated with latitudes and ambient temperature. Thus, the data in this study provide the first evidence that the UCP1 genotype alters the efficiency of NST in humans, and likely supports the hypothesis that the UCP1 gene has been related to cold adaptation in human evolutionary history.
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15
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Zhou CX, Shi LY, Li RC, Liu YH, Xu BQ, Liu JW, Yuan B, Yang ZX, Ying XY, Zhang D. GTPase-activating protein Elmod2 is essential for meiotic progression in mouse oocytes. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:852-860. [PMID: 28324667 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1304329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic failure in oocytes is the major determinant of human zygote-originated reproductive diseases, the successful accomplishment of meiosis largely relay on the normal functions of many female fertility factors. Elmod2 is a member of the Elmod family with the strongest GAP (GTPase-activating protein) activity; although it was identified as a possible maternal protein, its actual physiologic role in mammalian oocytes has not been elucidated. Herein we reported that among Elmod family proteins, Elmod2 is the most abundant in mouse oocytes, and that inhibition of Elmod2 by specific siRNA caused severe meiotic delay and abnormal chromosomal segregation during anaphase. Elmod2 knockdown also significantly decreased the rate of oocyte maturation (to MII, with first polar body extrusion), and significantly greater numbers of Elmod2-knockdown MII oocytes were aneuploid. Correspondingly, Elmod2 knockdown dramatically decreased fertilization rate. To investigate the mechanism(s) involved, we found that Elmod2 knockdown caused significantly more abnormal mitochondrial aggregation and diminished cellular ATP levels; and we also found that Elmod2 co-localized and interacted with Arl2, a GTPase that is known to maintain mitochondrial dynamics and ATP levels in oocytes. In summary, we found that Elmod2 is the GAP essential to meiosis progression of mouse oocytes, most likely by regulating mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Zhou
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Li-Ya Shi
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Rui-Chao Li
- b Liuzhou Worker's Hospital , Liuzhou , Guangxi , China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- c The Second Affiliated Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Bo-Qun Xu
- c The Second Affiliated Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jin-Wei Liu
- d Department of Gynecology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Bo Yuan
- e Wenxi Agriculture Committee , Yuncheng , Shanxi , China
| | - Zhi-Xia Yang
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ying
- c The Second Affiliated Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Dong Zhang
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
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16
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Hamano Y, Kida H, Ihara S, Murakami A, Yanagawa M, Ueda K, Honda O, Tripathi LP, Arai T, Hirose M, Hamasaki T, Yano Y, Kimura T, Kato Y, Takamatsu H, Otsuka T, Minami T, Hirata H, Inoue K, Nagatomo I, Takeda Y, Mori M, Nishikawa H, Mizuguchi K, Kijima T, Kitaichi M, Tomiyama N, Inoue Y, Kumanogoh A. Classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias using anti-myxovirus resistance-protein 1 autoantibody. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43201. [PMID: 28230086 PMCID: PMC5322336 DOI: 10.1038/srep43201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) can be divided into two main types: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a steroid-resistant and progressive disease with a median survival of 2-3 years, and idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (INSIP), a steroid-sensitive and non-progressive autoimmune disease. Although the clinical courses of these two diseases differ, they may be difficult to distinguish at diagnosis. We performed a comprehensive analysis of serum autoantibodies from patients definitively diagnosed with IPF, INSIP, autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and sarcoidosis. We identified disease-specific autoantibodies and enriched KEGG pathways unique to each disease, and demonstrated that IPF and INSIP are serologically distinct. Furthermore, we discovered a new INSIP-specific autoantibody, anti-myxovirus resistance-1 (MX1) autoantibody. Patients positive for anti-MX1 autoantibody constituted 17.5% of all cases of chronic fibrosing IIPs. Notably, patients rarely simultaneously carried the anti-MX1 autoantibody and the anti-aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase autoantibody, which is common in chronic fibrosing IIPs. Because MX1 is one of the most important interferon-inducible anti-viral genes, we have not only identified a new diagnostic autoantibody of INSIP but also obtained new insight into the pathology of INSIP, which may be associated with viral infection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Hamano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Murakami
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Ina Laboratory, 1063-103 Terasawaoka, Ina City, Nagano 396-0002, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yanagawa
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Ueda
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Honda
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Toru Arai
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Hirose
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hamasaki
- Office of Biostatistics and Data Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita City, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yano
- National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-8552, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Minami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Inoue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagatomo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahide Mori
- National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitaichi
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tomiyama
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED, CREST, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Spagnolo P, Cottin V. Genetics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: from mechanistic pathways to personalised medicine. J Med Genet 2016; 54:93-99. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Margaritopoulos GA, Lasithiotaki I, Antoniou KM. Toll-like receptors and autophagy in interstitial lung diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:28-34. [PMID: 27687957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) include a number of diseases whose pathogenesis still is not fully understood. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most frequent and severe form of ILDs is an epithelial-driven disease and the treatment consists of the use of antifibrotic agents. In the rest of ILDs an inflammation-driven pathway is believed to be the main pathogenetic mechanism and treatment consists of the use of immunomodulatory agents. In both groups it is believed that infection can play an important role in the development and progression of the diseases. The immune system can recognize exogenous threats or endogenous stress through specialized receptors namely pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which in turn, initiate downstream signaling pathways to control immune responses. Recently, a link between PRRs and autophagy, a specialized biological process involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis but also involved in various immunologic processes, has been described. In this review, we focus on the reciprocal influences of PRRs with particular emphasis on Toll-like receptors and autophagy in modulating innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismini Lasithiotaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Katerina M Antoniou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
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19
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Koli K, Sutinen E, Rönty M, Rantakari P, Fortino V, Pulkkinen V, Greco D, Sipilä P, Myllärniemi M. Gremlin-1 Overexpression in Mouse Lung Reduces Silica-Induced Lymphocyte Recruitment - A Link to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis through Negative Correlation with CXCL10 Chemokine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159010. [PMID: 27428020 PMCID: PMC4948891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by activation and injury of epithelial cells, the accumulation of connective tissue and changes in the inflammatory microenvironment. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor protein gremlin-1 is associated with the progression of fibrosis both in human and mouse lung. We generated a transgenic mouse model expressing gremlin-1 in type II lung epithelial cells using the surfactant protein C (SPC) promoter and the Cre-LoxP system. Gremlin-1 protein expression was detected specifically in the lung after birth and did not result in any signs of respiratory insufficiency. Exposure to silicon dioxide resulted in reduced amounts of lymphocyte aggregates in transgenic lungs while no alteration in the fibrotic response was observed. Microarray gene expression profiling and analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines indicated a reduced lymphocytic response and a downregulation of interferon-induced gene program. Consistent with reduced Th1 response, there was a downregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of the anti-fibrotic chemokine CXCL10, which has been linked to IPF. In human IPF patient samples we also established a strong negative correlation in the mRNA expression levels of gremlin-1 and CXCL10. Our results suggest that in addition to regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk during tissue injury, gremlin-1 modulates inflammatory cell recruitment and anti-fibrotic chemokine production in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Koli
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Sutinen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Rönty
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Fimlab laboratories, Pathology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vittorio Fortino
- Unit of Systems Toxicology and Nanosafety Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Pulkkinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Unit of Systems Toxicology and Nanosafety Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjukka Myllärniemi
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Karampitsakos T, Woolard T, Bouros D, Tzouvelekis A. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:35-43. [PMID: 27364757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) constitutes the end stage of a broad range of heterogeneous interstitial lung diseases, characterized by the destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma, deposition of extracellular matrix and dramatic changes in the phenotype of both fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells. More than 200 causes of pulmonary fibrosis have been identified so far, yet the most common form is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a lethal lung disorder of unknown etiology with a gradually increasing worldwide incidence and a median survival of 3-5 years from the time of diagnosis. Despite intense research efforts, the pathogenesis remains elusive and no effective treatment is available. Accumulating body of evidence suggests an abnormal wound healing response followed by extracellular matrix deposition, destruction of lung architecture, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. The contribution of immune system in lung fibrogenesis had been largely underscored due to the absence of response to immunosuppressive agents; however, the premise that lung fibrosis has an immunologic background has been recently revived. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which link innate and adaptive immune response and regulate wound healing. TLRs promote tissue repair or fibrosis in many disease settings including lung fibrosis, albeit with profound differences depending on the cellular microenvironment. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanistic implications between TLRs and lung fibrosis and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting TLR signaling at the ligand or receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, "Sotiria", Medical School, University of Athens, Messogion Avenue 152, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Tony Woolard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208057 New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, "Sotiria", Medical School, University of Athens, Messogion Avenue 152, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208057 New Haven, CT, USA.
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21
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Zhou W, Wang Y. Candidate genes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current evidence and research. Appl Clin Genet 2016; 9:5-13. [PMID: 26893575 PMCID: PMC4745857 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s61999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a group of common and lethal forms of idiopathic interstitial pulmonary disease. IPF is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function with a median survival of 2-3 years after diagnosis. Although the pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown, genetic predisposition could play a causal role in IPF. A set of genes have been identified as candidate genes of IPF in the past 20 years. However, the recent technological advances that allow for the analysis of millions of polymorphisms in different subjects have deepened the understanding of the genetic complexity of IPF susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies and whole-genome sequencing continue to reveal the genetic loci associated with IPF risk. In this review, we describe candidate genes on the basis of their functions and aim to gain a better understanding of the genetic basis of IPF. The discovered candidate genes may help to clarify pivotal aspects in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapies of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Kropski JA, Blackwell TS, Loyd JE. The genetic basis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1717-27. [PMID: 25837031 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00163814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past decade, there have been substantial advances in understanding the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recently, several large genome-wide association and linkage studies have identified common genetic variants in more than a dozen loci that appear to contribute to IPF risk. In addition, family-based studies have led to the identification of rare genetic variants in genes related to surfactant function and telomere biology, and mechanistic studies suggest pathophysiological derangements associated with these rare genetic variants are also found in sporadic cases of IPF. Current evidence suggests that rather than existing as distinct syndromes, sporadic and familial cases of IPF (familial interstitial pneumonia) probably reflect a continuum of genetic risk. Rapidly evolving bioinformatic and molecular biology techniques, combined with next-generation sequencing technologies, hold great promise for developing a comprehensive, integrated approach to defining the fundamental molecular mechanisms that underlie IPF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Dept of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Dept of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James E Loyd
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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23
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Agustí A, Antó JM, Auffray C, Barbé F, Barreiro E, Dorca J, Escarrabill J, Faner R, Furlong LI, Garcia-Aymerich J, Gea J, Lindmark B, Monsó E, Plaza V, Puhan MA, Roca J, Ruiz-Manzano J, Sampietro-Colom L, Sanz F, Serrano L, Sharpe J, Sibila O, Silverman EK, Sterk PJ, Sznajder JI. Personalized respiratory medicine: exploring the horizon, addressing the issues. Summary of a BRN-AJRCCM workshop held in Barcelona on June 12, 2014. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:391-401. [PMID: 25531178 PMCID: PMC4351599 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201410-1935pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This Pulmonary Perspective summarizes the content and main conclusions of an international workshop on personalized respiratory medicine coorganized by the Barcelona Respiratory Network ( www.brn.cat ) and the AJRCCM in June 2014. It discusses (1) its definition and historical, social, legal, and ethical aspects; (2) the view from different disciplines, including basic science, epidemiology, bioinformatics, and network/systems medicine; (3) the bottlenecks and opportunities identified by some currently ongoing projects; and (4) the implications for the individual, the healthcare system and the pharmaceutical industry. The authors hope that, although it is not a systematic review on the subject, this document can be a useful reference for researchers, clinicians, healthcare managers, policy-makers, and industry parties interested in personalized respiratory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Agustí
- Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Antó
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Ferran Barbé
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital del Mar-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dorca
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital University Bellvitge, University Barcelona, El Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Hospitalet Ll., Spain
| | - Joan Escarrabill
- Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Faner
- Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura I. Furlong
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital del Mar-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, CEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eduard Monsó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital University Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Vicente Plaza
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, University Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milo A. Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josep Roca
- Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ruiz-Manzano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital University Germans Trias i Pujol, University Autónoma Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Laura Sampietro-Colom
- Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Sanz
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory/Centre for Genomic Regulation Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Sharpe
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory/Centre for Genomic Regulation Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Sibila
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, University Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter J. Sterk
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
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Ley B, Brown KK, Collard HR. Molecular biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L681-91. [PMID: 25260757 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00014.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are highly desired in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), where they hold the potential to elucidate underlying disease mechanisms, accelerated drug development, and advance clinical management. Currently, there are no molecular biomarkers in widespread clinical use for IPF, and the search for potential markers remains in its infancy. Proposed core mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IPF for which candidate markers have been offered include alveolar epithelial cell dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and fibrogenesis. Useful markers reflect important pathological pathways, are practically and accurately measured, have undergone extensive validation, and are an improvement upon the current approach for their intended use. The successful development of useful molecular biomarkers is a central challenge for the future of translational research in IPF and will require collaborative efforts among those parties invested in advancing the care of patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Ley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Kevin K Brown
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Harold R Collard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
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25
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Spagnolo P, Grunewald J, du Bois RM. Genetic determinants of pulmonary fibrosis: evolving concepts. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:416-28. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hoefle C, Hückelhoven R. A barley Engulfment and Motility domain containing protein modulates Rho GTPase activating protein HvMAGAP1 function in the barley powdery mildew interaction. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:469-478. [PMID: 24142383 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Engulfment and Motility (ELMO) proteins are involved in the regulation of small GTPase activity in eukaryotic organisms, but little is known about ELMO proteins in plants. We isolated the barley ELMO Domain Containing Protein, HvELMOD_C, in a yeast two hybrid screen for proteins interacting with HvMAGAP1 (Microtubule Associated ROP-GTPase Activating Protein 1). HvMAGAP1 is considered as an antagonist of barley RACB, a member of the RHO of plant (ROP) family GTPases, which functions as a susceptibility factor in the interaction of barley with the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. HvELMOD_C interacts with the central RHO-GAP domain of HvMAGAP1. Cytoplasmic HvELMOD_C translocates to microtubules on co-expression of HvMAGAP1 but not on co-expression of HvMAGAP1-R185G, a mutant of the catalytically active arginine R185 in the RHO-GAP domain. HvELMOD_C, when simultaneously expressed with HvMAGAP1, abolished the resistance-inducing effect of HvMAGAP1 to B. graminis f.sp. hordei. Therefore, HvELMOD_C might function as a new modulator of HvMAGAP1 and thus ROP activity in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Santangelo S, Scarlata S, Zito A, Chiurco D, Pedone C, Incalzi RA. Genetic background of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:389-406. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Abstract
The ARF-like (ARL) proteins, within the ARF family, are a collection of functionally diverse GTPases that share extensive (>40 %) identity with the ARFs and each other and are assumed to share basic mechanisms of regulation and a very incompletely documented degree of overlapping regulators. At least four ARLs were already present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, along with one ARF, and these have been expanded to >20 members in mammals. We know little about the majority of these proteins so our review will focus on those about which the most is known, including ARL1, ARL2, ARL3, ARL4s, ARL6, ARL13s, and ARFRP1. From this fragmentary information we extract some generalizations and conclusions regarding the sources and extent of specificity and functions of the ARLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Wittinghofer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen Germany
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Wright WR, Kirkby NS, Galloway-Phillipps NA, Reed DM, Paul-Clark MJ, Mitchell JA. Cyclooxygenase and cytokine regulation in lung fibroblasts activated with viral versus bacterial pathogen associated molecular patterns. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:4-12. [PMID: 23742950 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is required for prostanoid (e.g. prostaglandin PGE2) production. Constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2 are implicated in lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Using lung fibroblasts from humans and wild type, COX-1(-/-) and COX-2(-/-) mice, we investigated how COX activity modulates cell growth and inflammatory responses induced by activators of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1-8. In mouse tissue, PGE2 release from fresh lung was COX-1 driven, in lung in culture (24h) COX-1 and COX-2 driven, and from proliferating lung fibroblasts exclusively COX-2 driven. COX-2 limited proliferation in lung fibroblasts and both isoforms limited KC release induced by a range of TLR agonists. Less effect of COX was seen on TLR-induced IP-10 release. In human lung fibroblasts inhibition of COX with diclofenac was associated with increased release of IL-8 and IP-10. Our results may have implications for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Wright
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Guy Scadding Building, National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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31
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Calabrese F, Kipar A, Lunardi F, Balestro E, Perissinotto E, Rossi E, Nannini N, Marulli G, Stewart JP, Rea F. Herpes virus infection is associated with vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55715. [PMID: 23468849 PMCID: PMC3585298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents an important complication of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with a negative impact on patient survival. Herpes viruses are thought to play an etiological role in the development and/or progression of IPF. The influence of viruses on PH associated with IPF is unknown. We aimed to investigate the influence of viruses in IPF patients focusing on aspects related to PH. A laboratory mouse model of gamma-herpesvirus (MHV-68) induced pulmonary fibrosis was also assessed. Methods Lung tissue samples from 55 IPF patients and 41 controls were studied by molecular analysis to detect various viral genomes. Viral molecular data obtained were correlated with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and arterial remodelling. Different clinical and morphological variables were studied by univariate and multivariate analyses at time of transplant and in the early post-transplant period. The same lung tissue analyses were performed in MHV-68 infected mice. Results A higher frequency of virus positive cases was found in IPF patients than in controls (p = 0.0003) and only herpes virus genomes were detected. Viral cases showed higher mPAP (p = 0.01), poorer performance in the six minute walking test (6MWT; p = 0.002) and higher frequency of primary graft (PGD) dysfunction after lung transplant (p = 0.02). Increased arterial thickening, particularly of the intimal layer (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004) and higher TGF-β expression (p = 0.002) were demonstrated in viral cases. The remodelled vessels showed increased vessel cell proliferation (Ki-67 positive cells) in the proximity to metaplastic epithelial cells and macrophages. Viral infection was associated with higher mPAP (p = 0.03), poorer performance in the 6MWT (p = 0.008) and PGD (p = 0.02) after adjusting for other covariates/intermediate factors. In MHV-68 infected mice, morphological features were similar to those of patients. Conclusion Herpesviral infections may contribute to the development of PH in IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Herazo-Maya JD, Kaminski N. Personalized medicine: applying 'omics' to lung fibrosis. Biomark Med 2013; 6:529-40. [PMID: 22917154 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common fibrotic lung disease, is a chronic disease of unknown etiology with a very high mortality. Personalized medicine focuses on the use of the individual's molecular and 'omic' (i.e., genomic, epigenomic and proteomic) information to direct more efficient and cost-effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, outcome prediction and treatment of diseases. In this review, we describe the use and promise of applying 'omic' technologies to the familial and sporadic forms of IPF as a means to personalize diagnosis and outcome prediction in IPF. The validation and implementation of such approaches will be crucial to personalize IPF patient care, prioritize lung transplant and stratify patients for drug studies, as well as, in the future, predict response to therapies as they emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Herazo-Maya
- Dorothy P & Richard P Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Zhang SY, Herman M, Ciancanelli MJ, Pérez de Diego R, Sancho-Shimizu V, Abel L, Casanova JL. TLR3 immunity to infection in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:19-33. [PMID: 23290562 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TLR3 is a receptor for dsRNA, which is generated during most viral infections. However, other cellular processes may also produce dsRNA and there are other receptors for dsRNA. The role of TLR3 in protective immunity to viruses has been investigated in mice and humans with genetically impaired TLR3 responses. TLR3-deficient mice responded to experimental challenge with 16 different viruses in various ways. They were susceptible to eight viruses, normally resistant to three other viruses, and their survival rates were higher than those of wild-type mice following infection with four other viruses. Conflicting results were obtained for the other virus tested. These data are difficult to understand in terms of a simple pattern based on virus structure or tissue tropism. Surprisingly, the known human patients with inborn errors of the TLR3 pathway have remained healthy or developed encephalitis in the course of natural primary infection with HSV-1. These patients display no clear susceptibility to other infections, including viral infections, such as other forms of viral encephalitis and other HSV-1 diseases in particular. This restricted susceptibility to viruses seems to result from impaired TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β production by central nervous system (CNS)-resident non-hematopoietic cells infected with HSV-1. These studies neatly illustrate the value of combining genetic studies of experimental infections in mice and natural infections in humans, to elucidate the biological function of host molecules in protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Hocke AC, Berg J, Becher A, Knepper J, Klauschen F, Tönnies M, Bauer TT, Schneider P, Neudecker J, Rückert JC, Gruber AD, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Wolff T. Reply to Fujino et al. J Infect Dis 2012. [PMID: 23204172 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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East MP, Bowzard JB, Dacks JB, Kahn RA. ELMO domains, evolutionary and functional characterization of a novel GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain for Arf protein family GTPases. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39538-53. [PMID: 23014990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human family of ELMO domain-containing proteins (ELMODs) consists of six members and is defined by the presence of the ELMO domain. Within this family are two subclassifications of proteins, based on primary sequence conservation, protein size, and domain architecture, deemed ELMOD and ELMO. In this study, we used homology searching and phylogenetics to identify ELMOD family homologs in genomes from across eukaryotic diversity. This demonstrated not only that the protein family is ancient but also that ELMOs are potentially restricted to the supergroup Opisthokonta (Metazoa and Fungi), whereas proteins with the ELMOD organization are found in diverse eukaryotes and thus were likely the form present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. The segregation of the ELMO clade from the larger ELMOD group is consistent with their contrasting functions as unconventional Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors and the Arf family GTPase-activating proteins, respectively. We used unbiased, phylogenetic sorting and sequence alignments to identify the most highly conserved residues within the ELMO domain to identify a putative GAP domain within the ELMODs. Three independent but complementary assays were used to provide an initial characterization of this domain. We identified a highly conserved arginine residue critical for both the biochemical and cellular GAP activity of ELMODs. We also provide initial evidence of the function of human ELMOD1 as an Arf family GAP at the Golgi. These findings provide the basis for the future study of the ELMOD family of proteins and a new avenue for the study of Arf family GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P East
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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36
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Pulkkinen V, Salmenkivi K, Kinnula VL, Sutinen E, Halme M, Hodgson U, Lehto J, Jääskeläinen A, Piiparinen H, Kere J, Lautenschlager I, Lappalainen M, Myllärniemi M. A novel screening method detects herpesviral DNA in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung. Ann Med 2012; 44:178-86. [PMID: 21254895 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.532151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses could contribute to the lung epithelial injury that initiates profibrotic responses in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS We identified herpesviral DNA from IPF and control lung tissue using a multiplex PCR-and microarray-based method. Active herpesviral infection was detected by standard methods, and inflammatory cell subtypes were identified with specific antibodies. Patients that underwent lung transplantation were monitored for signs of herpesviral infection. RESULTS A total of 11/12 IPF samples were positive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and 10/12 for human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) DNA. Control lung samples (n = 10) were negative for EBV DNA, whereas three samples were positive for HHV-6B. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) was identified in nine IPF samples and localized mainly to lymphocytic aggregates. HHV-6B antigens were detected in mononuclear cells in IPF lung tissue. CD20+ B lymphocytic aggregates that were surrounded by CD3+ T cells were abundant in IPF lungs. CD23+ cells (activated B cells, EBV-transformed lymphoblasts, and dendritic cells) were observed in the aggregates. IPF patients had no signs of increased herpesviral activation after lung transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory cells are the main source of herpesviral DNA in the human IPF lung. Diagnostic tools should be actively used to elucidate whether herpesviral infection affects the pathogenesis, progression, and/or exacerbation of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pulkkinen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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37
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Smoking and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Med 2012; 2012:808260. [PMID: 22448328 PMCID: PMC3289849 DOI: 10.1155/2012/808260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of unknown etiology with considerable morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking is one of the most recognized risk factors for development of IPF. Furthermore, recent work suggests that smoking may have a detrimental effect on survival of patients with IPF. The mechanism by which smoking may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF is largely unknown. However, accumulating evidence suggests that increased oxidative stress might promote disease progression in IPF patients who are current and former smokers. In this review, potential mechanisms by which cigarette smoking affects IPF, the effects of cigarette smoking on accelerated loss of lung function in patients with IPF, key genetic studies evaluating the potential candidate genes and gene-environment (smoking) interaction, diagnosis, and treatment with emphasis on recently closed and ongoing clinical trials are presented.
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38
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Kass DJ, Kaminski N. Evolving genomic approaches to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: moving beyond genes. Clin Transl Sci 2012; 4:372-9. [PMID: 22029812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A little more than 10 years ago, the completed sequencing of the human genome boldly promised to usher in an era of enhanced understanding and accelerated development of treatments for most human diseases. Ten years later, many of these therapeutic goals have not been reached, but genomic technologies have dramatically enhanced our understanding of how genes and gene networks contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we describe how genomic technologies have shaped our study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a devastating, progressive scarring of the lung parenchyma, a disease without a known cause, or treatment. We frame the important genomic discoveries in IPF of the previous decade in the clinical context of establishing a diagnosis of IPF and predicting the prognosis. Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood will help identify potential biomarkers for assessing the clinical severity of IPF. We highlight the growth of epigenetic research in IPF, including the contribution of microRNAs to the pathogenesis of disease. We suggest that the full power of genomic discoveries in IPF will be realized when researchers apply these techniques prospectively in large collaborative studies across institutions, support the training of young investigators in genomics, and employ systems biology approaches to the interpretation of genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating, age-related lung disease of unknown cause that has few treatment options. This disease was once thought to be a chronic inflammatory process, but current evidence indicates that the fibrotic response is driven by abnormally activated alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). These cells produce mediators that induce the formation of fibroblast and myofibroblast foci through the proliferation of resident mesenchymal cells, attraction of circulating fibrocytes, and stimulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The fibroblast and myofibroblast foci secrete excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, mainly collagens, resulting in scarring and destruction of the lung architecture. The mechanisms that link idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with ageing and aberrant epithelial activation are unknown; evidence suggests that the abnormal recapitulation of developmental pathways and epigenetic changes have a role. In this Seminar, we review recent data on the clinical course, therapeutic options, and underlying mechanisms thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talmadge E King
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0120, USA.
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40
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Borchers AT, Chang C, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-an epidemiological and pathological review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:117-34. [PMID: 20838937 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease (ILD) affecting the pulmonary interstitium. Other forms of interstitial lung disease exist, and in some cases, an environmental etiology can be delineated. The diagnosis of IPF is typically established by high-resolution CT scan. IPF tends to have a worse prognosis than other forms of ILD. Familial cases of IPF also exist, suggesting a genetic predisposition; telomerase mutations have been observed to occur in familial IPF, which may also explain the increase in IPF with advancing age. Alveolar epithelial cells are believed to be the primary target of environmental agents that have been putatively associated with IPF. These agents may include toxins, viruses, or the autoantibodies found in collagen vascular diseases. The mechanism of disease is still unclear in IPF, but aberrations in fibroblast differentiation, activation, and proliferation may play a role. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition may also be an important factor in the pathogenesis, as it may lead to accumulation of fibroblasts in the lung and a disruption of normal tissue structure. Abnormalities in other components of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, as well as the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue, have also been observed to occur in IPF and may play a role in the stimulation of fibrosis that is a hallmark of the disease. It is becoming increasingly clear that the pathogenesis of IPF is indeed a complex and convoluted process that involves numerous cell types and humoral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 95616, USA
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41
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Naik PK, Moore BB. Viral infection and aging as cofactors for the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 4:759-71. [PMID: 21128751 DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of unknown origin and progression that primarily affects older adults. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests that viral infections may play a role, either as agents that predispose the lung to fibrosis or exacerbate existing fibrosis. In particular, herpesviruses have been linked with IPF. This article summarizes the evidence for and against viral cofactors in IPF pathogenesis. In addition, we review mechanistic studies in animal models that highlight the fibrotic potential of viral infection, and explore the different mechanisms that might be responsible. We also review early evidence to suggest that the aged lung may be particularly susceptible to viral-induced fibrosis and make recommendations for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal K Naik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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42
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Diffuse alveolar damage: a common phenomenon in progressive interstitial lung disorders. Pulm Med 2010; 2011:531302. [PMID: 21637367 PMCID: PMC3099744 DOI: 10.1155/2011/531302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become obvious that several interstitial lung diseases, and even viral lung infections, can progress rapidly, and exhibit similar features in their lung morphology. The final histopathological feature, common in these lung disorders, is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The histopathology of DAD is considered to represent end stage phenomenon in acutely behaving interstitial pneumonias, such as acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Acute worsening and DAD may occur also in patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonias (NSIPs), and even in severe viral lung infections where there is DAD histopathology in the lung. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the DAD reaction is needed to clarify the treatment for these serious lung diseases. There is an urgent need for international efforts for studying DAD-associated lung diseases, since the prognosis of these patients has been and is still dismal.
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