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Eldeeb MH, Camacho Lopez LJ, Fontanesi F. Mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 38529880 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The functional and structural relationship among the individual components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain constitutes a central aspect of our understanding of aerobic catabolism. This interplay has been a subject of intense debate for over 50 years. It is well established that individual respiratory enzymes associate into higher-order structures known as respiratory supercomplexes, which represent the evolutionarily conserved organizing principle of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, supercomplexes are formed by a complex III homodimer flanked by one or two complex IV monomers, and their high-resolution structures have been recently elucidated. Despite the wealth of structural information, several proposed supercomplex functions remain speculative and our understanding of their physiological relevance is still limited. Recent advances in the field were made possible by the construction of yeast strains where the association of complex III and IV into supercomplexes is impeded, leading to diminished respiratory capacity and compromised cellular competitive fitness. Here, we discuss the experimental evidence and hypotheses relative to the functional roles of yeast respiratory supercomplexes. Moreover, we review the current models of yeast complex III and IV assembly in the context of supercomplex formation and highlight the data scattered throughout the literature suggesting the existence of cross talk between their biogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazzen H Eldeeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lizeth J Camacho Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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2
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Wagner ER, Gasch AP. Advances in S. cerevisiae Engineering for Xylose Fermentation and Biofuel Production: Balancing Growth, Metabolism, and Defense. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:786. [PMID: 37623557 PMCID: PMC10455348 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineering microorganisms to produce chemicals has changed the industrialized world. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is frequently used in industry due to its genetic tractability and unique metabolic capabilities. S. cerevisiae has been engineered to produce novel compounds from diverse sugars found in lignocellulosic biomass, including pentose sugars, like xylose, not recognized by the organism. Engineering high flux toward novel compounds has proved to be more challenging than anticipated since simply introducing pathway components is often not enough. Several studies show that the rewiring of upstream signaling is required to direct products toward pathways of interest, but doing so can diminish stress tolerance, which is important in industrial conditions. As an example of these challenges, we reviewed S. cerevisiae engineering efforts, enabling anaerobic xylose fermentation as a model system and showcasing the regulatory interplay's controlling growth, metabolism, and stress defense. Enabling xylose fermentation in S. cerevisiae requires the introduction of several key metabolic enzymes but also regulatory rewiring of three signaling pathways at the intersection of the growth and stress defense responses: the RAS/PKA, Snf1, and high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathways. The current studies reviewed here suggest the modulation of global signaling pathways should be adopted into biorefinery microbial engineering pipelines to increase efficient product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R. Wagner
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Audrey P. Gasch
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Zeng G, Neo SP, Pang LM, Gao J, Chong SC, Gunaratne J, Wang Y. Comprehensive Interactome Analysis for the Sole Adenylyl Cyclase Cyr1 of Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0393422. [PMID: 36314909 PMCID: PMC9769623 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03934-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyr1, the sole adenylyl cyclase of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, is a central component of the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway that controls the yeast-to-hypha transition. Cyr1 is a multivalent sensor and integrator of various external and internal signals. To better understand how these signals are relayed to Cyr1 to regulate its activity, we sought to establish the interactome of Cyr1 by using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics to identify the proteins that coimmunoprecipitated with Cyr1. The method identified 36 proteins as candidates for authentic Cyr1-interacting partners, together with two known Cyr1-binding proteins, Cap1 and Act1. Fourteen identified proteins belonged to three functional groups, including actin regulation, cell wall components, and mitochondrial activities, that are known to play important roles in cell morphogenesis. To validate the proteomics data, we used biochemical and genetic methods to characterize two cell wall-related proteins, Mp65 and Sln1. First, coimmunoprecipitation confirmed their physical association with Cyr1. Second, deleting either MP65 or SLN1 resulted in severe defects in filamentation on serum plates. This study establishes the first Cyr1 interactome and uncovers a potential role for cell wall proteins in directly regulating Cyr1 activity to determine growth forms in C. albicans. IMPORTANCE A critical virulence trait of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is its ability to undergo the yeast-to-hypha transition in response to diverse environmental and cellular stimuli. Previous studies suggested that the sole adenylyl cyclase of C. albicans, Cyr1, is a multivalent signal sensor and integrator synthesizing cAMP to activate the downstream hypha-promoting events through the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. To fully understand how Cyr1 senses and processes multiple stimuli to generate appropriate signal outputs, it was necessary to identify and characterize Cyr1-interacting partners. This study employed SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approaches and identified 36 Cyr1-associated proteins, many having functions associated with hyphal morphogenesis. Coimmunoprecipitation verified two cell surface proteins, Mp65 and Sln1. Furthermore, genetic and phenotypic analyses demonstrated the cAMP-dependent roles of these two proteins in determining hyphal growth. Our study establishes the first Cyr1 interactome and uncovers new Cyr1 regulators that mediate cell surface signals to influence the growth mode of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suat Peng Neo
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- Infectious Diseases Labs, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Rossetti T, Ferreira J, Ghanem L, Buck H, Steegborn C, Myers RW, Meinke PT, Levin LR, Buck J. Assessing potency and binding kinetics of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) inhibitors to maximize therapeutic potential. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1013845. [PMID: 36246105 PMCID: PMC9554468 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1013845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, 10 different adenylyl cyclases produce the ubiquitous second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Amongst these cAMP-generating enzymes, bicarbonate (HCO3 -)-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC; ADCY10) is uniquely essential in sperm for reproduction. For this reason, sAC has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for non-hormonal contraceptives for men. Here, we describe key sAC-focused in vitro assays to identify and characterize sAC inhibitors for therapeutic use. The affinity and binding kinetics of an inhibitor can greatly influence in vivo efficacy, therefore, we developed improved assays for assessing these efficacy defining features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rossetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jacob Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lubna Ghanem
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hannes Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Robert W. Myers
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Mora FAA, Musheshe N, Arroyave Ospina JC, Geng Y, Soto JM, Rodrigo JA, Alieva T, Buist-Homan M, Lezoualc'h F, Cheng X, Schmidt M, Moshage H. Metformin protects against diclofenac-induced toxicity in primary rat hepatocytes by preserving mitochondrial integrity via a pathway involving EPAC. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112072. [PMID: 34464747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It has been shown that the antidiabetic drug metformin protects hepatocytes against toxicity by various stressors. Chronic or excessive consumption of diclofenac (DF) - a pain-relieving drug, leads to drug-induced liver injury via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage and ultimately apoptotic death of hepatocytes. However, whether metformin protects against DF-induced toxicity is unknown. Recently, it was also shown that cAMP elevation is protective against DF-induced apoptotic death in hepatocytes, a protective effect primarily involving the downstream cAMP effector EPAC and preservation of mitochondrial function. This study therefore aimed at investigating whether metformin protects against DF-induced toxicity via cAMP-EPACs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary rat hepatocytes were exposed to 400 µmol/L DF. CE3F4 or ESI-O5 were used as EPAC-1 or 2 inhibitors respectively. Apoptosis was measured by caspase-3 activity and necrosis by Sytox green staining. Seahorse X96 assay was used to determine mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using MitoSox, mitochondrial MnSOD expression was determined by immunostaining and mitochondrial morphology (fusion and fission ratio) by 3D refractive index imaging. KEY RESULTS Metformin (1 mmol/L) was protective against DF-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. This protective effect was EPAC-dependent (mainly EPAC-2). Metformin restored mitochondrial morphology in an EPAC-independent manner. DF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction which was demonstrated by decreased oxygen consumption rate, an increased ROS production and a reduced MnSOD level, were all reversed by metformin in an EPAC-dependent manner. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Metformin protects hepatocytes against DF-induced toxicity via cAMP-dependent EPAC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alejandro Aguilar Mora
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nshunge Musheshe
- Deptartment Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Johanna C Arroyave Ospina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yana Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Juan M Soto
- Department of Optics and Faculty of Physical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - José A Rodrigo
- Department of Optics and Faculty of Physical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tatiana Alieva
- Department of Optics and Faculty of Physical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manon Buist-Homan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Inserm UMR-1048, Institut des Maladies Metaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Univ Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Deptartment Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Nesci S, Trombetti F, Pagliarani A, Ventrella V, Algieri C, Tioli G, Lenaz G. Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of the Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation System: Implications for Pathology. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:242. [PMID: 33804034 PMCID: PMC7999509 DOI: 10.3390/life11030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Under aerobic conditions, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) converts the energy released by nutrient oxidation into ATP, the currency of living organisms. The whole biochemical machinery is hosted by the inner mitochondrial membrane (mtIM) where the protonmotive force built by respiratory complexes, dynamically assembled as super-complexes, allows the F1FO-ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP + Pi. Recently mitochondria emerged not only as cell powerhouses, but also as signaling hubs by way of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, when ROS removal systems and/or OXPHOS constituents are defective, the physiological ROS generation can cause ROS imbalance and oxidative stress, which in turn damages cell components. Moreover, the morphology of mitochondria rules cell fate and the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the mtIM, which, most likely with the F1FO-ATP synthase contribution, permeabilizes mitochondria and leads to cell death. As the multiple mitochondrial functions are mutually interconnected, changes in protein composition by mutations or in supercomplex assembly and/or in membrane structures often generate a dysfunctional cascade and lead to life-incompatible diseases or severe syndromes. The known structural/functional changes in mitochondrial proteins and structures, which impact mitochondrial bioenergetics because of an impaired or defective energy transduction system, here reviewed, constitute the main biochemical damage in a variety of genetic and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Alessandra Pagliarani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Vittoria Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Gaia Tioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Lenaz
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
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Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis by sAC-Derived cAMP Pool: Basic and Translational Aspects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020473. [PMID: 33671810 PMCID: PMC7926680 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the traditional view of mitochondria being solely a source of cellular energy, e.g., the "powerhouse" of the cell, mitochondria are now known to be key regulators of numerous cellular processes. Accordingly, disturbance of mitochondrial homeostasis is a basic mechanism in several pathologies. Emerging data demonstrate that 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling plays a key role in mitochondrial biology and homeostasis. Mitochondria are equipped with an endogenous cAMP synthesis system involving soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), which localizes in the mitochondrial matrix and regulates mitochondrial function. Furthermore, sAC localized at the outer mitochondrial membrane contributes significantly to mitochondrial biology. Disturbance of the sAC-dependent cAMP pools within mitochondria leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and pathology. In this review, we discuss the available data concerning the role of sAC in regulating mitochondrial biology in relation to diseases.
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Cytochrome c Oxidase at Full Thrust: Regulation and Biological Consequences to Flying Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020470. [PMID: 33671793 PMCID: PMC7931083 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight dispersal represents a key aspect of the evolutionary and ecological success of insects, allowing escape from predators, mating, and colonization of new niches. The huge energy demand posed by flight activity is essentially met by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in flight muscle mitochondria. In insects, mitochondrial ATP supply and oxidant production are regulated by several factors, including the energy demand exerted by changes in adenylate balance. Indeed, adenylate directly regulates OXPHOS by targeting both chemiosmotic ATP production and the activities of specific mitochondrial enzymes. In several organisms, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is regulated at transcriptional, post-translational, and allosteric levels, impacting mitochondrial energy metabolism, and redox balance. This review will present the concepts on how COX function contributes to flying insect biology, focusing on the existing examples in the literature where its structure and activity are regulated not only by physiological and environmental factors but also how changes in its activity impacts insect biology. We also performed in silico sequence analyses and determined the structure models of three COX subunits (IV, VIa, and VIc) from different insect species to compare with mammalian orthologs. We observed that the sequences and structure models of COXIV, COXVIa, and COXVIc were quite similar to their mammalian counterparts. Remarkably, specific substitutions to phosphomimetic amino acids at critical phosphorylation sites emerge as hallmarks on insect COX sequences, suggesting a new regulatory mechanism of COX activity. Therefore, by providing a physiological and bioenergetic framework of COX regulation in such metabolically extreme models, we hope to expand the knowledge of this critical enzyme complex and the potential consequences for insect dispersal.
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Frankovsky J, Vozáriková V, Nosek J, Tomáška Ľ. Mitochondrial protein phosphorylation in yeast revisited. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:148-162. [PMID: 33412333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the best-known post-translational modifications occurring in all domains of life. In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation affects all cellular compartments including mitochondria. High-throughput techniques of mass spectrometry combined with cell fractionation and biochemical methods yielded thousands of phospho-sites on hundreds of mitochondrial proteins. We have compiled the information on mitochondrial protein kinases and phosphatases and their substrates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and provide the current state-of-the-art overview of mitochondrial protein phosphorylation in this model eukaryote. Using several examples, we describe emerging features of the yeast mitochondrial phosphoproteome and present challenges lying ahead in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frankovsky
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Vozáriková
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomír Tomáška
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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10
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Di Benedetto G, Lefkimmiatis K, Pozzan T. The basics of mitochondrial cAMP signalling: Where, when, why. Cell Calcium 2020; 93:102320. [PMID: 33296837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic cAMP signalling in live cells has been extensively investigated in the past, while only in the last decade the existence of an intramitochondrial autonomous cAMP homeostatic system began to emerge. Thanks to the development of novel tools to investigate cAMP dynamics and cAMP/PKA-dependent phosphorylation within the matrix and in other mitochondrial compartments, it is now possible to address directly and in intact living cells a series of questions that until now could be addressed only by indirect approaches, in isolated organelles or through subcellular fractionation studies. In this contribution we discuss the mechanisms that regulate cAMP dynamics at the surface and inside mitochondria, and its crosstalk with organelle Ca2+ handling. We then address a series of still unsolved questions, such as the intramitochondrial localization of key elements of the cAMP signaling toolkit, e.g., adenylate cyclases, phosphodiesterases, protein kinase A (PKA) and Epac. Finally, we discuss the evidence for and against the existence of an intramitochondrial PKA pool and the functional role of cAMP increases within the organelle matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | - Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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11
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Ruan S, Xiang S, Wu W, Cao S, Du Q, Wang Z, Chen T, Shen Q, Liu L, Chen H, Weng L, Zhu H, Liu Q. Potential role of mTORC1 and the PI3K-Akt pathway in anti-acne properties of licorice flavonoids. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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Timón-Gómez A, Barrientos A. Mitochondrial respiratory chain composition and organization in response to changing oxygen levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2. [PMID: 32551463 DOI: 10.36069/jols/20200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major consumer of oxygen in eukaryotic cells, owing to the requirement of oxygen to generate ATP through the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). This aerobic energy transduction is more efficient than anaerobic processes such as glycolysis. Hypoxia, a condition in which environmental or intracellular oxygen levels are below the standard range, triggers an adaptive signaling pathway within the cell. When oxygen concentrations are low, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) become stabilized and activated to mount a transcriptional response that triggers modulation of cellular metabolism to adjust to hypoxic conditions. Mitochondrial aerobic metabolism is one of the main targets of the hypoxic response to regulate its functioning and efficiency in the presence of decreased oxygen levels. During evolution, eukaryotic cells and tissues have increased the plasticity of their mitochondrial OXPHOS system to cope with metabolic needs in different oxygen contexts. In mammalian mitochondria, two factors contribute to this plasticity. First, several subunits of the multimeric MRC complexes I and IV exist in multiple tissue-specific and condition-specific isoforms. Second, the MRC enzymes can coexist organized as individual entities or forming supramolecular structures known as supercomplexes, perhaps in a dynamic manner to respond to environmental conditions and cellular metabolic demands. In this review, we will summarize the information currently available on oxygen-related changes in MRC composition and organization and will discuss gaps of knowledge and research opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Timón-Gómez
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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13
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Xia Z, Zhou X, Li J, Li L, Ma Y, Wu Y, Huang Z, Li X, Xu P, Xue M. Multiple-Omics Techniques Reveal the Role of Glycerophospholipid Metabolic Pathway in the Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Against Hypoxic Stress. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1398. [PMID: 31316482 PMCID: PMC6610297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the biological processes of organism under hypoxic stress had been elucidated, the whole physiological changes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are still unclear. In this work, we investigated the changes of biological process of S. cerevisiae under hypoxia by the methods of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics. The results showed that the expression of a total of 1017 mRNA in transcriptome, 213 proteins in proteome, and 51 metabolites in metabolome had been significantly changed between the hypoxia and normoxia conditions. Moreover, based on the integration of system-omics data, we found that the carbohydrate, amino acids, fatty acid biosynthesis, lipid metabolic pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly changed in hypoxic stress. Among these pathways, the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway was remarkably up-regulated from the mRNA, protein, and metabolites levels under hypoxic stress, and the expression of relevant mRNA was also confirmed by the qPCR. The metabolites of glycerophospholipid pathway such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphoinositide, and phosphatidic acids probably maintained the stability of cell membranes against hypoxic stress to relieve the cell injury, and kept S. cerevisiae survive with energy production. These findings in the hypoxic omics and integrated networks provide very useful information for further exploring the molecular mechanism of hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Central Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Health Branch College, Lanzhou Modern Vocational College, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingxiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Beijing, China
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14
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Holt S, Miks MH, de Carvalho BT, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Thevelein JM. The molecular biology of fruity and floral aromas in beer and other alcoholic beverages. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:193-222. [PMID: 30445501 PMCID: PMC6524682 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aroma compounds provide attractiveness and variety to alcoholic beverages. We discuss the molecular biology of a major subset of beer aroma volatiles, fruity and floral compounds, originating from raw materials (malt and hops), or formed by yeast during fermentation. We introduce aroma perception, describe the most aroma-active, fruity and floral compounds in fruits and their presence and origin in beer. They are classified into categories based on their functional groups and biosynthesis pathways: (1) higher alcohols and esters, (2) polyfunctional thiols, (3) lactones and furanones, and (4) terpenoids. Yeast and hops are the main sources of fruity and flowery aroma compounds in beer. For yeast, the focus is on higher alcohols and esters, and particularly the complex regulation of the alcohol acetyl transferase ATF1 gene. We discuss the release of polyfunctional thiols and monoterpenoids from cysteine- and glutathione-S-conjugated compounds and glucosides, respectively, the primary biological functions of the yeast enzymes involved, their mode of action and mechanisms of regulation that control aroma compound production. Furthermore, we discuss biochemistry and genetics of terpenoid production and formation of non-volatile precursors in Humulus lupulus (hops). Insight in these pathways provides a toolbox for creating innovative products with a diversity of pleasant aromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Holt
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Marta H Miks
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10–726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bruna Trindade de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Maria R Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
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15
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Structure of yeast cytochrome c oxidase in a supercomplex with cytochrome bc 1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 26:78-83. [PMID: 30598554 PMCID: PMC6330080 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV) is known in mammals to exist independently or in association with other respiratory proteins to form supercomplexes (SCs). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CIV is found solely in an SC with cytochrome bc1 (complex III, CIII). Here, we present the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of S. cerevisiae CIV in a III2IV2 SC at 3.3 Å resolution. While overall similarity to mammalian homologs is high, we found notable differences in the supernumerary subunits Cox26 and Cox13; the latter exhibits a unique arrangement that precludes CIV dimerization as seen in bovine. A conformational shift in the matrix domain of Cox5A-involved in allosteric inhibition by ATP-may arise from its association with CIII. The CIII-CIV arrangement highlights a conserved interaction interface of CIII, albeit one occupied by complex I in mammalian respirasomes. We discuss our findings in the context of the potential impact of SC formation on CIV regulation.
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16
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Pozdniakova S, Guitart-Mampel M, Garrabou G, Di Benedetto G, Ladilov Y, Regitz-Zagrosek V. 17β-Estradiol reduces mitochondrial cAMP content and cytochrome oxidase activity in a phosphodiesterase 2-dependent manner. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3876-3890. [PMID: 30051530 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mitochondria possess their own source of cAMP, that is, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Activation or expression of mitochondrial sAC promotes mitochondrial function. Oestrogen receptor signalling plays an essential role in the regulation of mitochondrial function. Here we aimed to determine whether 17β-estradiol may affect mitochondrial cAMP signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expression of the intra-mitochondrial proteins (Western blot), mitochondrial cAMP content (FRET-based live imaging and MS assay), mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome oxidase activity were analysed in H9C2 and C2C12 cells. KEY RESULTS A 24 h treatment with 17β-estradiol significantly reduced the basal level of mitochondrial cAMP, without affecting the intra-mitochondrial content of sAC, phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) or PKA and the activity of the intra-mitochondrial sAC. The effect of 17β-estradiol on mitochondrial cAMP was prevented by inhibition of a cGMP-activated PDE2 or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), suggesting a role of NO signalling. Indeed, 17β-estradiol raised cellular levels of cGMP and the intra-mitochondrial expression of the catalytic subunit β of sGC was found. The 17β-estradiol-induced reduction of the mitochondrial cAMP level was accompanied by decreased cytochrome oxidase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential in a PDE2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 17β-estradiol reduced the basal level of mitochondrial cAMP content and cytochrome oxidase activity in a sAC-independent but in a PDE2-dependent manner. The results suggest a role of 17β-estradiol-induced activation of NO signalling in the regulation of mitochondrial cAMP content. Our study adds a new aspect to the complex action of oestrogens on mitochondrial biology, that is relevant to hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Pozdniakova
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex - IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service - Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex - IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service - Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Yury Ladilov
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Rinaldi L, Pozdniakova S, Jayarajan V, Troidl C, Abdallah Y, Aslam M, Ladilov Y. Protective role of soluble adenylyl cyclase against reperfusion-induced injury of cardiac cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:252-260. [PMID: 30044950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Disturbance of mitochondrial function significantly contributes to the myocardial injury that occurs during reperfusion. Increasing evidence suggests a role of intra-mitochondrial cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in promoting respiration and ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial levels of cAMP are controlled by type 10 soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) and phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2), however their role in the reperfusion-induced injury remains unknown. Here we aimed to examine whether sAC may support cardiomyocyte survival during reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult rat cardiomyocytes or rat cardiac H9C2 cells were subjected to metabolic inhibition and recovery as a model of simulated ischemia and reperfusion. Cytosolic Ca2+, pH, mitochondrial cAMP (live-cell imaging), and cell viability were analyzed during a 15-min period of reperfusion. Suppression of sAC activity in cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells, either by sAC knockdown, by pharmacological inhibition or by withdrawal of bicarbonate, a natural sAC activator, compromised cell viability and recovery of cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis during reperfusion. Contrariwise, overexpression of mitochondria-targeted sAC in H9C2 cells suppressed reperfusion-induced cell death. Analyzing cAMP concentration in mitochondrial matrix we found that inhibition of PDE2, a predominant mitochondria-localized PDE isoform in mammals, during reperfusion significantly increased cAMP level in mitochondrial matrix, but not in cytosol. Accordingly, PDE2 inhibition attenuated reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte death and improved recovery of the cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. CONCLUSION sAC plays an essential role in supporting cardiomyocytes viability during reperfusion. Elevation of mitochondrial cAMP pool either by sAC overexpression or by PDE2 inhibition beneficially affects cardiomyocyte survival during reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yaser Abdallah
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Rhein-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yury Ladilov
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Pozdniakova S, Ladilov Y. Functional Significance of the Adcy10-Dependent Intracellular cAMP Compartments. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:E29. [PMID: 29751653 PMCID: PMC6023465 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence confirms the compartmentalized structure of evolutionarily conserved 3'⁻5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, which allows for simultaneous participation in a wide variety of physiological functions and ensures specificity, selectivity and signal strength. One important player in cAMP signaling is soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). The intracellular localization of sAC allows for the formation of unique intracellular cAMP microdomains that control various physiological and pathological processes. This review is focused on the functional role of sAC-produced cAMP. In particular, we examine the role of sAC-cAMP in different cellular compartments, such as cytosol, nucleus and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Pozdniakova
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin Partner Site, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yury Ladilov
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin Partner Site, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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The metabolic/pH sensor soluble adenylyl cyclase is a tumor suppressor protein. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45597-45607. [PMID: 27323809 PMCID: PMC5216745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP signaling pathways can both stimulate and inhibit the development of cancer; however, the sources of cAMP important for tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a non-canonical, evolutionarily conserved, nutrient- and pH-sensing source of cAMP. sAC has been implicated in the metastatic potential of certain cancers, and it is differentially localized in human cancers as compared to benign tissues. We now show that sAC expression is reduced in many human cancers. Loss of sAC increases cellular transformation in vitro and malignant progression in vivo. These data identify the metabolic/pH sensor soluble adenylyl cyclase as a previously unappreciated tumor suppressor protein.
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20
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Rahman N, Ramos-Espiritu L, Milner TA, Buck J, Levin LR. Soluble adenylyl cyclase is essential for proper lysosomal acidification. J Gen Physiol 2017; 148:325-39. [PMID: 27670898 PMCID: PMC5037342 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes, the degradative organelles of the endocytic and autophagic pathways, function at an acidic pH. Lysosomes are acidified by the proton-pumping vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), but the molecular processes that set the organelle's pH are not completely understood. In particular, pH-sensitive signaling enzymes that can regulate lysosomal acidification in steady-state physiological conditions have yet to be identified. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a widely expressed source of cAMP that serves as a physiological pH sensor in cells. For example, in proton-secreting epithelial cells, sAC is responsible for pH-dependent translocation of V-ATPase to the luminal surface. Here we show genetically and pharmacologically that sAC is also essential for lysosomal acidification. In the absence of sAC, V-ATPase does not properly localize to lysosomes, lysosomes fail to fully acidify, lysosomal degradative capacity is diminished, and autophagolysosomes accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawreen Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Teresa A Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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21
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Valsecchi F, Konrad C, D'Aurelio M, Ramos-Espiritu LS, Stepanova A, Burstein SR, Galkin A, Magranè J, Starkov A, Buck J, Levin LR, Manfredi G. Distinct intracellular sAC-cAMP domains regulate ER Ca 2+ signaling and OXPHOS function. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3713-3727. [PMID: 28864766 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP regulates a wide variety of physiological functions in mammals. This single second messenger can regulate multiple, seemingly disparate functions within independently regulated cell compartments. We have previously identified one such compartment inside the matrix of the mitochondria, where soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) regulates oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We now show that sAC knockout fibroblasts have a defect in OXPHOS activity and attempt to compensate for this defect by increasing OXPHOS proteins. Importantly, sAC knockout cells also exhibit decreased probability of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release associated with diminished phosphorylation of the inositol 3-phosphate receptor. Restoring sAC expression exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix rescues OXPHOS activity and reduces mitochondrial biogenesis, indicating that these phenotypes are regulated by intramitochondrial sAC. In contrast, Ca2+ release from the ER is only rescued when sAC expression is restored throughout the cell. Thus, we show that functionally distinct, sAC-defined, intracellular cAMP signaling domains regulate metabolism and Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Csaba Konrad
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Lavoisier S Ramos-Espiritu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,High-Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Stepanova
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Jordi Magranè
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Di Benedetto G, Gerbino A, Lefkimmiatis K. Shaping mitochondrial dynamics: The role of cAMP signalling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 500:65-74. [PMID: 28501614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, our idea of mitochondria evolved from "mere" energy and metabolite producers to key regulators of many cellular functions. In order to preserve and protect their functional status, these organelles engage a number of dynamic processes that allow them to decrease accumulated burden and maintain their homeostasis. Indeed, mitochondria can unite (fusion), divide (fission), position themselves strategically in the cell (motility/trafficking) and if irreversibly damaged or dysfunctional eliminated (mitophagy). These dynamic processes can be controlled both by mitochondrial and cellular signalling pathways, hence allowing mitochondria to tune their function to the cellular needs. Among the regulatory mechanisms, reversible phosphorylation downstream the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling cascade was shown to deeply influence mitochondrial dynamics. This review explores the emerging evidence suggesting that cAMP is a key player in the orchestration of mitochondrial fusion/fission, motility and mitophagy, extending the repertoire of this second messenger, which is now recognised as a major regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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23
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Zhang F, Zhang L, Qi Y, Xu H. Mitochondrial cAMP signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4577-4590. [PMID: 27233501 PMCID: PMC5097110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3, 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger regulating many biological processes, such as cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. cAMP signaling functions not only on the plasma membrane, but also in the nucleus and in organelles such as mitochondria. Mitochondrial cAMP signaling is an indispensable part of the cytoplasm-mitochondrion crosstalk that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis, regulates mitochondrial dynamics, and modulates cellular stress responses and other signaling pathways. Recently, the compartmentalization of mitochondrial cAMP signaling has attracted great attentions. This new input should be carefully taken into account when we interpret the findings of mitochondrial cAMP signaling. In this review, we summarize previous and recent progress in our understanding of mitochondrial cAMP signaling, including the components of the signaling cascade, and the function and regulation of this signaling pathway in different mitochondrial compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liping Zhang
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yun Qi
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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24
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Vogt S, Rhiel A, Weber P, Ramzan R. Revisiting Kadenbach: Electron flux rate through cytochrome c-oxidase determines the ATP-inhibitory effect and subsequent production of ROS. Bioessays 2016; 38:556-67. [PMID: 27171124 PMCID: PMC5084804 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is the predominant source of ATP. Excessive rates of electron transport cause a higher production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). There are two regulatory mechanisms known. The first, according to Mitchel, is dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential that drives ATP synthase for ATP production, and the second, the Kadenbach mechanism, is focussed on the binding of ATP to Cytochrome c Oxidase (CytOx) at high ATP/ADP ratios, which results in an allosteric conformational change to CytOx, causing inhibition. In times of stress, ATP-dependent inhibition is switched off and the activity of CytOx is exclusively determined by the membrane potential, leading to an increase in ROS production. The second mechanism for respiratory control depends on the quantity of electron transfer to the Heme aa3 of CytOx. When ATP is bound to CytOx the enzyme is inhibited, and ROS formation is decreased, although the mitochondrial membrane potential is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vogt
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Annika Rhiel
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Petra Weber
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Rabia Ramzan
- Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Research CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
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25
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The molecular mechanism of aging is still vigorously debated, although a general consensus exists that mitochondria are significantly involved in this process. However, the previously postulated role of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the damaging agents inducing functional loss in aging has fallen out of favor in the recent past. In this review, we critically examine the role of ROS in aging in the light of recent advances on the relationship between mitochondrial structure and function. RECENT ADVANCES The functional mitochondrial respiratory chain is now recognized as a reflection of the dynamic association of respiratory complexes in the form of supercomplexes (SCs). Besides providing kinetic advantage (channeling), SCs control ROS generation by the respiratory chain, thus providing a means to regulate ROS levels in the cell. Depending on their concentration, these ROS are either physiological signals essential for the life of the cell or toxic species that damage cell structure and functions. CRITICAL ISSUES We propose that under physiological conditions the dynamic nature of SCs reversibly controls the generation of ROS as signals involved in mitochondrial-nuclear communication. During aging, there is a progressive loss of control of ROS generation so that their production is irreversibly enhanced, inducing a vicious circle in which signaling is altered and structural damage takes place. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding on the forces affecting SC association would allow the manipulation of ROS generation, directing these species to their physiological signaling role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Genova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Bologna, Italy
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26
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Kadenbach B, Hüttemann M. The subunit composition and function of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase. Mitochondrion 2015; 24:64-76. [PMID: 26190566 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) from mammals and birds is composed of 13 subunits. The three catalytic subunits I-III are encoded by mitochondrial DNA, the ten nuclear-coded subunits (IV, Va, Vb, VIa, VIb, VIc, VIIa, VIIb, VIIc, VIII) by nuclear DNA. The nuclear-coded subunits are essentially involved in the regulation of oxygen consumption and proton translocation by COX, since their removal or modification changes the activity and their mutation causes mitochondrial diseases. Respiration, the basis for ATP synthesis in mitochondria, is differently regulated in organs and species by expression of tissue-, developmental-, and species-specific isoforms for COX subunits IV, VIa, VIb, VIIa, VIIb, and VIII, but the holoenzyme in mammals is always composed of 13 subunits. Various proteins and enzymes were shown, e.g., by co-immunoprecipitation, to bind to specific COX subunits and modify its activity, but these interactions are reversible, in contrast to the tightly bound 13 subunits. In addition, the formation of supercomplexes with other oxidative phosphorylation complexes has been shown to be largely variable. The regulatory complexity of COX is increased by protein phosphorylation. Up to now 18 phosphorylation sites have been identified under in vivo conditions in mammals. However, only for a few phosphorylation sites and four nuclear-coded subunits could a specific function be identified. Research on the signaling pathways leading to specific COX phosphorylations remains a great challenge for understanding the regulation of respiration and ATP synthesis in mammalian organisms. This article reviews the function of the individual COX subunits and their isoforms, as well as proteins and small molecules interacting and regulating the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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27
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Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of (-)-Epicatechin and Other Polyphenols in Cancer, Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:181260. [PMID: 26180580 PMCID: PMC4477097 DOI: 10.1155/2015/181260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With recent insight into the mechanisms involved in diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes, more efficient modes of treatment are now being assessed. Traditional medicine including the use of natural products is widely practiced around the world, assuming that certain natural products contain the healing properties that may in fact have a preventative role in many of the diseases plaguing the human population. This paper reviews the biological effects of a group of natural compounds called polyphenols, including apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, and (-)-epicatechin, with a focus on the latter. (-)-Epicatechin has several unique features responsible for a variety of its effects. One of these is its ability to interact with and neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. (-)-Epicatechin also modulates cell signaling including the MAP kinase pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation. Mutations in this pathway are often associated with malignancies, and the use of (-)-epicatechin holds promise as a preventative agent and as an adjunct for chemotherapy and radiation therapy to improve outcome. This paper discusses the potential of some phenolic compounds to maintain, protect, and possibly reinstate health.
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De Silva D, Tu YT, Amunts A, Fontanesi F, Barrientos A. Mitochondrial ribosome assembly in health and disease. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2226-50. [PMID: 26030272 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1053672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribosome is a structurally and functionally conserved macromolecular machine universally responsible for catalyzing protein synthesis. Within eukaryotic cells, mitochondria contain their own ribosomes (mitoribosomes), which synthesize a handful of proteins, all essential for the biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system. High-resolution cryo-EM structures of the yeast, porcine and human mitoribosomal subunits and of the entire human mitoribosome have uncovered a wealth of new information to illustrate their evolutionary divergence from their bacterial ancestors and their adaptation to synthesis of highly hydrophobic membrane proteins. With such structural data becoming available, one of the most important remaining questions is that of the mitoribosome assembly pathway and factors involved. The regulation of mitoribosome biogenesis is paramount to mitochondrial respiration, and thus to cell viability, growth and differentiation. Moreover, mutations affecting the rRNA and protein components produce severe human mitochondrial disorders. Despite its biological and biomedical significance, knowledge on mitoribosome biogenesis and its deviations from the much-studied bacterial ribosome assembly processes is scarce, especially the order of rRNA processing and assembly events and the regulatory factors required to achieve fully functional particles. This article focuses on summarizing the current available information on mitoribosome assembly pathway, factors that form the mitoribosome assembly machinery, and the effect of defective mitoribosome assembly on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasmanthie De Silva
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine ; Miami , FL USA
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