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Khajuria DK, Karasik D. Therapeutic potential of carbon dots from Lycium barbarum in radiation-induced bone injury. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2024; 12:56. [PMID: 38911558 PMCID: PMC11193556 DOI: 10.21037/atm-24-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Khajuria
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science (CORTS), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Karasik
- The Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Zhang Q, Yang J, Hu N, Liu J, Yu H, Pan H, Chen D, Ruan C. Small-molecule amines: a big role in the regulation of bone homeostasis. Bone Res 2023; 11:40. [PMID: 37482549 PMCID: PMC10363555 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous small-molecule amines (SMAs) play critical roles in maintaining bone homeostasis and promoting bone regeneration regardless of whether they are applied as drugs or biomaterials. On the one hand, SMAs promote bone formation or inhibit bone resorption through the regulation of key molecular signaling pathways in osteoblasts/osteoclasts; on the other hand, owing to their alkaline properties as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features, most SMAs create a favorable microenvironment for bone homeostasis. However, due to a lack of information on their structure/bioactivity and underlying mechanisms of action, certain SMAs cannot be developed into drugs or biomaterials for bone disease treatment. In this review, we thoroughly summarize the current understanding of SMA effects on bone homeostasis, including descriptions of their classifications, biochemical features, recent research advances in bone biology and related regulatory mechanisms in bone regeneration. In addition, we discuss the challenges and prospects of SMA translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jirong Yang
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haobo Pan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Shenzhen Healthemes Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518102, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Ma J, Wang A, Zhang H, Liu B, Geng Y, Xu Y, Zuo G, Jia P. Iron overload induced osteocytes apoptosis and led to bone loss in Hepcidin -/- mice through increasing sclerostin and RANKL/OPG. Bone 2022; 164:116511. [PMID: 35933095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have demonstrated that iron overload is a risk factor of osteoporosis. However, there has been no systematic and in-depth studies on the effect of iron overload on osteocytes and its role in iron overload-induced bone loss. Therefore, to address this problem, we carried out in vitro and in vivo studies using MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells and Hepcidin-/- mice as iron overload models. METHODS (1) MLO-Y4 cells were treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and apoptosis of MLO-Y4 cells were determined by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the effect of FAC on the expression of sclerostin and RANKL/OPG. (2) The conditioned medium of MLO-Y4 cells after treatment with FAC was collected and used to treat pre-osteoblasts and monocytes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red (AR) staining were used to evaluate osteogenic differentiation capacity, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was performed to demonstrate osteoclast differentiation capacity. (3) In vivo studies included a wild type mouse, Hepcidin-/- mice, Hepcidin-/- mice + deferoxamine (DFO), and Hepcidin-/- mice + N-actyl-l-cysteine (NAC) group. Micro-CT was performed to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume, and bone micro-architecture of the mice, and three bending tests were used to assess bone strength. Histological analysis was used to detect alterations in bone turnover. TUNEL staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to evaluate the apoptosis and morphology of osteocytes. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting were used to determine alterations in sclerostin and RANKL/OPG expression levels in mice. RESULTS (1) FAC increased intracellular ROS and apoptosis in MLO-Y4 cells, while FAC enhanced the expression of sclerostin and RANKL/OPG in MLO-Y4 cells. (2) Conditioned medium of MLO-Y4 cells inhibited the osteogenic capacity of osteoblasts while stimulating osteoclast differentiation. (3) By increasing oxidative stress, iron overload promotes the apoptosis of osteocytes and undermines the morphology of osteocytes in Hepcidin-/- mice, further increasing the expression levels of sclerostin and RANKL/OPG in osteocytes, which is considered to be the causative factor for reduced bone formation and enhanced bone resorption. DFO administration reduced iron levels, and NAC treatment decreased oxidative stress in Hepcidin-/- mice. Therefore, DFO or NAC treatment rescued the decrease in BMD, bone volume, and bone strength and attenuated the deterioration of bone architecture in Hepcidin-/- mice by attenuating the effect of iron overload on osteocytes. CONCLUSION Osteocyte apoptosis due to increased ROS and resultant sclerostin and RANKL/OPG expression alteration was the main reason for bone loss in Hepcidin-/- mice. Osteocytes are the main targets for the prevention and treatment of iron overload-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Department, China; Osteoporosis Research Institute of Soochow University, China
| | - Aifei Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Department, China; Osteoporosis Research Institute of Soochow University, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Department, China; Osteoporosis Research Institute of Soochow University, China
| | - Baoshan Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Department, China; Osteoporosis Research Institute of Soochow University, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Department, China; Osteoporosis Research Institute of Soochow University, China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Department, China; Osteoporosis Research Institute of Soochow University, China
| | - Guilai Zuo
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Orthopedic Department, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Department, China; Osteoporosis Research Institute of Soochow University, China.
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Chandra A, Lagnado AB, Farr JN, Schleusner M, Monroe DG, Saul D, Passos JF, Khosla S, Pignolo RJ. Bone Marrow Adiposity in Models of Radiation- and Aging-Related Bone Loss Is Dependent on Cellular Senescence. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:997-1011. [PMID: 35247283 PMCID: PMC9526878 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, apoptosis, and cellular senescence have been associated with reduced osteoprogenitors in a reciprocal fashion to bone marrow adipocyte tissue (BMAT); however, a direct (causal) link between cellular senescence and BMAT is still elusive. Accumulation of senescent cells occur in naturally aged and in focally radiated bone tissue, but despite amelioration of age- and radiation-associated bone loss after senescent cell clearance, molecular events that precede BMAT accrual are largely unknown. Here we show by RNA-Sequencing data that BMAT-related genes were the most upregulated gene subset in radiated bones of C57BL/6 mice. Using focal radiation as a model to understand age-associated changes in bone, we performed a longitudinal assessment of cellular senescence and BMAT. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), RNA in situ hybridization of p21 transcripts and histological assessment of telomere dysfunction as a marker of senescence, we observed an increase in senescent cell burden of bone cells from day 1 postradiation, without the presence of BMAT. BMAT was significantly elevated in radiated bones at day 7, confirming the qRT-PCR data in which most BMAT-related genes were elevated by day 7, and the trend continued until day 42 postradiation. Similarly, elevation in BMAT-related genes was observed in bones of aged mice. The senolytic cocktail of Dasatinib (D) plus Quercetin (Q) (ie, D + Q), which clears senescent cells, reduced BMAT in aged and radiated bones. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) linked with senescence marker p21 were downregulated in radiated and aged bones, whereas miR-27a, a miR that is associated with increased BMAT, was elevated both in radiated and aged bones. D + Q downregulated miR-27a in radiated bones at 42 days postradiation. Overall, our study provides evidence that BMAT occurrence in oxidatively stressed bone environments, such as radiation and aging, is induced following a common pathway and is dependent on the presence of senescent cells. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anthony B. Lagnado
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua N. Farr
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Megan Schleusner
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David G. Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dominik Saul
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - João F. Passos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J. Pignolo
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Chandra A, Lagnado AB, Farr JN, Doolittle M, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, LeBrasseur NK, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ, Ikeno Y, Passos JF, Monroe DG, Pignolo RJ, Khosla S. Targeted clearance of p21- but not p16-positive senescent cells prevents radiation-induced osteoporosis and increased marrow adiposity. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13602. [PMID: 35363946 PMCID: PMC9124310 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, which is a major cause of tissue dysfunction with aging and multiple other conditions, is known to be triggered by p16Ink4a or p21Cip1 , but the relative contributions of each pathway toward inducing senescence are unclear. Here, we directly addressed this issue by first developing and validating a p21-ATTAC mouse with the p21Cip1 promoter driving a "suicide" transgene encoding an inducible caspase-8 which, upon induction, selectively kills p21Cip1 -expressing senescent cells. Next, we used the p21-ATTAC mouse and the established p16-INK-ATTAC mouse to directly compare the contributions of p21Cip1 versus p16Ink4a in driving cellular senescence in a condition where a tissue phenotype (bone loss and increased marrow adiposity) is clearly driven by cellular senescence-specifically, radiation-induced osteoporosis. Using RNA in situ hybridization, we confirmed the reduction in radiation-induced p21Cip1 - or p16Ink4a -driven transcripts following senescent cell clearance in both models. However, only clearance of p21Cip1 +, but not p16Ink4a +, senescent cells prevented both radiation-induced osteoporosis and increased marrow adiposity. Reduction in senescent cells with dysfunctional telomeres following clearance of p21Cip1 +, but not p16Ink4a +, senescent cells also reduced several of the radiation-induced pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors. Thus, by directly comparing senescent cell clearance using two parallel genetic models, we demonstrate that radiation-induced osteoporosis is driven predominantly by p21Cip1 - rather than p16Ink4a -mediated cellular senescence. Further, this approach can be used to dissect the contributions of these pathways in other senescence-associated conditions, including aging across tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anthony B. Lagnado
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Joshua N. Farr
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Division of EndocrinologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Madison Doolittle
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Division of EndocrinologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - James L. Kirkland
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Nathan K. LeBrasseur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismDepartment of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and MetabolismDepartment of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiophysicsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - João F. Passos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - David G. Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Division of EndocrinologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Robert J. Pignolo
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Division of EndocrinologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Division of EndocrinologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Richardson KK, Ling W, Krager K, Fu Q, Byrum SD, Pathak R, Aykin-Burns N, Kim HN. Ionizing Radiation Activates Mitochondrial Function in Osteoclasts and Causes Bone Loss in Young Adult Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:675. [PMID: 35054859 PMCID: PMC8775597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The damaging effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on bone mass are well-documented in mice and humans and are most likely due to increased osteoclast number and function. However, the mechanisms leading to inappropriate increases in osteoclastic bone resorption are only partially understood. Here, we show that exposure to multiple fractions of low-doses (10 fractions of 0.4 Gy total body irradiation [TBI]/week, i.e., fractionated exposure) and/or a single exposure to the same total dose of 4 Gy TBI causes a decrease in trabecular, but not cortical, bone mass in young adult male mice. This damaging effect was associated with highly activated bone resorption. Both osteoclast differentiation and maturation increased in cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice exposed to either fractionated or singular TBI. IR also increased the expression and enzymatic activity of mitochondrial deacetylase Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3)-an essential protein for osteoclast mitochondrial activity and bone resorption in the development of osteoporosis. Osteoclast progenitors lacking Sirt3 exposed to IR exhibited impaired resorptive activity. Taken together, targeting impairment of osteoclast mitochondrial activity could be a novel therapeutic strategy for IR-induced bone loss, and Sirt3 is likely a major mediator of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K. Richardson
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.K.R.); (W.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Wen Ling
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.K.R.); (W.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Kimberly Krager
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.K.); (R.P.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Qiang Fu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.K.R.); (W.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Stephanie D. Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.K.); (R.P.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.K.); (R.P.); (N.A.-B.)
| | - Ha-Neui Kim
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.K.R.); (W.L.); (Q.F.)
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Ali D, Tencerova M, Figeac F, Kassem M, Jafari A. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes in aging women and men: The mechanisms and roles of increased bone marrow adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981487. [PMID: 36187112 PMCID: PMC9520254 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration leading to increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis incidence increases with age in both post-menopausal women and aging men. Among other important contributing factors to bone fragility observed in osteoporosis, that also affect the elderly population, are metabolic disturbances observed in obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). These metabolic complications are associated with impaired bone homeostasis and a higher fracture risk. Expansion of the Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue (BMAT), at the expense of decreased bone formation, is thought to be one of the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying osteoporosis and bone fragility in obesity and T2D. Our review provides a summary of mechanisms behind increased Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA) during aging and highlights the pre-clinical and clinical studies connecting obesity and T2D, to BMA and bone fragility in aging osteoporotic women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ali
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dalia Ali, ; Abbas Jafari,
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Florence Figeac
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dalia Ali, ; Abbas Jafari,
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ULK1 Suppresses Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption via Inhibiting Syk-JNK through DOK3. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2896674. [PMID: 34820053 PMCID: PMC8608530 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2896674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption diseases, including osteoporosis, are usually caused by excessive osteoclastogenesis. Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), a mammalian serine/threonine kinase, may participate in the regulation of bone homeostasis and osteolytic metastasis. In this study, ULK1 expression during osteoclastogenesis was detected with RT-PCR. We knocked down or overexpressed ULK1 through siRNA or lentiviral transduction in bone marrow macrophage (BMM). TRAP and phalloidin staining were performed to detect the osteoclastogenesis activity. Ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model of osteoporosis and a mouse of model osteoclast-induced bone resorption were applied to explore the role of ULK1 in bone resorption in vivo. The results showed that ULK1 expression was downregulated during osteoclast differentiation and was clinically associated with osteoporosis. ULK1 inhibited osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Knockdown of ULK1 expression activated phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Docking protein 3 (DOK3) was coexpressed with ULK1 during osteoclastogenesis. Downregulation of DOK3 offsets the effect of ULK1 on osteoclastogenesis and induced phosphorylation of JNK and Syk. Activation of ULK1 impeded bone loss in OVX mice with osteoporosis. Additionally, upregulation of ULK1 inhibited osteoclast-induced bone resorption in vivo. Therefore, our study reveals a novel ULK1/DOK3/Syk axis that regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, and targeting ULK1 is a potential therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.
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Cang D, Zou G, Yang C, Shen X, Li F, Wu Y, Ji B. Dencichine prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss and inhibits osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANKL-associated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 146:206-215. [PMID: 34116734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of dencichine on osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. METHODS RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis were treated with different concentrations of dencichine. Pit forming assays were applied to evaluate the degree of bone resorption. Osteoclastogenic markers were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. Micro CT was conducted to investigate the effects of dencichine on osteoclastogenesis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. RESULTS Dencichine suppressed osteoclastogenesis through the inhibition of phosphorylation of p65, p50 (NF-κB pathway), p38, ERK and JNK (MAPKs pathway) in vitro. Furthermore, dencichine inhibited the function of osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression levels of the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) and osteoclastogenesis markers were decreased by dencichine, including MMP-9, Cathepsin K (CTSK), Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP), C-FOS, dendritic cell specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). In vivo data proved that dencichine alleviated ovariectomy-induced bone loss and osteoclastogenesis in mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that dencichine alleviates OVX-induced bone loss in mice and inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in vitro, suggesting that dencichine might serve as a promising candidate for treatment of bone loss diseases, including PMOP and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwei Cang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, China
| | - Guoyou Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of R& D, Rochen Pharma Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201514, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, China.
| | - Biao Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, China.
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10
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Yang Y, Sun Y, Mao WW, Zhang H, Ni B, Jiang L. Oxidative stress induces downregulation of TP53INP2 and suppresses osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs during osteoporosis through the autophagy degradation pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:226-237. [PMID: 33636337 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and impaired bone formation. However, the mechanisms behind which oxidative stress represses bone formation remains unclear. TP53INP2, a target of the tumor suppressor p53, is ubiquitously expressed in various cell types including BMSCs and contributes to autophagosome formation by recruiting ubiquitinated substrates to autophagosomes for degradation. However, little is known about its function in BMSCs and its relation to osteoporosis. In this study, first, we verified that the expression of TP53INP2 was persistently decreased in BMSCs derived from osteoporosis patients and OVX mice, and that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine could ameliorate this decreased TP53INP2 level in vitro. Second, we identified that the mRNA and protein levels of TP53INP2 decreased in BMSCs under H2O2 induced oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, with resultant co-location of LC3 and TP53INP2. Additionally, the autophagy-lysosome system was involved in the degradation process of TP53INP2 and applying autophagy inhibitors (Baf-A1) could significantly increase the TP53INP2 levels in murine and human BMSCs under oxidative stress. Third, gain- and loss-of-function assays revealed that knockdown of TP53INP2 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, while overexpression of TP53INP2 promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. Further analysis demonstrated that TP53INP2 promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by activating Wnt/β-cantenin signaling. DKK1, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, resulted in osteogenic defects of BMSCs that had over-expressed TP53INP2. Lithium, a Wnt/β-catenin activator, improved the mineralization ability in TP53INP2-knockdown BMSCs. Moreover, restoring TP53INP2 levels recovered OVX-derived BMSCs osteogenic differentiation and attenuated bone loss in OVX mice. Taken together, our study indicated that oxidative stress-induced downregulation of TP53INP2 suppressed osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs during osteoporosis and was mediated by the autophagy degradation pathway. These findings may introduce a novel therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Yang
- Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 566 Congcheng Avenue, Conghua District, Guangzhou, 510900, PR China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei-Wei Mao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665, Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 566 Congcheng Avenue, Conghua District, Guangzhou, 510900, PR China
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Leisheng Jiang
- Spine Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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11
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Pignolo RJ, Law SF, Chandra A. Bone Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Osteoporosis. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10488. [PMID: 33869998 PMCID: PMC8046105 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in aging bone that lead to osteoporosis are mediated at multiple levels, including hormonal alterations, skeletal unloading, and accumulation of senescent cells. This pathological interplay is superimposed upon medical conditions, potentially bone-wasting medications, modifiable and unmodifiable personal risk factors, and genetic predisposition that accelerate bone loss with aging. In this study, the focus is on bone hemostasis and its dysregulation with aging. The major physiological changes with aging in bone and the role of cellular senescence in contributing to age-related osteoporosis are summarized. The aspects of bone aging are reviewed including remodeling deficits, uncoupling phenomena, inducers of cellular senescence related to bone aging, roles of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, radiation-induced bone loss as a model for bone aging, and the accumulation of senescent cells in the bone microenvironment as a predominant mechanism for age-related osteoporosis. The study also addresses the rationale and potential for therapeutic interventions based on the clearance of senescent cells or suppression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Susan F Law
- Department of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
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12
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Chandra A, Rajawat J. Skeletal Aging and Osteoporosis: Mechanisms and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073553. [PMID: 33805567 PMCID: PMC8037620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ maintained by tightly regulated mechanisms. With old age, bone homeostasis, which is maintained by an intricate balance between bone formation and bone resorption, undergoes deregulation. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, cellular apoptosis, and cellular senescence are all responsible for this tissue dysfunction and the imbalance in the bone homeostasis. These cellular mechanisms have become a target for therapeutics to treat age-related osteoporosis. Genetic mouse models have shown the importance of senescent cell clearance in alleviating age-related osteoporosis. Furthermore, we and others have shown that targeting cellular senescence pharmacologically was an effective tool to alleviate age- and radiation-induced osteoporosis. Senescent cells also have an altered secretome known as the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which may have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine function. The current review discusses the current and potential pathways which lead to a senescence profile in an aged skeleton and how bone homeostasis is affected during age-related osteoporosis. The review has also discussed existing therapeutics for the treatment of osteoporosis and rationalizes for novel therapeutic options based on cellular senescence and the SASP as an underlying pathogenesis of an aging bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Aging Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-266-1847
| | - Jyotika Rajawat
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, University Rd, Babuganj, Hasanganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India;
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13
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Chen M, Li Y, Lv H, Yin P, Zhang L, Tang P. Quantitative proteomics and reverse engineer analysis identified plasma exosome derived protein markers related to osteoporosis. J Proteomics 2020; 228:103940. [PMID: 32805449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alongside an aging population, osteoporosis has become increasingly common, representing a major public health problem. Human blood provides the predominant matrix for pathological targets underlining disease mechanisms. In the present study, the protein profiles of blood plasma exosomes from patients with osteoporosis, osteopenia, and those with normal bone mass were compared. The aim of the study was to search for potential novel diagnostic/therapeutic targets for further investigation in osteoporosis. A total of 60 participants were included from the PLAGH Hip Fracture Database. Quantitative proteomics was carried out to profile the plasma exosome derived proteins from patients diagnosed with osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal bone mass, respectively. A Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis was further carried out to validate the identified proteins. Bio-informatics analyses including GO annotation and reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks analysis were applied in annotating the biological relevance of the identified proteins. Forty-five differentially expressed proteins were identified in the discovery dataset and four of them, PSMB9, AARS, PCBP2, and VSIR were further verified in a validation set. Based on the results, an exosomal-proteins index was constructed to classify individuals with osteoporosis from those without, an AUC of 0.805 (95% CI 0.620-0.926, p < 0.001) was achieved in classification performance assessment. Additionally, a reverse engineer of the regulatory network analysis identified and predicted the proteins which may interact with the four target proteins identified, providing references for further investigations into the pathological mechanisms of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Houchen Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China.
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14
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Farhat T, Dudakovic A, Chung JH, van Wijnen AJ, St-Arnaud R. Inhibition of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) stimulates osteoblastogenesis by potentiating bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) responses. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1195-1213. [PMID: 32686190 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is a pleiotropic enzyme involved in DNA repair, cell cycle control, and transcription regulation. A potential role for DNA-PKcs in the regulation of osteoblastogenesis remains to be established. We show that pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PKcs kinase activity or gene silencing of Prkdc (encoding DNA-PKcs) in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells markedly enhanced osteogenesis and the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes. Inhibition of DNA-PKcs inhibited cell cycle progression and increased osteogenesis by significantly enhancing the bone morphogenetic protein 2 response in osteoblasts and other mesenchymal cell types. Importantly, in vivo pharmacological inhibition of the kinase enhanced bone biomechanical properties. Bones from osteoblast-specific conditional Prkdc-knockout mice exhibited a similar phenotype of increased stiffness. In conclusion, DNA-PKcs negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation, and therefore DNA-PKcs inhibitors may have therapeutic potential for bone regeneration and metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Farhat
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jay H Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity & Aging Research, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Chandra A, Lagnado AB, Farr JN, Monroe DG, Park S, Hachfeld C, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Khosla S, Passos JF, Pignolo RJ. Targeted Reduction of Senescent Cell Burden Alleviates Focal Radiotherapy-Related Bone Loss. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1119-1131. [PMID: 32023351 PMCID: PMC7357625 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical radiotherapy treats life-threatening cancers, but the radiation often affects neighboring normal tissues including bone. Acute effects of ionizing radiation include oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cellular apoptosis. We show in this study that a large proportion of bone marrow cells, osteoblasts, and matrix-embedded osteocytes recover from these insults only to attain a senescent profile. Bone analyses of senescence-associated genes, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, and presence of telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIF) at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days post-focal radiation treatment (FRT) in C57BL/6 male mice confirmed the development of senescent cells and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Accumulation of senescent cells and SASP markers were correlated with a significant reduction in bone architecture at 42 days post-FRT. To test if senolytic drugs, which clear senescent cells, alleviate FRT-related bone damage, we administered the senolytic agents, dasatinib (D), quercetin (Q), fisetin (F), and a cocktail of D and Q (D+Q). We found moderate alleviation of radiation-induced bone damage with D and Q as stand-alone compounds, but no such improvement was seen with F. However, the senolytic cocktail of D+Q reduced senescent cell burden as assessed by TIF+ osteoblasts and osteocytes, markers of senescence (p16 Ink4a and p21), and key SASP factors, resulting in significant recovery in the bone architecture of radiated femurs. In summary, this study provides proof of concept that senescent cells play a role in radiotherapy-associated bone damage, and that reduction in senescent cell burden by senolytic agents is a potential therapeutic option for alleviating radiotherapy-related bone deterioration. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anthony B Lagnado
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua N Farr
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David G Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sean Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christine Hachfeld
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tamar Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - João F Passos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Bao T, Yang K, Long Z, Zeng L, Li Y. Systematic Pharmacological Methodology to Explore the Pharmacological Mechanism of Siwu Decoction for Osteoporosis. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8152-8171. [PMID: 31666500 PMCID: PMC6844540 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an important health problem worldwide. Siwu decoction (SWD) and its modification have a good clinical effect on osteoporosis. However, the molecular mechanism of SWD on osteoporosis has not been thoroughly explained. A systematic pharmacological methodology was utilized to predict the active compounds and potential targets of SWD, collect the genes of osteoporosis and the known targets of SWD, and analyze the osteoporosis and SWD's network. Five networks were constructed and analyzed: (1) Osteoporosis genes' protein-protein interaction (PPI) network; (2) Compound-compound target network of SWD; (3) SWD-osteoporosis PPI network; (4) Compound-known target network of SWD; and (5) SWD known target- osteoporosis PPI network. Several osteoporosis and treatment-related targets (eg.,. HSP90AB1, FGFR1, HRAS, GRB2, and PGF), clusters, biological processes, and signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and FoxO signaling pathway) were found. The therapeutic effect of SWD on osteoporosis may be achieved by interfering with the biological processes and signaling pathways related to the development of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Long
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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17
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The emerging role of IMD 0354 on bone homeostasis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, but without affecting bone formation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:654. [PMID: 31506437 PMCID: PMC6737093 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) promotes the activity and differentiation of osteoclasts via activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. IMD 0354 is a selective molecular inhibitor of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) and effective for treatment of acute and subacute inflammatory diseases through the suppression of NF-κB activation. However, the effect of IMD 0354 on bone homeostasis is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that IMD 0354 significantly attenuated ovariectomy-induced bone loss and inhibited osteoclastogenesis in mice, whereas bone formation was not affected. Additionally, IMD 0354 dramatically inhibited osteoclast differentiation and function induced by RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in bone marrow monocytes as verified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining as well as bone resorption assay in vitro. Subsequently, we found that activation of NF-κB signaling and the ERK/c-Fos axis were blunted during osteoclast formation induced by RANKL. Transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos were suppressed with the decreased expression of osteoclast-related genes by IMD 0354. Our findings suggest that IMD 0354 could be a potential preventive and therapeutic drug for osteoporosis.
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18
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Calculations of supramolecular structures of peptidylboronic acid (bortezomib) with ABO blood system antigen. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj91.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Wang Y, Ma Z, Zheng Y, Liu B, Bao P, Wu X, Yu C, Wen Z, Ma T, Liu J, Liu C, Ma D, Wu H, Li J, Yuan Y, Lu N, Zhao H, Li Y, Yang S, Zhang R, Dai J, Hu M. Establishment of an osteoporosis model in tree shrews by bilateral ovariectomy and comprehensive evaluation. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3644-3654. [PMID: 30988748 PMCID: PMC6447825 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) treatment has always been challenging for elderly menopausal females. An animal model with a closer genetic association to human OP is essential for treatment research. Given its close genetic association to primates, the tree shrew is a suitable candidate for meeting the requirements for such an animal model. In the present study, a tree shrew OP model induced by ovariectomy (OVX), was established. Evaluation by multiple analysis methods, including blood biochemical indicators, uterus coefficients, micro-computed tomography analysis, histochemical analysis and scanning electron microscopic observation indicated that OVX was an appropriate method to establish the OP model in tree shrews. In addition, the biomolecular characteristics of OVX-induced osteoporosis were also assessed by transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The present study provides the methods used to confirm the successful establishment of the OP model in tree shrew, and suggests that the OP model is appropriate for human OP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Bao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Xingfei Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Congtao Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqi Wen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Tiekun Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jinxue Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Change Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Daiping Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650011, P.R. China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
| | - Suping Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Min Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases and Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, P.R. China
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20
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Wang L, Tower RJ, Chandra A, Yao L, Tong W, Xiong Z, Tang K, Zhang Y, Liu XS, Boerckel JD, Guo X, Ahn J, Qin L. Periosteal Mesenchymal Progenitor Dysfunction and Extraskeletally-Derived Fibrosis Contribute to Atrophic Fracture Nonunion. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:520-532. [PMID: 30602062 PMCID: PMC6508876 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atrophic nonunion represents an extremely challenging clinical dilemma for both physicians and fracture patients alike, but its underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we established a mouse model that recapitulates clinical atrophic nonunion through the administration of focal radiation to the long bone midshaft 2 weeks before a closed, semistabilized, transverse fracture. Strikingly, fractures in previously irradiated bone showed no bony bridging with a 100% nonunion rate. Radiation triggered distinct repair responses, separated by the fracture line: a less robust callus formation at the proximal side (close to the knee) and bony atrophy at the distal side (close to the ankle) characterized by sustained fibrotic cells and type I collagen-rich matrix. These fibrotic cells, similar to human nonunion samples, lacked osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation and exhibited impaired blood vessel infiltration. Mechanistically, focal radiation reduced the numbers of periosteal mesenchymal progenitors and blood vessels and blunted injury-induced proliferation of mesenchymal progenitors shortly after fracture, with greater damage particularly at the distal side. In culture, radiation drastically suppressed proliferation of periosteal mesenchymal progenitors. Radiation did not affect hypoxia-induced periosteal cell chondrogenesis but greatly reduced osteogenic differentiation. Lineage tracing using multiple reporter mouse models revealed that mesenchymal progenitors within the bone marrow or along the periosteal bone surface did not contribute to nonunion fibrosis. Therefore, we conclude that atrophic nonunion fractures are caused by severe damage to the periosteal mesenchymal progenitors and are accompanied by an extraskeletal, fibro-cellular response. In addition, we present this radiation-induced periosteal damage model as a new, clinically relevant tool to study the biologic basis of therapies for atrophic nonunion. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zekang Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jaimo Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chandra A, Park SS, Pignolo RJ. Potential role of senescence in radiation-induced damage of the aged skeleton. Bone 2019; 120:423-431. [PMID: 30543989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human aging-related changes are exacerbated in cases of disease and cancer, and conversely aging is a catalyst for the occurrence of disease and multimorbidity. For example, old age is the most significant risk factor for cancer and among people who suffer from cancer, >60% are above the age of 65. Oxidative stress and DNA damage, leading to genomic instability and telomere dysfunction, are prevalent in aging and radiation-induced damage and are major cellular events that lead to senescence. Human exposures from nuclear fallout, cosmic radiation and clinical radiotherapy (RT) are some common sources of irradiation that affect bone tissue. RT has been used to treat malignant tumors for over a century, but the effects of radiation damage on tumor-adjacent normal tissue has largely been overlooked. There is an increase in the percent survivorship among patients post-RT, and it is in older survivors where the deleterious synergy between aging and radiation exposure conspires to promote tissue deterioration and dysfunction which then negatively impacts their quality of life. Thus, an aging skeleton is already pre-disposed to architectural deterioration, which is further worsened by radiation-induced bone damage. Effects of senescence and the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) have been implicated in age-associated bone loss, but their roles in radiation-associated bone damage are still elusive. RT is used in treatment for a variety of cancers and in different anatomical locations, the sequelae of which include long-term morbidity and lifelong discomfort. Therefore, consideration of the growing evidence that implicates the role of senescence in radiation-induced bone damage argues in favor of exploiting current senotherapeutic approaches as a possible prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Sean S Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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22
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Chen X, Zhi X, Yin Z, Li X, Qin L, Qiu Z, Su J. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis In Vivo and In Vitro by Blocking RANKL-Mediated RANK-TRAF6 Interactions and NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:647. [PMID: 29973878 PMCID: PMC6019442 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is determined by a delicate balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. The imbalance due to over-activated osteoclasts plays an important role in various diseases. Activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways by receptor activator of nuclear factor -κB ligand (RANKL) is vital for osteoclastogenesis. Here, we for the first time explored the effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in the Glycyrrhiza glabra L roots, on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast functions and signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. In bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) and RAW264.7 cells, 18β-GA inhibited osteoclastogenesis, decreased expression of TRAP, cathepsin K, CTR and MMP-9, blocked actin ring formation and compromised osteoclasts functions in a dose-dependent manner at an early stage with minimal effects on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). For underlying molecular mechanisms, 18β-GA inhibited RANKL-induced phosphorylation of p65, p50, and IκB, blocked p65 nuclear translocation and decreased the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Besides, 18β-GA inhibited the activation of the MAPK pathways. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that 18β-GA treatment blocked RANK-TRAF6 association at an upstream site. In vivo, 18β-GA treatment inhibited ovariectomy-induced osteoclastogenesis and reduced bone loss in mice. Overall, our results demonstrated that 18β-GA inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANK expression in preosteoclasts and blocking the binding of RANK and TRAF6 which lead to the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 18β-GA is a promising novel candidate in the treatment of osteoclast-related diseases such as postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- China-South Korea Bioengineering Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhi
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Graduate Management Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqun Li
- Graduate Management Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longjuan Qin
- Orthopedic Basic and Translational Research Center, Jiangyin, China
| | - Zili Qiu
- Jinling High School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- China-South Korea Bioengineering Center, Shanghai, China
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