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Chen SL, Wang GP, Shi DR, Yao SH, Chen KD, Yao HP. RON in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2507-2520. [PMID: 34092972 PMCID: PMC8160627 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i20.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine kinase RON belongs to the c-MET proto-oncogene family. Research has shown that RON has a role in cancer pathogenesis, which places RON on the frontline of the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) cancers have a poor prognosis, being reported as having higher rates of cancer-related death. Therefore, to combat these malignant diseases, the mechanism underlying the aberrant expression and signaling of RON in HBP cancer pathogenesis, and the development of RON as a drug target for therapeutic intervention should be investigated. Abnormal RON expression and signaling have been identified in HBP cancers, and also act as tumorigenic determinants for HBP cancer malignant behaviors. In addition, RON is emerging as an important mediator of the clinical prognosis of HBP cancers. Thus, not only is RON significant in HBP cancers, but also RON-targeted therapeutics could be developed to treat these cancers, for example, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. Among them, antibody-drug conjugates have become increasingly popular in current research and their potential as novel anti-cancer biotherapeutics will be determined in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Long Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guo-Ping Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Rong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu-Hao Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke-Da Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Teerlink CC, Jurynec MJ, Hernandez R, Stevens J, Hughes DC, Brunker CP, Rowe K, Grunwald DJ, Facelli JC, Cannon-Albright LA. A role for the MEGF6 gene in predisposition to osteoporosis. Ann Hum Genet 2021; 85:58-72. [PMID: 33026655 PMCID: PMC8274237 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder characterized by deterioration of bone tissue. The set of genetic factors contributing to osteoporosis is not completely specified. High-risk osteoporosis pedigrees were analyzed to identify genes that may confer susceptibility to disease. Candidate predisposition variants were identified initially by whole exome sequencing of affected-relative pairs, approximately cousins, from 10 pedigrees. Variants were filtered on the basis of population frequency, concordance between pairs of cousins, affecting a gene associated with osteoporosis, and likelihood to have functionally damaging, pathogenic consequences. Subsequently, variants were tested for segregation in 68 additional relatives of the index carriers. A rare variant in MEGF6 (rs755467862) showed strong evidence of segregation with the disease phenotype. Predicted protein folding indicated the variant (Cys200Tyr) may disrupt structure of an EGF-like calcium-binding domain of MEGF6. Functional analyses demonstrated that complete loss of the paralogous genes megf6a and megf6b in zebrafish resulted in significant delay of cartilage and bone formation. Segregation analyses, in silico protein structure modeling, and functional assays support a role for MEGF6 in predisposition to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C. Teerlink
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
| | - Michael J Jurynec
- Department of Orthopaedics , University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108, USA
| | - Rolando Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108, USA
| | - Jeff Stevens
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
| | - Dana C. Hughes
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
| | - Cherie P. Brunker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA
| | - Kerry Rowe
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA
| | - David J. Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Julio C. Facelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108, USA
| | - Lisa A. Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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3
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Jeong BC, Oh SH, Lee MN, Koh JT. Macrophage-Stimulating Protein Enhances Osteoblastic Differentiation via the Recepteur d'Origine Nantais Receptor and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway. J Bone Metab 2020; 27:267-279. [PMID: 33317230 PMCID: PMC7746481 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2020.27.4.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; also known as macrophage stimulating 1 and hepatocyte growth factor-like protein) has been shown to play a crucial role in calcium homeostasis and skeletal mineralization in zebrafish. However, the precise role of MSP in osteoblasts has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of MSP on osteoblast differentiation of pre-osteoblast cells. Methods Osteoblast differentiation upon MSP treatment was evaluated by analyzing the osteogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralized nodule formation. To assess changes in the MSP-RON signaling pathway, knockdown of Ron gene was performed using siRNA and pharmacological inhibitor treatment. Results Expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor RON, a receptor of MSP, was found to be significantly increased during osteoblast differentiation. MSP treatment significantly upregulated the expression of osteogenic marker genes and remarkably increased ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation. Conversely, knockdown of Ron significantly attenuated the expression of osteogenic marker genes and ALP activity that were induced upon MSP treatment. Mechanistically, MSP treatment significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); however, additional treatment with the selective ERK inhibitor PD98059 attenuated the effect of MSP on osteoblast differentiation. Conclusions Altogether, these results indicate that the MSP-RON axis is involved in promoting osteoblast differentiation via activation of the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sin-Hye Oh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mi Nam Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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4
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Guh YJ, Hwang PP. Insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of hormonal actions on fish ion regulation derived from the zebrafish model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 251:12-20. [PMID: 27554927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish have sophisticated mechanisms of ionic and acid-base regulation for maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Many hormones have been proposed to control the ionic and acid-base regulation mechanisms in fishes; however, lots of the proposed actions lack convincing cellular/molecular evidence. With the advantages of available genetic databases and molecular manipulation techniques, zebrafish has become an emerging model for research into ion transport physiology and functional regulation. Different types of ionocytes were found to transport ions through various sets of ion transporters, and the molecular mechanisms of ionocyte proliferation and differentiation have also been dissected, providing a competent platform with which to precisely study the ion transport pathways and ionocytes targeted by hormones, including isotocin, prolactin, cortisol, stanniocalcin-1, calcitonin, endothelin-1, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone 1, catecholamines, the renin-angiotensin-system, estrogen-related receptor α, and calcitonin gene-related peptide, which have been demonstrated to positively or negatively regulate ion transport through specific receptors at different molecular levels (transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational) or at different developmental stages of ionocytes (proliferation or differentiation). The knowledge obtained in zebrafish not only enhances our understanding of the hormonal control of fish ion regulation, but also informs studies on other animal species, thereby providing insights into related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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5
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Hanyang L, Xuanzhe L, Xuyang C, Yujia Q, Jiarong F, Jun S, Zhihua R. Application of Zebrafish Models in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:501. [PMID: 28515725 PMCID: PMC5413514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent, and remitting inflammatory disease with unclear etiology. As a clinically frequent disease, it can affect individuals throughout their lives, with multiple complications. Unfortunately, traditional murine models are not efficient for the further study of IBD. Thus, effective and convenient animal models are needed. Zebrafish have been used as model organisms to investigate IBD because of their suggested highly genetic similarity to humans and their superiority as laboratory models. The zebrafish model has been used to study the composition of intestinal microbiota, novel genes, and therapeutic approaches. The pathogenesis of IBD is still unclear and many risk factors remain unidentified. In this review, we compare traditional murine models and zebrafish models in terms of advantages, pathogenesis, and drug discovery screening for IBD. We also review the progress and deficiencies of the zebrafish model for scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hanyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Xuanzhe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xuyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu Yujia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Jiarong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Jun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Zhihua
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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6
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Witte M, Huitema LFA, Nieuwenhuis EES, Brugman S. Deficiency in macrophage-stimulating protein results in spontaneous intestinal inflammation and increased susceptibility toward epithelial damage in zebrafish. Zebrafish 2015; 11:542-50. [PMID: 25353089 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genome-wide association studies have identified the genes encoding for macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) and its receptor RON (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) as possible susceptibility factors in inflammatory bowel disease. While it has been shown that the MSP-RON signaling pathway is involved in tissue injury responses, current mouse models for MSP and RON deficiency have not clearly demonstrated a role of MSP-RON signaling in the context of intestinal inflammation. In this study, we report that the recently identified zebrafish Msp mutant (msp(t34230)) develops spontaneous intestinal inflammation over time. From 14 to 28 weeks postfertilization Msp-deficient zebrafish show intestinal eosinophilia, increased intestinal expression of inflammatory marker mmp9, and activation of intestinal goblet cells. Moreover, these Msp mutant zebrafish are more susceptible toward ethanol-induced epithelial damage, which resulted in increased infiltration and proliferation of immune cells within the lamina propria and prolonged intestinal proinflammatory cytokine responses in some mutant fish. In light of the recent development of many tools to visualize, monitor, and genetically modify zebrafish, these Msp-deficient zebrafish will enable in-depth in vivo analysis of epithelial and macrophage-specific MSP-RON signaling in the context of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn Witte
- 1 Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
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7
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Guh YJ, Lin CH, Hwang PP. Osmoregulation in zebrafish: ion transport mechanisms and functional regulation. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:627-59. [PMID: 26600749 PMCID: PMC4650948 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fish, like mammals, have to maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis through sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms, which are conducted mainly by ionocytes of the gill (the skin in embryonic stages), instead of the renal tubular cells in mammals. Given the advantages in terms of genetic database availability and manipulation, zebrafish is an emerging model for research into regulatory and integrative physiology. At least five types of ionocytes, HR, NaR, NCC, SLC26, and KS cells, have been identified to carry out Na(+) uptake/H(+) secretion/NH4 (+) excretion, Ca(2+) uptake, Na(+)/Cl(-) uptake, K(+) secretion, and Cl(-) uptake/HCO3 (-) secretion, respectively, through distinct sets of transporters. Several hormones, namely isotocin, prolactin, cortisol, stanniocalcin-1, calcitonin, endothelin-1, vitamin D, parathyorid hormone 1, catecholamines, and the renin-angiotensin-system, have been demonstrated to positively or negatively regulate ion transport through specific receptors at different ionocytes stages, at either the transcriptional/translational or posttranslational level. The knowledge obtained using zebrafish answered many long-term contentious or unknown issues in the field of fish iono-/osmoregulation. The homology of ion transport pathways and hormone systems also means that the zebrafish model informs studies on mammals or other animal species, thereby providing insights into related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nakang, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Li WH, Zhou L, Li Z, Wang Y, Shi JT, Yang YJ, Gui JF. Zebrafish Lbh-like Is Required for Otx2-mediated Photoreceptor Differentiation. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:688-700. [PMID: 25999792 PMCID: PMC4440259 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeobox transcription factor orthodenticle homolog 2 (otx2) is supposed as an organizer that orchestrates a transcription factor network during photoreceptor development. However, its regulation in the process remains unclear. In this study, we have identified a zebrafish limb bud and heart-like gene (lbh-like), which is expressed initially at 30 hours post fertilization (hpf) in the developing brain and eyes. Lbh-like knockdown by morpholinos specifically inhibits expression of multiple photoreceptor-specific genes, such as opsins, gnat1, gnat2 and irbp. Interestingly, otx2 expression in the morphants is not significantly reduced until 32 hpf when lbh-like begins to express, but its expression level in 72 hpf morphants is higher than that in wild type embryos. Co-injection of otx2 and its downstream target neuroD mRNAs can rescue the faults in eyes of Lbh-like morphants. Combined with the results of promoter-reporter assay, we suggest that lbh-like is a new regulator of photoreceptor differentiation directly through affecting otx2 expression in zebrafish. Furthermore, knockdown of lbh-like increases the activity of Notch pathway and perturbs the balance among proliferation, differentiation and survival of photoreceptor precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; 2. Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhi Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yang Wang
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jian-Tao Shi
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yan-Jing Yang
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; 2. Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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9
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The C. elegans HGF/plasminogen-like protein SVH-1 has protease-dependent and -independent functions. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1628-1634. [PMID: 25464847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and fibrinolytic serine protease plasminogen may have evolved from a common ancestor in vertebrates. This has been hard to ascertain, as no ancestral form has been identified in other lineages. In Caenorhabditis elegans, an HGF/plasminogen-like protein SVH-1 regulates axon regeneration via the HGF receptor homolog SVH-2. In this study, we report that both the svh-1 and svh-2 genes are conserved in many invertebrates. We also show that SVH-1 has an additional function, independent of SVH-2, which controls larval growth. SVH-1 protease activity is essential for larval growth, but not for axon regeneration. Deletion of svh-1 causes abnormal accumulation of FBL-1 protein, an extracellular matrix (ECM) component fibulin, around the pharynx, and this growth defect is partially suppressed by FBL-1 depletion. These results suggest that SVH-1 acts as both a growth factor and a protease, and they also provide insights into the evolution of HGF/plasminogen in animals.
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10
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Lin CH, Su CH, Hwang PP. Calcium-sensing receptor mediates Ca(2+) homeostasis by modulating expression of PTH and stanniocalcin. Endocrinology 2014; 155:56-67. [PMID: 24169558 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the synthesis and/or secretion of hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic hormones by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is believed to be a major pathway for maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates, based primarily on findings in mammals. However, understanding the evolution of this physiological process requires that it be described in nonmammalian species. Here, we describe the use of zebrafish as a model to investigate whether CaSR contributes to body fluid Ca(2+) homeostasis by regulating synthesis of hypercalcemic (PTH1 and PTH2) and hypocalcemic (stanniocalcin [STC]) hormones. We report that PTH1, but not PTH2, increases Ca(2+) uptake through stimulation of the expression of the gene encoding the epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ecac). Furthermore, we demonstrate that CaSR, as a Ca(2+) sensor, may affect stc-1 and pth1 expressions differently, thereby suppressing ecac expression and Ca(2+) uptake. Finally, we show that CaSR knockdown has time-dependent effects on STC-1 and PTH1 expression, and these 2 hormones have mutual effects on the expression, thus forming a possible counterbalance. These findings enhance our understanding of CaSR-PTH-STC control of Ca(2+) homeostasis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (C.-H.L., C.-H.S., P.-P.H), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China; and Institute of Fishery Science (C.-H.S., P.-P.H), National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Wang MH, Zhang R, Zhou YQ, Yao HP. Pathogenesis of RON receptor tyrosine kinase in cancer cells: activation mechanism, functional crosstalk, and signaling addiction. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:345-56. [PMID: 24086167 PMCID: PMC3783819 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20130038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The RON receptor tyrosine kinase, a member of the MET proto-oncogene family, is a pathogenic factor implicated in tumor malignancy. Specifically, aberrations in RON signaling result in increased cancer cell growth, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Biochemical events such as ligand binding, receptor overexpression, generation of structure-defected variants, and point mutations in the kinase domain contribute to RON signaling activation. Recently, functional crosstalk between RON and signaling proteins such as MET and EFGR has emerged as an additional mechanism for RON activation, which is critical for tumorigenic development. The RON signaling crosstalk acts either as a regulatory feedback loop that strengthens or enhances tumorigenic phenotype of cancer cells or serves as a signaling compensatory pathway providing a growth/survival advantage for cancer cells to escape targeted therapy. Moreover, viral oncoproteins derived from Friend leukemia or Epstein-Barr viruses interact with RON to drive viral oncogenesis. In cancer cells, RON signaling is integrated into cellular signaling network essential for cancer cell growth and survival. These activities provide the molecular basis of targeting RON for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss recent data that uncover the mechanisms of RON activation in cancer cells, review evidence of RON signaling crosstalk relevant to cancer malignancy, and emphasize the significance of the RON signaling addiction by cancer cells for tumor therapy. Understanding aberrant RON signaling will not only provide insight into the mechanisms of tumor pathogenesis, but also lead to the development of novel strategies for molecularly targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hai Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, and
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12
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Abstract
Since the discovery of MSP (macrophage-stimulating protein; also known as MST1 and hepatocyte growth factor-like (HGFL)) as the ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase RON (also known as MST1R) in the early 1990s, the roles of this signalling axis in cancer pathogenesis has been extensively studied in various model systems. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence has revealed that MSP-RON signalling is important for the invasive growth of different types of cancers. Currently, small-molecule inhibitors and antibodies blocking RON signalling are under investigation. Substantial responses have been achieved in human tumour xenograft models, laying the foundation for clinical validation. In this Review, we discuss recent advances that demonstrate the importance of MSP-RON signalling in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- Viral Oncogenesis Section in State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
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13
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Hosen MJ, Vanakker OM, Willaert A, Huysseune A, Coucke P, De Paepe A. Zebrafish models for ectopic mineralization disorders: practical issues from morpholino design to post-injection observations. Front Genet 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23760765 PMCID: PMC3669896 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (ZF, Danio rerio) has emerged as an important and popular model species to study different human diseases. Key regulators of skeletal development and calcium metabolism are highly conserved between mammals and ZF. The corresponding orthologs share significant sequence similarities and an overlap in expression patterns when compared to mammals, making ZF a potential model for the study of mineralization-related disorders and soft tissue mineralization. To characterize the function of early mineralization-related genes in ZF, these genes can be knocked down by injecting morpholinos into early stage embryos. Validation of the morpholino needs to be performed and the concern of aspecific effects can be addressed by applying one or more independent techniques to knock down the gene of interest. Post-injection assessment of early mineralization defects can be done using general light microscopy, calcein staining, Alizarin red staining, Alizarin red-Alcian blue double staining, and by the use of transgenic lines. Examination of general molecular defects can be done by performing protein and gene expression analysis, and more specific processes can be explored by investigating ectopic mineralization-related mechanisms such as apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this paper, we will discuss all details about the aforementioned techniques; shared knowledge will be very useful for the future investigation of ZF models for ectopic mineralization disorders and to understand the underlying pathways involved in soft tissue calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Hwang PP, Chou MY. Zebrafish as an animal model to study ion homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1233-47. [PMID: 23568368 PMCID: PMC3745619 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) possesses several advantages as an experimental organism, including the applicability of molecular tools, ease of in vivo cellular observation and functional analysis, and rapid embryonic development, making it an emerging model for the study of integrative and regulatory physiology and, in particular, the epithelial transport associated with body fluid ionic homeostasis. Zebrafish inhabits a hypotonic freshwater environment, and as such, the gills (or the skin, during embryonic stages) assume the role of the kidney in body fluid ionic homeostasis. Four types of ionocyte expressing distinct sets of transporters have been identified in these organs: H+-ATPase-rich, Na+-K+-ATPase-rich, Na+-Cl− cotransporter-expressing and K+-secreting cells; these ionocytes perform transepithelial H+ secretion/Na+ uptake/NH4+ excretion, Ca2+ uptake, Na+/Cl− uptake, and K+ secretion, respectively. Zebrafish ionocytes are analogous to various renal tubular cells, in terms of ion transporter expression and function. During embryonic development, ionocyte progenitors develop from epidermal stem cells and then differentiate into different types of ionocyte through a positive regulatory loop of Foxi3a/-3b and other transcription factors. Several hormones, including cortisol, vitamin D, stanniocalcin-1, calcitonin, and isotocin, were found to participate in the control pathways of ionic homeostasis by precisely studying the target ion transport pathways, ion transporters, or ionocytes of the hormonal actions. In conclusion, the zebrafish model not only enhances our understanding of body fluid ion homeostasis and hormonal control in fish but also informs studies on mammals and other animal species, thereby providing new insights into related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Entpd5 is essential for skeletal mineralization and regulates phosphate homeostasis in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21372-7. [PMID: 23236130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214231110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mineralization is an essential step during the embryonic development of vertebrates, and bone serves vital functions in human physiology. To systematically identify unique gene functions essential for osteogenesis, we performed a forward genetic screen in zebrafish and isolated a mutant, no bone (nob), that does not form any mineralized bone. Positional cloning of nob identified the causative gene to encode ectonucleoside triphosphate/diphosphohydrolase 5 (entpd5); analysis of its expression pattern demonstrates that entpd5 is specifically expressed in osteoblasts. An additional mutant, dragonfish (dgf), exhibits ectopic mineralization in the craniofacial and axial skeleton and encodes a loss-of-function allele of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (enpp1). Intriguingly, generation of double-mutant nob/dgf embryos restored skeletal mineralization in nob mutants, indicating that mechanistically, Entpd5 and Enpp1 act as reciprocal regulators of phosphate/pyrophosphate homeostasis in vivo. Consistent with this, entpd5 mutant embryos can be rescued by high levels of inorganic phosphate, and phosphate-regulating factors, such as fgf23 and npt2a, are significantly affected in entpd5 mutant embryos. Our study demonstrates that Entpd5 represents a previously unappreciated essential player in phosphate homeostasis and skeletal mineralization.
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