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Singh R, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Shafikhani SH. Animal models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: advantages and limitations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1359685. [PMID: 38444587 PMCID: PMC10912558 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1359685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic elevation in blood glucose levels, resulting from inadequate insulin production, defective cellular response to extracellular insulin, and/or impaired glucose metabolism. The two main types that account for most diabetics are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), each with their own pathophysiological features. T1D is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to lack of insulin, a vital hormone for regulating blood sugar levels and cellular glucose uptake. As a result, those with T1D depend on lifelong insulin therapy to control their blood glucose level. In contrast, T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, coupled with a relative insulin deficiency. This form of diabetes is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and/or genetic factors, and it is managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications. Animal models play a crucial role in diabetes research. However, given the distinct differences between T1DM and T2DM, it is imperative for researchers to employ specific animal models tailored to each condition for a better understanding of the impaired mechanisms underlying each condition, and for assessing the efficacy of new therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the distinct animal models used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus research and discuss their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasha H Shafikhani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Hota D, Padhy BM, Maiti R, Bisoi D, Sahoo JP, Patro BK, Kumar P, Goel A, Banik SP, Chakraborty S, Rungta M, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Investigation to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Patented Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract "Fenfuro®" in Type 2 Diabetics. J Am Nutr Assoc 2024; 43:147-156. [PMID: 37459747 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2233008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) is an extensively researched phytotherapeutic for the management of Type 2 diabetes without any associated side effects. The major anti-diabetic bioactive constituents present in the plant are furostanolic saponins, which are more abundantly available in the seed of the plant. However, the bioavailability of these components depends on the method of extraction and hence formulation of the phytotherapeutic constitutes a critical step for its success. OBJECTIVE The present study reports the efficacy of a novel, patented fenugreek seed extract, Fenfuro®, containing significant amount of furostanolic saponins, in an open-labelled, two-armed, single centric study on a group of 204 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus over a period of twelve consecutive weeks. RESULTS Administration of Fenfuro® in the dosage of 500 mg twice daily along with metformin and/or sulfonylurea-based prescribed antidiabetic drug resulted in a reduction of post-prandial glucose by more than 33% along with significant reduction in fasting glucose, both of which were greater than what resulted for the patient group receiving only Metformin and/or Sulfonylurea therapy. Fenfuro® also resulted in reduction in mean baseline HOMA index from 4.27 to 3.765, indicating restoration of insulin sensitivity which was also supported by a significant decrease in serum insulin levels by >10% as well as slight reduction in the levels of C-peptide. However, in the case of the Metformin and/or Sulfonylurea group, insulin levels were found to increase by more than 14%, which clearly indicated that drug-induced suppression of glucose levels instead of restoration of glucose homeostasis. Administration of the formulation was also found to be free from any adverse side effects as there were no changes in hematological profile, liver function and renal function. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the promising potential of this novel phytotherapeutic, Fenfuro®, in long-term holistic management of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Hota
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Biswa M Padhy
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Rituparna Maiti
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Debasis Bisoi
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacology, SCB Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, Orissa, India
| | - Binod K Patro
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- R&D Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulatory Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mehul Rungta
- R&D Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Manashi Bagchi
- Department of R&D, Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, California, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
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Muñoz-Martínez S, Jiménez-Masip A, Pericàs JM. Advancing towards accurate phenotyping based on metabolic and fibrosis risk in metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: one step closer to personalized care. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2024; 13:128-131. [PMID: 38322230 PMCID: PMC10839720 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-23-563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñoz-Martínez
- Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Jiménez-Masip
- Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M. Pericàs
- Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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Busch CBE, Meiring S, van Baar ACG, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo R, Mingrone G, Hagen M, White K, Rajagopalan H, Nieuwdorp M, Bergman JJGHM. Insulin sensitivity and beta cell function after Duodenal Mucosal Resurfacing (DMR): An Open-Label, Mechanistic, Pilot Study. Gastrointest Endosc 2024:S0016-5107(24)00049-X. [PMID: 38280531 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2024.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The duodenum has been shown to play a key role in glucose homeostasis. Duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) is an endoscopic procedure for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in which the duodenal mucosa is hydrothermally ablated. DMR improves glycemic control, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report changes in glucoregulatory hormones and indices of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function after DMR. METHODS We included 28 patients on non-insulin glucose lowering medications who underwent open-label DMR and a mixed meal test (MMT) in Revita-1 or Revita-2. Inclusion criteria were hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.6-10.4% and BMI 24-40kg/m2. Baseline and 3-months MMT data included plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) concentrations. Glucoregulatory hormones, insulin sensitivity indices (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], Matsuda index [MI] and hepatic insulin resistance [HIR]), and beta cell function (insulinogenic index [IGI], disposition index [DI] and insulin secretion rate [ISR]) were assessed. RESULTS Fasting insulin, glucagon, and C-peptide decreased significantly. Insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR, MI, and HIR) and beta cell function (DI and ISR) all improved significantly. Decline in postprandial glucose, mainly driven by a decrease in fasting levels, was observed, as well as a decline in postprandial glucagon whereas GLP-1 and GIP did not change. CONCLUSIONS Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion improved 3 months after DMR. It is unlikely that incretin changes are responsible for improved glucose control after DMR. These data add to the growing evidence validating the duodenum as a therapeutic target for patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine B E Busch
- PhD candidate, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Meiring
- PhD candidate, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annieke C G van Baar
- Postdoctoral researcher, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;.
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ralph DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center; Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Gastroenterologist, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Pedersen AKN, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S, Jessen N, Bjerre M. Metformin Improves the Prerequisites for FGF21 Signaling in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e552-e561. [PMID: 37776319 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 acts as a metabolic regulator and its therapeutic use is under investigation. FGF21 signaling requires binding to surface receptors, FGFR1c and β-klotho. FGF21 resistance is observed in metabolic diseases and FGF21 signaling is regulated by fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Metformin is reported to influence expression and secretion of FGF21 in preclinical models, but the effect of metformin on FGF21 in a clinical trial remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate how 12 weeks of treatment with metformin affects the FGF21 signaling pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with T2D (n = 24) receiving either metformin (1000 mg twice daily) or placebo. A control group of body mass index- and age-matched healthy individuals (n = 12) received a similar dose of metformin. Blood samples and muscle and fat biopsies were collected at study entry and after 12 weeks. METHODS Plasma levels of FGF21 (total and intact) and FAP (total and activity) were measured. Muscle and fat biopsies were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of targets relevant for activation of the FGF21 signaling pathway. RESULTS Circulating FAP activity decreased after metformin treatment compared with placebo (P = .006), whereas FGF21 levels were unchanged. Metformin treatment increased gene and protein expression of β-klotho, FGFR1c, and pFGFR1c in adipose tissue. FGF21 mRNA expression increased in muscle tissue after metformin and the FGF21 protein, but not mRNA levels, were observed in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that metformin suppresses the circulating FAP activity and upregulates the expression of FGFR1c and β-klotho for increased FGF21 signaling in adipose tissue, thus improving peripheral FGF21 sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrine Nissen Pedersen
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Bar-Tana J. TorS - Reframing a rational for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3712. [PMID: 37615286 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 syndrome (Tors), paradigm implies an exhaustive cohesive disease entity driven by a hyperactive mTORC1, and which includes obesity, type 2 diabetic hyperglycemia, diabetic dyslipidemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, some cancers, neurodegeneration, polycystic ovary syndrome, psoriasis and other. The TorS paradigm may account for the efficacy of standard-of-care treatments of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in alleviating the glycaemic and non-glycaemic diseases of TorS in T2D and non-T2D patients. The TorS paradigm may generate novel treatments for TorS diseases.
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Billings LK, Shi Z, Wei J, Rifkin AS, Zheng SL, Helfand BT, Ilbawi N, Dunnenberger HM, Hulick PJ, Qamar A, Xu J. Utility of Polygenic Scores for Differentiating Diabetes Diagnosis Among Patients With Atypical Phenotypes of Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:107-113. [PMID: 37560999 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Misclassification of diabetes type occurs in people with atypical presentations of type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although current clinical guidelines suggest clinical variables and treatment response as ways to help differentiate diabetes type, they remain insufficient for people with atypical presentations. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the clinical utility of 2 polygenic scores (PGSs) in differentiating between T1D and T2D. METHODS Patients diagnosed with diabetes in the UK Biobank were studied (N = 41 787), including 464 (1%) and 15 923 (38%) who met the criteria for classic T1D and T2D, respectively, and 25 400 (61%) atypical diabetes. The validity of 2 published PGSs for T1D (PGST1D) and T2D (PGST2D) in differentiating classic T1D or T2D was assessed using C statistic. The utility of genetic probability for T1D based on PGSs (GenProb-T1D) was evaluated in atypical diabetes patients. RESULTS The joint performance of PGST1D and PGST2D for differentiating classic T1D or T2D was outstanding (C statistic = 0.91), significantly higher than that of PGST1D alone (0.88) and PGST2D alone (0.70), both P less than .001. Using an optimal cutoff of GenProb-T1D, 23% of patients with atypical diabetes had a higher probability of T1D and its validity was independently supported by clinical presentations that are characteristic of T1D. CONCLUSION PGST1D and PGST2D can be used to discriminate classic T1D and T2D and have potential clinical utility for differentiating these 2 types of diseases among patients with atypical diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana K Billings
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhuqing Shi
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jun Wei
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Andrew S Rifkin
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Nadim Ilbawi
- Department of Family Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Henry M Dunnenberger
- Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Arman Qamar
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Fonseca M, Carmo F, Martel F. Metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics: Molecular targets. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13347. [PMID: 37866818 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are commonly prescribed drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other mental diseases with psychotic traits. Although the use of AAPs is associated with beneficial effects in these patients, they are also associated with undesired metabolic side effects, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). MeS is defined by the presence of metabolic abnormalities such as large waist circumference, dyslipidemia, fasting hyperglycemia and elevated blood pressure, which predispose to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. In this review, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in these undesired metabolic abnormalities induced by AAPs are described. These mechanisms are complex as AAPs have multiple cellular targets which significantly affect the activities of several hormones and neuromodulators. Additionally, AAPs affect all the relevant metabolic organs, namely the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and intestine, and the central and peripheral nervous system as well. A better understanding of the molecular targets linking AAPs with MetS and of the mechanisms responsible for clinically different side effects of distinct AAPs is needed. This knowledge will help in the development of novel AAPs with less adverse effects as well as of adjuvant therapies to patients receiving AAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fonseca
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Carmo
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S -Institute of Research and innovation in Health University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Majumdar S, Kalamkar SD, Dudhgaonkar S, Shelgikar KM, Ghaskadbi S, Goel P. Evaluation of HbA1c from CGM traces in an Indian population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1264072. [PMID: 38053728 PMCID: PMC10694347 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1264072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) over the last decade has provided access to many consecutive glucose concentration measurements from patients. A standard method for estimating glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), already established in the literature, is based on its relationship with the average blood glucose concentration (aBG). We showed that the estimates obtained using the standard method were not sufficiently reliable for an Indian population and suggested two new methods for estimating HbA1c. Methods Two datasets providing a total of 128 CGM and their corresponding HbA1c levels were received from two centers: Health Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune and Joshi Hospital, Pune, from patients already diagnosed with diabetes, non-diabetes, and pre-diabetes. We filtered 112 data-sufficient CGM traces, of which 80 traces were used to construct two models using linear regression. The first model estimates HbA1c directly from the average interstitial fluid glucose concentration (aISF) of the CGM trace and the second model proceeds in two steps: first, aISF is scaled to aBG, and then aBG is converted to HbA1c via the Nathan model. Our models were tested on the remaining 32 data- sufficient traces. We also provided 95% confidence and prediction intervals for HbA1c estimates. Results The direct model (first model) for estimating HbA1c was HbA1cmmol/mol = 0.319 × aISFmg/dL + 16.73 and the adapted Nathan model (second model) for estimating HbA1c is HbA1cmmol/dL = 0.38 × (1.17 × ISFmg/dL) - 5.60. Discussion Our results show that the new equations are likely to provide better estimates of HbA1c levels than the standard model at the population level, which is especially suited for clinical epidemiology in Indian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Majumdar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh D. Kalamkar
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Saroj Ghaskadbi
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pranay Goel
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Kim MW, Huh JW, Noh YM, Seo HE, Lee DH. Exploring the Paradox of Bone Mineral Density in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparative Study Using Opportunistic Chest CT Texture Analysis and DXA. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2784. [PMID: 37685322 PMCID: PMC10486730 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to validate the application of CT texture analysis in estimating Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and comparing it with the results of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a normative cohort. METHODS We analyzed a total of 510 cases (145 T2D patients and 365 normal patients) from a single institution. DXA-derived BMD and CT texture analysis-estimated BMD were compared for each participant. Additionally, we investigated the correlation among 45 different texture features within each group. RESULTS The correlation between CT texture analysis-estimated BMD and DXA-derived BMD in T2D patients was consistently high (0.94 or above), whether measured at L1 BMD, L1 BMC, total hip BMD, or total hip BMC. In contrast, the normative cohort showed a modest correlation, ranging from 0.66 to 0.75. Among the 45 texture features, significant differences were found in the Contrast V 64 and Contrast V 128 features in the normal group. CONCLUSION In essence, our study emphasizes that the clinical assessment of bone health, particularly in T2D patients, should not merely rely on traditional measures, such as DXA BMD. Rather, it may be beneficial to incorporate other diagnostic tools, such as CT texture analysis, to better comprehend the complex interplay between various factors impacting bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dong Ha Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Busan Medical Center, 62, Yangjeong-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea; (M.W.K.); (J.W.H.); (Y.M.N.); (H.E.S.)
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Alhalwani AY, Abudawood K, Qadizadah ABEA, Jambi S, Sannan NS. Immunoglobulin A levels and its correlation with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as inflammatory biomarkers for dry eye disease in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184862. [PMID: 37520541 PMCID: PMC10375287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) level are commonly used as biomarkers for inflammation. Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) may experience an imbalance of tear film and inflammation, which can result in dry eye disease (DED). This study aimed to assess the levels of IgA and explore its correlation with the NLR as potential inflammatory biomarkers for dry eye disease in patients with T2D. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the cornea clinic and diabetes centre of King Abdulaziz Medical City (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). The study included patients with DED and the number of available T2D-DED patients determined the sample size. Neutrophil, lymphocyte, IgA and CRP (C-reactive protein) laboratory values were obtained from medical records and correlational analyses were performed. Results The study included 85 patients with an average age of 54 ± 14.4 years for the DED group (n=32) and 62 ± 13.9 years for the T2D-DED group (n=53). The age difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p 0.0001). The NLR values of the T2D-DED and DED groups were 3.203 ± 0.66 and 2.406 ± 0.46, respectively, with no significant difference (p<0.285). Similarly, there were no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte values between the two groups. The IgA levels showed no significant variation between T2D-DED and DED groups (p<0.364). Spearman's correlation analysis in the DED group showed a significant negative correlation between IgA and lymphocyte (p=0.011; r= - 0.471) values and significant positive correlations between IgA and neutrophil (p=0.014; r=0.309) and NLR (p=0.052; r= - 0.283) values. In the T2D-DED group, a significant correlation was found between IgA and CRP values (p=0.032; r=0.33). Conclusion Although diabetic patients may exhibit higher levels of NLR and IgA that correlate with disease severity, our study did not find significant differences in NLR and IgA values between the two groups. These findings may guide future research and enhance understanding of the disease's underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Y. Alhalwani
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud Abudawood
- Department of Biomedical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shatha Jambi
- Department of Biomedical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif S. Sannan
- Department of Biomedical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Lee MK, Ryu H, Van JY, Kim MJ, Jeong HH, Jung WK, Jun JY, Lee B. The Role of Macrophage Populations in Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity: Current Understanding and Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11467. [PMID: 37511225 PMCID: PMC10380189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a crucial factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other metabolic disorders. Skeletal muscle, the body's largest insulin-responsive tissue, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of T2DM due to defects in insulin signaling. Recently, there has been growing evidence that macrophages, immune cells essential for tissue homeostasis and injury response, also contribute to the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the role of macrophages in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Firstly, it provides an overview of the different macrophage populations present in skeletal muscle and their specific functions in the development of insulin resistance. Secondly, it examines the underlying mechanisms by which macrophages promote or alleviate insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and altered metabolism. Lastly, the review discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting macrophages to improve skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Heeyeon Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Ji Yun Van
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.V.)
| | - Myeong-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Hyeon Hak Jeong
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.V.)
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joo Yun Jun
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
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13
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Reynolds L, Luo Z, Singh K. Diabetic complications and prospective immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219598. [PMID: 37483613 PMCID: PMC10360133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus is increasing globally. Individuals who have been burdened with diabetes for many years often develop complications as a result of hyperglycemia. More and more research is being conducted highlighting inflammation as an important factor in disease progression. In all kinds of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to activation of alternative glucose metabolic pathways, resulting in problematic by-products including reactive oxygen species and advanced glycation end products. This review takes a look into the pathogenesis of three specific diabetic complications; retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as well as their current treatment options. By considering recent research papers investigating the effects of immunotherapy on relevant conditions in animal models, multiple strategies are suggested for future treatment and prevention of diabetic complications with an emphasis on molecular targets associated with the inflammation.
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14
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Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Induction of remission in diabetes by lowering blood glucose. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1213954. [PMID: 37409234 PMCID: PMC10318898 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1213954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As diabetes continues to grow as major health problem, there has been great progress in understanding the important role of pancreatic beta-cells in its pathogenesis. Diabetes develops when the normal interplay between insulin secretion and the insulin sensitivity of target tissues is disrupted. With type 2 diabetes (T2D), glucose levels start to rise when beta-cells are unable to meet the demands of insulin resistance. For type 1 diabetes (T1D) glucose levels rise as beta-cells are killed off by autoimmunity. In both cases the increased glucose levels have a toxic effect on beta-cells. This process, called glucose toxicity, has a major inhibitory effect on insulin secretion. This beta-cell dysfunction can be reversed by therapies that reduce glucose levels. Thus, it is becoming increasingly apparent that an opportunity exists to produce a complete or partial remission for T2D, both of which will provide health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C. Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Amer‐Sarsour F, Tarabeih R, Ofek I, Iraqi FA. Lowering fasting blood glucose with non-dialyzable material of cranberry extract is dependent on host genetic background, sex and diet. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:196-210. [PMID: 36404387 PMCID: PMC10272894 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic metabolic disease, characterized by high fasting blood glucose (FBG). The ability of cranberry (CRN) fruit to regulate glycemia in T2D patients is well known. Here, a cohort of 13 lines of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse model was assessed for the effect of non-dialyzable material (NDM) of cranberry extract in lowering fasting blood glucose. METHODS Eight-week-old mice were maintained on either a standard chow diet (control group) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, followed by injections of intraperitoneal (IP) NDM (50 mg/kg) per mouse, three times a week for the next 6 weeks. Absolute FBG (mg/dl) was measured bi-weekly and percentage changes in FBG (%FBG) between weeks 0 and 12 were calculated. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG between weeks 0 and 12 in male and female mice maintained on CHD. However, a non-significant increase in FBG values was observed in male and female mice maintained on HFD during the same period. Following administration of NDM during the following 6 weeks, the results show a variation in significant levels of FBG lowering between lines, male and female mice and under the different diets. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the efficacy of NDM treatment in lowering FGB depends on host genetic background (pharmacogenetics), sex of the mouse (pharmacosex), and diet (pharmacodiet). All these results support the need for follow-up research to better understand and implement a personalized medicine approach/utilization of NDM for reducing FBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amer‐Sarsour
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologySackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Rana Tarabeih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologySackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Itzhak Ofek
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologySackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and ImmunologySackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
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16
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Li J, Niu Q, Wu A, Zhang Y, Hong L, Wang H. Causal relationship between circulating immune cells and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1210415. [PMID: 37305035 PMCID: PMC10247959 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1210415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Though type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been known as a metabolic disease caused by multiple factors, the etiology remains insufficiently understood. Here, we aimed to figure out whether circulating immune cell profiles causally impact T2D liability. Methods We applied one genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of blood traits in 563,085 participants from the Blood Cell Consortium and another GWAS of flow cytometric profile of lymphocyte subsets comprising 3,757 Sardinians to identify genetically predicted blood immune cells. We also obtained GWAS summary statistics in 898,130 individuals from the DIAGRAM Consortium to evaluate genetically predicted T2D. We primarily used inverse variance weighted (IVW) and weighted median methods to perform Mendelian randomization analyses and sensitivity analyses to evaluate heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Results For circulating blood leukocyte and its subpopulations, the increase of genetically predicted circulating monocyte count was causally correlated with a higher risk of T2D [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.10, p = 0.0048]. For lymphocyte subsets, CD8+ T cell and CD4+ CD8dim T cell count were identified with causal effect on T2D susceptibility (CD8+ T cell: OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03-1.17, p = 0.0053; CD4+ CD8dim T cell: OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.08, p = 0.0070). No pleiotropy was determined. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that higher circulating monocyte and T-lymphocyte subpopulation predicted increased T2D susceptibility, which confirmed the immunity predisposition for T2D. Our results may have the potential to provide new therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hu Wang
- *Correspondence: Hu Wang, ; Liquan Hong,
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17
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Ademola SA, Bamikole OJ, Amodu OK. Is TNF alpha a mediator in the co-existence of malaria and type 2 diabetes in a malaria endemic population? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1028303. [PMID: 37215099 PMCID: PMC10196125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1028303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a disease of public health importance globally, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria deaths reduced globally steadily between 2000-2019, however there was a 10% increase in 2020 due to disruptions in medical service during the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, about 96% of malaria deaths occurred in 29 countries; out of which, four countries (Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Niger, and the United Republic of Tanzania) accounted for just over half of the malaria deaths. Nigeria leads the four countries with the highest malaria deaths (accounting for 31% globally). Parallelly, sub-Saharan Africa is faced with a rise in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Until recently, T2D was a disease of adulthood and old age. However, this is changing as T2D in children and adolescents is becoming an increasingly important public health problem. Nigeria has been reported to have the highest burden of diabetes in Africa with a prevalence of 5.77% in the country. Several studies conducted in the last decade investigating the interaction between malaria and T2D in developing countries have led to the emergence of the intra-uterine hypothesis. The hypothesis has arisen as a possible explanation for the rise of T2D in malaria endemic areas; malaria in pregnancy could lead to intra-uterine stress which could contribute to low birth weight and may be a potential cause of T2D later in life. Hence, previous, and continuous exposure to malaria infection leads to a higher risk of T2D. Current and emerging evidence suggests that an inflammation-mediated link exists between malaria and eventual T2D emergence. The inflammatory process thus, is an important link for the co-existence of malaria and T2D because these two diseases are inflammatory-related. A key feature of T2D is systemic inflammation, characterized by the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) which leads to impaired insulin signaling. Malaria infection is an inflammatory disease in which TNF-α also plays a major role. TNF-α plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of malaria and T2D. We therefore hypothesize that TNF-α is an important link in the increasing co-existence of T2D.
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Wang LP, Zhu JS, Zhan FD, Fang T, Zhao L. A surgical nursing perspective analysis of glucose variability in BCLC stage B-C hepatocellular carcinoma patients with and without T2D within 1 year of hepatectomy: a retrospective cohort study from 2016 to 2020. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:943-951. [PMID: 37201059 PMCID: PMC10186515 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has reported that variability in glucose levels is associated with a variety of patient characteristics in colon cancer. However, relevant research is still lacking in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods A total of 95 HCC patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B-C who underwent liver resection at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital and Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were included in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and without T2D. The primary outcome variable was blood glucose variability at 1 month and within 1 year of HCC surgery. Results In this study, the age of patients with T2D was greater than that of patients without T2D (mean age: 70.3±8.45 vs. 60.4±11.27 years, P=0.031). Compared to the patients without T2D, those with T2D had higher blood glucose measurements within 1 month (33 vs. 7) and 1 year (46.5 vs. 22.5, P<0.001) of surgery. The T2D patients and non-T2D patients did not differ in terms of chemotherapy medication or other characteristics. Among the 95 patients with BCLC stage B-C HCC, those with T2D had higher variability in glucose levels (P<0.001) than those without T2D within 1 month of surgery [standard deviation (SD) =46.43 mg/dL, coefficient of variation (CV) =23.5% vs. SD =21.56 mg/dL, CV =13.21%], and within 1 year of surgery (SD =42.49 mg/dL, CV =26.14% vs. SD =20.45 mg/dL, CV =17.36%). A correlation was found between a lower body mass index and higher variability in glucose levels within 1 month of surgery among patients with T2D [SD (r=-0.431, P<0.05) and CV (r=-0.464, P<0.01)]. A higher preoperative blood glucose level in T2D patients was correlated with a higher blood glucose variability within 1 year of surgery (r=0.435, P<0.01). Variability in glucose levels was weakly correlated with the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who do not have T2D. Conclusions HCC patients with T2D in BCLC stage B-C showed greater variability in glucose levels within 1 month and 1 year of surgery. Preoperative hyperglycemia, insulin use, and a lower cumulative dose of steroids were clinical features correlated with a higher variability in glucose levels in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery/Plastic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Sha Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Di Zhan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Fang
- Department IV of Biliary Tract Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li Z, Wang R, Long T, Xu Y, Guo H, Zhang X, He M. Associations between Plasma Essential Metals Levels and the Risks of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051198. [PMID: 36904197 PMCID: PMC10005369 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence regarding the possible link between multiple essential metals levels and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients is sparse. Here, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal associations between 11 essential metals levels in plasma and all-cause mortality and CVD mortality among T2D patients. Our study included 5278 T2D patients from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. LASSO penalized regression analysis was used to select the all-cause and CVD mortality-associated metals from 11 essential metals (iron, copper, zinc, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, and tin) measured in plasma. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: With a median follow-up of 9.8 years, 890 deaths were documented, including 312 deaths of CVD. LASSO regression models and the multiple-metals model revealed that plasma iron and selenium were negatively associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.70, 0.98; HR: 0.60; 95%CI: 0.46, 0.77), whereas copper was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 1.60; 95%CI: 1.30, 1.97). Only plasma iron has been significantly associated with decreased risk of CVD mortality (HR: 0.61; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.78). The dose-response curves for the association between copper levels and all-cause mortality followed a J shape (Pfor nonlinear = 0.01). Our study highlights the close relationships between essential metals elements (iron, selenium, and copper) and all-cause and CVD mortality among diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meian He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-83657914
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Hu K, Huang H, Li H, Wei Y, Yao C. Legume-Derived Bioactive Peptides in Type 2 Diabetes: Opportunities and Challenges. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051096. [PMID: 36904097 PMCID: PMC10005352 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder characterized by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance, which results in a lifelong dependence on glucose-lowering drugs for almost all patients. During the fight with diabetes, researchers are always thinking about what characteristics the ideal hypoglycemic drugs should have. From the point of view of the drugs, they should maintain effective control of blood sugar, have a very low risk of hypoglycemia, not increase or decrease body weight, improve β-cell function, and delay disease progression. Recently, the advent of oral peptide drugs, such as semaglutide, brings exciting hope to patients with chronic diabetes. Legumes, as an excellent source of protein, peptides, and phytochemicals, have played significant roles in human health throughout human history. Some legume-derived peptides with encouraging anti-diabetic potential have been gradually reported over the last two decades. Their hypoglycemic mechanisms have also been clarified at some classic diabetes treatment targets, such as the insulin receptor signaling pathway or other related pathways involved in the progress of diabetes, and key enzymes including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4). This review summarizes the anti-diabetic activities and mechanisms of peptides from legumes and discusses the prospects of these peptide-based drugs in type 2 diabetes (T2D) management.
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Rodbard D. Continuous glucose monitoring metrics (Mean Glucose, time above range and time in range) are superior to glycated haemoglobin for assessment of therapeutic efficacy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:596-601. [PMID: 36314133 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics for use as alternatives to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. METHODS We re-analysed correlations among CGM metrics from studies involving 545 people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), 5910 people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 98 people with T1D during pregnancy and the postpartum period. RESULTS Three CGM metrics, interstitial fluid Mean Glucose level, proportion of time above range (%TAR) and proportion of time in range (%TIR), were correlated with HbA1c and provided metrics that can be used to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. Mean Glucose showed the highest correlation with %TAR (r = 0.98 in T1D, 0.97 in T2D) but weaker correlations with %TIR (r = -0.92 in T1D, -0.83 in T2D) or with HbA1c (r = 0.78 in T1D). %TAR and %TIR were highly correlated (r = -0.96 in T1D, -0.91 in T2D). After 6 months of use of real-time CGM by people with T1D, changes in Mean Glucose level were more highly correlated with changes in %TAR (r = 0.95) than with changes in %TIR (r = -0.85) or with changes in HbA1c level (r = 0.52). These metrics can be combined with metrics of hypoglycaemia and/or glycaemic variability to provide a more comprehensive assessment of overall quality of glycaemic control. CONCLUSION The CGM metrics %TAR and %TIR show much higher correlations with Mean Glucose than with HbA1c and provide sensitive indicators of efficacy. Mean glucose may be the best metric and shows consistently higher correlations with %TAR than with %TIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodbard
- Clinical Biostatistics Department, Biomedical Informatics Consultants LLC, Potomac, Maryland, USA
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Nguyen A, Khafagy R, Hashemy H, Kuo KHM, Roshandel D, Paterson AD, Dash S. Investigating the association between fasting insulin, erythrocytosis and HbA1c through Mendelian randomization and observational analyses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1146099. [PMID: 37008938 PMCID: PMC10064082 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1146099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) with associated compensatory hyperinsulinemia (HI) are early abnormalities in the etiology of prediabetes (preT2D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). IR and HI also associate with increased erythrocytosis. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is commonly used to diagnose and monitor preT2D and T2D, but can be influenced by erythrocytosis independent of glycemia. METHODS We undertook bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) in individuals of European ancestry to investigate potential causal associations between increased fasting insulin adjusted for BMI (FI), erythrocytosis and its non-glycemic impact on HbA1c. We investigated the association between the triglyceride-glucose index (TGI), a surrogate measure of IR and HI, and glycation gap (difference between measured HbA1c and predicted HbA1c derived from linear regression of fasting glucose) in people with normoglycemia and preT2D. RESULTS Inverse variance weighted MR (IVWMR) suggested that increased FI increases hemoglobin (Hb, b=0.54 ± 0.09, p=2.7 x 10-10), red cell count (RCC, b=0.54 ± 0.12, p=5.38x10-6) and reticulocyte (RETIC, b=0.70 ± 0.15, p=2.18x10-6). Multivariable MR indicated that increased FI did not impact HbA1c (b=0.23 ± 0.16, p=0.162) but reduced HbA1c after adjustment for T2D (b=0.31 ± 0.13, p=0.016). Increased Hb (b=0.03 ± 0.01, p=0.02), RCC (b=0.02 ± 0.01, p=0.04) and RETIC (b=0.03 ± 0.01, p=0.002) might modestly increase FI. In the observational cohort, increased TGI associated with decreased glycation gap, (i.e., measured HbA1c was lower than expected based on fasting glucose, (b=-0.09 ± 0.009, p<0.0001)) in people with preT2D but not in those with normoglycemia (b=0.02 ± 0.007, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS MR suggests increased FI increases erythrocytosis and might potentially decrease HbA1c by non-glycemic effects. Increased TGI, a surrogate measure of increased FI, associates with lower-than-expected HbA1c in people with preT2D. These findings merit confirmatory studies to evaluate their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rana Khafagy
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Habiba Hashemy
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin H. M. Kuo
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Delnaz Roshandel
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Satya Dash
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Satya Dash,
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Aas V, Øvstebø R, Brusletto BS, Aspelin T, Trøseid AMS, Qureshi S, Eid DSO, Olstad OK, Nyman TA, Haug KBF. Distinct microRNA and protein profiles of extracellular vesicles secreted from myotubes from morbidly obese donors with type 2 diabetes in response to electrical pulse stimulation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1143966. [PMID: 37064893 PMCID: PMC10098097 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1143966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle disorders like obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular diseases can be prevented and treated by regular physical activity. During exercise, skeletal muscles release signaling factors that communicate with other organs and mediate beneficial effects of exercise. These factors include myokines, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the present study, we have examined how electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) of myotubes, a model of exercise, affects the cargo of released EVs. Chronic low frequency EPS was applied for 24 h to human myotubes isolated and differentiated from biopsy samples from six morbidly obese females with T2D, and EVs, both exosomes and microvesicles (MV), were isolated from cell media 24 h thereafter. Size and concentration of EV subtypes were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, surface markers were examined by flow cytometry and Western blotting, and morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Protein content was assessed by high-resolution proteomic analysis (LC-MS/MS), non-coding RNA was quantified by Affymetrix microarray, and selected microRNAs (miRs) validated by real time RT-qPCR. The size and concentration of exosomes and MV were unaffected by EPS. Of the 400 miRs identified in the EVs, EPS significantly changed the level of 15 exosome miRs, of which miR-1233-5p showed the highest fold change. The miR pattern of MV was unaffected by EPS. Totally, about 1000 proteins were identified in exosomes and 2000 in MV. EPS changed the content of 73 proteins in exosomes, 97 in MVs, and of these four were changed in both exosomes and MV (GANAB, HSPA9, CNDP2, and ATP5B). By matching the EPS-changed miRs and proteins in exosomes, 31 targets were identified, and among these several promising signaling factors. Of particular interest were CNDP2, an enzyme that generates the appetite regulatory metabolite Lac-Phe, and miR-4433b-3p, which targets CNDP2. Several of the regulated miRs, such as miR-92b-5p, miR-320b, and miR-1233-5p might also mediate interesting signaling functions. In conclusion, we have used a combined transcriptome-proteome approach to describe how EPS affected the cargo of EVs derived from myotubes from morbidly obese patients with T2D, and revealed several new factors, both miRs and proteins, that might act as exercise factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Vigdis Aas, ; Kari Bente Foss Haug,
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trude Aspelin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Saba Qureshi
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Tuula A. Nyman
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Bente Foss Haug
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Vigdis Aas, ; Kari Bente Foss Haug,
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De Luca M, Zappa MA, Zese M, Bardi U, Carbonelli MG, Carrano FM, Casella G, Chianelli M, Chiappetta S, Iossa A, Martinino A, Micanti F, Navarra G, Piatto G, Raffaelli M, Romano E, Rugolotto S, Serra R, Soricelli E, Vitiello A, Schiavo L, Zani ICM, Bandini G, Mannucci E, Ragghianti B, Monami M. Development of the Italian Clinical Practice Guidelines on Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: Design and Methodological Aspects. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010189. [PMID: 36615848 PMCID: PMC9823862 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the Italian clinical practice guidelines on bariatric and metabolic surgery, as well as design and methodological aspects. BACKGROUND Obesity and its complications are a growing problem in many countries. Italian Society of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery for Obesity (Società Italiana di Chirurgia dell'Obesità e delle Malattie Metaboliche-SICOB) developed the first Italian guidelines for the treatment of obesity. METHODS The creation of SICOB Guidelines is based on an extended work made by a panel of 24 members and a coordinator. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology has been used to decide the aims, reference population, and target health professionals. Clinical questions have been created using the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) conceptual framework. The definition of questions used the two-step web-based Delphi method, made by repeated rounds of questionnaires and a consensus opinion from the panel. RESULTS The panel proposed 37 questions. A consensus was immediately reached for 33 (89.2%), with 31 approved, two rejected and three which did not reach an immediate consensus. The further discussion allowed a consensus with one approved and two rejected. CONCLUSIONS The areas covered by the clinical questions included indications of metabolic/bariatric surgery, types of surgery, and surgical management. The choice of a surgical or a non-surgical approach has been debated for the determination of the therapeutic strategy and the correct indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ugo Bardi
- Casa di Cura Privata Salus, 84091 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Maria Carrano
- Minimally Invasive Unit, Department of Surgery, Università Degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Iossa
- Sapienza Polo Pontino Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologie Medico Chirurgiche, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martinino
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | - Giuseppe Navarra
- Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino” Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Marco Raffaelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Romano
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Roberto Serra
- Policlinico Casa di Cura Abano Terme, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Vitiello
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Schiavo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Bandini
- Diabetes Agency, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi and University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mannucci
- Diabetes Agency, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi and University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ragghianti
- Diabetes Agency, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi and University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Monami
- Diabetes Agency, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi and University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Li H, Yao Q, Li C, Fan L, Wu H, Zheng N, Wang J. Lactoferrin Inhibits the Development of T2D-Induced Colon Tumors by Regulating the NT5DC3/PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243956. [PMID: 36553697 PMCID: PMC9777659 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although increasing evidence shows the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and colorectal cancer, the related mechanism remains unclear. This study examined the suppressive effect of lactoferrin (LF) on the development of T2D-induced colon cancer. First, a co-cultured cell model consisting of NCM460 and HT29 cells was constructed to mimic the progression of T2D into colon cancer. The migration ability of NCM460 cells increased significantly (p < 0.05) after cultivation in HT29 cell medium (high glucose), while LF suppressed the progression of T2D to colon cancer by regulating the 5′-nucleotidase domain-containing 3 (NT5DC3) protein and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in diabetic BALB/c mice and in cell models. A mutation assay of the phosphorylation site in the NT5DC3 protein and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) protein binding test were performed to further ascertain a mechanistic link between LF and the NT5DC3 protein. The results indicated that LF specifically bound to the NT5DC3 protein to activate its phosphorylation at the Thr6 and Ser11 sites. Next, metabolic-specific staining and localization experiments further confirmed that LF acted as a phosphate donor for NT5DC3 protein phosphorylation by regulating the downstream metabolic pathway in T2D-induced colon tumors, which was specifically accomplished by controlling Thr6/Ser11 phosphorylation in NT5DC3 and its downstream effectors. These data on LF and NT5DC3 protein may suggest a new therapeutic strategy for cancer prevention, especially in T2D patients susceptible to colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Qianqian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.W.)
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Poulsen CS, Nygaard N, Constancias F, Stankevic E, Kern T, Witte DR, Vistisen D, Grarup N, Pedersen OB, Belstrøm D, Hansen T. Association of general health and lifestyle factors with the salivary microbiota - Lessons learned from the ADDITION-PRO cohort. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1055117. [PMID: 36467723 PMCID: PMC9709502 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1055117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research indicates that the salivary microbiota may be a biomarker of oral as well as systemic disease. However, clarifying the potential bias from general health status and lifestyle-associated factors is a prerequisite of using the salivary microbiota for screening. MATERIALS & METHODS ADDDITION-PRO is a nationwide Danish cohort, nested within the Danish arm of the Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care. Saliva samples from n=746 individuals from the ADDITION-PRO cohort were characterized using 16s rRNA sequencing. Alpha- and beta diversity as well as relative abundance of genera was examined in relation to general health and lifestyle-associated variables. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was performed on individual variables and all variables together. Classification models were created using sparse partial-least squares discriminant analysis (sPLSDA) for variables that showed statistically significant differences based on PERMANOVA analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS Glycemic status, hemoglobin-A1c (HbA1c) level, sex, smoking and weekly alcohol intake were found to be significantly associated with salivary microbial composition (individual variables PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). Collectively, these variables were associated with approximately 5.8% of the observed differences in the composition of the salivary microbiota. Smoking status was associated with 3.3% of observed difference, and smoking could be detected with good accuracy based on salivary microbial composition (AUC 0.95, correct classification rate 79.6%). CONCLUSIONS Glycemic status, HbA1c level, sex, smoking and weekly alcohol intake were significantly associated with the composition of the salivary microbiota. Despite smoking only being associated with 3.3% of the difference in overall salivary microbial composition, it was possible to create a model for detection of smoking status with a high correct classification rate. However, the lack of information on the oral health status of participants serves as a limitation in the present study. Further studies in other cohorts are needed to validate the external validity of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Sahl Poulsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikoline Nygaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Odontology, Section of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Florentin Constancias
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Evelina Stankevic
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timo Kern
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel R. Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte Vistisen
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Borbye Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Daniel Belstrøm
- Institute of Odontology, Section of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Luo HY, Li G, Liu YG, Wei YH, Chen JB, Gu XF, Tang JQ, Zhao Y, Su CH, Xiao LY, Xiong F, Zheng ZD, Wang SY, Zha LY. The Accelerated Progression of Atherosclerosis Correlates with Decreased miR-33a and miR-21 and Increased miR-122 and miR-3064-5p in Circulation and the Liver of ApoE-/- Mice with Streptozocin (STZ)-Induced Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4822-4837. [PMID: 36286043 PMCID: PMC9601109 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) mortality. We aim to investigate the changes in miR-21, miR-122, miR-33a and miR-3064-5p in circulation and the liver of ApoE-/- mice with streptozocin (STZ)-induced T2D. Twenty 5-week-old male ApoE-/- mice were randomly assigned to the control (n = 10) and T2D group (n = 10) and intraperitoneally injected with a citrate buffer and streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg BW) once a day for three consecutive days. The successfully STZ-induced T2D mice (n = 5) and control mice (n = 5) were then fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 34 weeks. Compared to the control mice, ApoE-/- mice with STZ-induced T2D had slower (p < 0.05) growth, increased (p < 0.05) total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), decreased (p < 0.05) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum, reduced (p < 0.05) TC and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (Srebp-2), elevated (p < 0.05) ATP-binding-cassette-transporter-A1 (Abca1) in the liver, aggravated (p < 0.05) atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, downregulated (p < 0.05) miR-21 and miR-33a, and upregulated (p < 0.05) miR-122 and miR-3064-5p in serum and the liver. In addition, the aortic lesions showed a positive correlation with miR-122 (r = 1.000, p = 0.001) and a negative correlation with miR-21 (r = −1.000, p = 0.001) in ApoE-/- mice with T2D. In conclusion, T2D-accelerated atherosclerosis correlates with a reduction in miR-21 and miR-33a and an elevation in miR-122 and miR-3064-5p in circulation and the liver of ApoE-/- mice.
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Xing XY, Wang XY, Fang X, Xu JQ, Chen YJ, Xu W, Wang HD, Liu ZR, Tao SS. Glycemic control and its influencing factors in type 2 diabetes patients in Anhui, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:980966. [PMID: 36267995 PMCID: PMC9577366 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.980966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the status of glycemic control and analyze its influencing factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Anhui, China. Methods 1,715 T2D patients aged 18-75 years old were selected from 4 counties or districts in Anhui Province in 2018, using a convenience sampling method. All patients have undergone a questionnaire survey, physical examination, and a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test. According to the 2022 American Diabetes Association criteria, HbA1c was used to evaluate the glycemic control status of patients, and HbA1c < 7.0% was defined as good glycemic control. The influencing factors of glycemic control were analyzed by multivariate unconditional logistic regression. Results The prevalence of good glycemic control among people with T2D in the Anhui Province was low (22.97%). On univariate analysis, gender, education level, occupation, region, smoking, drinking, waist circumference and disease duration (all P < 0.05) were significantly associated with glycemic control. The factors associated with pool glycemic control were female gender [OR = 0.67, 95%CI (0.52, 0.86), P = 0.001], higher level of education [OR = 0.47, 95%CI (0.27, 0.83), P = 0.001], living in rural areas [OR = 1.77, 95%CI (1.39, 2.26), P < 0.001], central obesity [OR = 1.58, 95%CI (1.19, 2.09), P = 0.001] and longer duration of disease [OR = 2.66, 95%CI (1.91, 3.69), P < 0.001]. Conclusions The prevalence of good glycemic control in people with T2D in Anhui Province was relatively low, and gender, region, education level, central obesity and course of the disease were influencing factors. The publicity and education on the importance of glycemic control should be further strengthened in T2D patients, and targeted intervention measures should be carried out for risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ya Xing
- Department of Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Ye-Ji Chen
- Department of Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Dong Wang
- Department of Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Liu
- Department of Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China,Zhi-Rong Liu
| | - Sha-Sha Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Sha-Sha Tao
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Almazrouei R, Siddiqua AR, Alnuaimi M, Al-Shamsi S, Govender R. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes at a tertiary hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc 2022; 3:918253. [PMID: 36992724 PMCID: PMC10012054 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.918253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) is a well-known acute complication of diabetes. This study aims to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of adult patients with different diabetes types and DKA severities attending a tertiary hospital in the UAE. Methods We retrospectively extracted sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data from the electronic medical records of 220 adult patients with DKA admitted to Tawam Hospital between January 2017 and October 2020.Results: The average age was 30.6 ± 16.6 years of whom 54.5% were women, 77.7% were UAE nationals and 77.9% were Type 1 diabetes (T1DM). 12.7% were newly diagnosed with diabetes. Treatment noncompliance (31.4%), and infection (26.4%) were the main precipitating factors. Most patients presented with moderate DKA (50.9%). Compared to T1DM, patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were older (53.6 vs 23.9 years, p < 0.001), had longer hospital stay (12.1 days vs 4.1 days, p < 0.001), had more complications (52.1%, vs 18.9% p <0.001), and a higher mortality rate (6.3% vs 0.6%, p = 0.035). Patients with severe DKA had a shorter diabetes duration compared to mild and moderate DKA (5.7 vs 11.0 vs 11.7 years, respectively, p = 0.007), while complications were significantly lower in the mild group compared to both the moderate and severe groups (11.6% vs 32.1% vs 33.3%, respectively). Conclusion The risk of DKA is higher for patients with T1DM than for those with T2DM. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with T2DM differ from those with T1DM highlighting the importance of educating all patients about DKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Almazrouei
- Department of Endocrinology, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mouza Alnuaimi
- Internal Medicine Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif Al-Shamsi
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Romona Govender
- Family Medicine Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Jin Q, Luk AO, Lau ESH, Tam CHT, Ozaki R, Lim CKP, Wu H, Jiang G, Chow EYK, Ng JK, Kong APS, Fan B, Lee KF, Siu SC, Hui G, Tsang CC, Lau KP, Leung JY, Tsang MW, Kam G, Lau IT, Li JK, Yeung VT, Lau E, Lo S, Fung S, Cheng YL, Chow CC, Huang Y, Lan HY, Szeto CC, So WY, Chan JCN, Ma RCW. Nonalbuminuric Diabetic Kidney Disease and Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From the Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank. Am J Kidney Dis 2022; 80:196-206.e1. [PMID: 34999159 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Nonalbuminuric diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the prevailing DKD phenotype. We compared the risks of adverse outcomes among patients with this phenotype compared with other DKD phenotypes. STUDY DESIGN Multicenter prospective cohort study. SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS 19,025 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank. EXPOSURES DKD phenotypes defined by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria: no DKD (no decreased eGFR or albuminuria), albuminuria without decreased eGFR, decreased eGFR without albuminuria, and albuminuria with decreased eGFR. OUTCOMES All-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, hospitalization for heart failure (HF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression (incident kidney failure or sustained eGFR reduction ≥40%). ANALYTICAL APPROACH Multivariable Cox proportional or cause-specific hazards models to estimate the relative risks of death, CVD, hospitalization for HF, and CKD progression. Multiple imputation was used for missing covariates. RESULTS Mean participant age was 61.1 years, 58.3% were male, and mean diabetes duration was 11.1 years. During 54,260 person-years of follow-up, 438 deaths, 1,076 CVD events, 298 hospitalizations for HF, and 1,161 episodes of CKD progression occurred. Compared with the no-DKD subgroup, the subgroup with decreased eGFR without albuminuria had higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.59 [95% CI, 1.04-2.44]), hospitalization for HF (HR, 3.08 [95% CI, 1.82-5.21]), and CKD progression (HR, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.63-3.43]), but the risk of CVD was not significantly greater (HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.88-1.48]). The risks of death, CVD, hospitalization for HF, and CKD progression were higher in the setting of albuminuria with or without decreased eGFR. A sensitivity analysis that excluded participants with baseline eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 yielded similar findings. LIMITATIONS Potential misclassification because of drug use. CONCLUSIONS Nonalbuminuric DKD was associated with higher risks of hospitalization for HF and of CKD progression than no DKD, regardless of baseline eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jin
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea O Luk
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric S H Lau
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre on Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Risa Ozaki
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cadmon K P Lim
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongjiang Wu
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guozhi Jiang
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elaine Y K Chow
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack K Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alice P S Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baoqi Fan
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre on Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fai Lee
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shing Chung Siu
- Diabetes Centre, Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Hui
- Diabetes Centre, Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chiu Chi Tsang
- Diabetes and Education Centre, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Piu Lau
- Department of Medicine, North District Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jenny Y Leung
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Ruttonjee Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Wo Tsang
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Kam
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ip Tim Lau
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - June K Li
- Department of Medicine, Yan Chai Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent T Yeung
- Centre for Diabetes Education and Management, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmy Lau
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stanley Lo
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel Fung
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk Lun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Chung Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk Chun Szeto
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Yee So
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre on Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre on Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Mao Y, Li X, Zhu S, Geng Y. Association Between Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Depression in Patients With or Without Type 2 Diabetes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:920845. [PMID: 36389250 PMCID: PMC9642095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.920845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are both serious public health problems, with morbidity and mortality in people increasing year by year, resulting in a heavy economic burden. A correlation between dietary fiber and both has been reported. Nevertheless, few data are available concerning dietary fiber and the risk of depression with or without T2D, which deserve further attention. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed the relationship between dietary fiber intake and risk of depression with or without T2D in the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population. A 24-h dietary review was used to assess fiber intake. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess depression. Stability of the results was assessed using restricted cubic spline models and logistic regression, as well as sensitivity analyses. RESULTS A total of 17,866 adults aged 20 years and older with a mean age of 49.3 ± 17.7 years were included in this study, of whom 49.5% were male. After adjusting for covariates, the association of dietary fiber intake with the risk of depression appeared to differ between non-T2D group and T2D group (OR, 0.987; 95% CI, 0.979-0.995 vs. OR, 1.003; 95% CI, 0.988-1.017). Furthermore, when dietary fiber was converted to a categorical variable, there was evidence of interaction between T2D status and fiber intake on decreasing the prevalence of depression (P-value for interaction = 0.015). Sensitivity analysis showed stable results. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that whether a patient has T2D may affect the relationship between dietary fiber intake and the risk of depression, which still needs to be confirmed by further randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yulan Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Barloese MCJ, Bauer C, Petersen ET, Hansen CS, Madsbad S, Siebner HR. Neurovascular Coupling in Type 2 Diabetes With Cognitive Decline. A Narrative Review of Neuroimaging Findings and Their Pathophysiological Implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:874007. [PMID: 35860697 PMCID: PMC9289474 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.874007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes causes substantial long-term damage in several organs including the brain. Cognitive decline is receiving increased attention as diabetes has been established as an independent risk factor along with the identification of several other pathophysiological mechanisms. Early detection of detrimental changes in cerebral blood flow regulation may represent a useful clinical marker for development of cognitive decline for at-risk persons. Technically, reliable evaluation of neurovascular coupling is possible with several caveats but needs further development before it is clinically convenient. Different modalities including ultrasound, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance are used preclinically to shed light on the many influences on vascular supply to the brain. In this narrative review, we focus on the complex link between type 2 diabetes, cognition, and neurovascular coupling and discuss how the disease-related pathology changes neurovascular coupling in the brain from the organ to the cellular level. Different modalities and their respective pitfalls are covered, and future directions suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads C. J. Barloese
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Imaging, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Bauer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Radiography, Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Thade Petersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Fredriksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Soliman GA, Schooling CM. Insulin Receptor Genetic Variants Causal Association with Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac044. [PMID: 35611355 PMCID: PMC9121804 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic disease associated with several comorbidities. Objectives This study investigated whether the risk of T2D varied with genetically predicted insulin (INS), insulin receptor (INS-R), or insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) using genetic variants in a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Methods A 2-sample MR study was conducted using summary statistics from 2 genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Genetic predictors of the exposures (INS, INS-R, and IGF-1R) were obtained from a publicly available proteomics GWAS of the INTERVAL randomized controlled trial of blood donation in the United Kingdom. For T2D, the study leveraged the DIAbetes Meta-ANalysis of Trans-Ethnic association studies (DIAMANTE) consortium. The estimated associations of INS, INS-R, and IGF-1R proteins with T2D were based on independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly (P < 5 × 10-6) predicting each exposure. These SNPs were applied to publicly available genetic associations with T2D from the DIAMANTE case (n = 74,124) and control (n = 824,006) study of people of European descent. SNP-specific Wald estimates were meta-analyzed using inverse variance weighting with multiplicative random effects. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the weighted median (WM) and MR-Egger. Results INS-R (based on 13 SNPs) was associated with a lower risk of T2D (OR: 0.95 per effect size; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.98; P = 0.001), with similar estimates from the WM and MR-Egger. Insulin (8 SNPs) and IGF-1R (10 SNPs) were not associated with T2D. However, 1 of the SNPs for INS-R was from the ABO blood group gene. Conclusions This study is consistent with a causally protective association of the INS-R with T2D. INS-R in RBCs regulates glycolysis and thus may affect their functionality and integrity. However, a pleiotropic effect via the blood group ABO gene cannot be excluded. The INS-R may be a target for intervention by repurposing existing therapeutics or otherwise to reduce the risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Soliman
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, The City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health, and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Mary Schooling
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, The City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health, and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Gabriel-Medina P, Ferrer-Costa R, Rodriguez-Frias F, Ciudin A, Augustin S, Rivera-Esteban J, Pericàs JM, Selva DM. Influence of Type 2 Diabetes in the Association of PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 Polymorphisms in NASH Advanced Liver Fibrosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1015. [PMID: 35625751 PMCID: PMC9139123 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of cirrhosis in western countries. Insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and the polymorphisms patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) rs58542926 are independent risk factors of NASH. Nevertheless, little is known about the interaction between IR and T2D with these polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of NASH and the development of advanced fibrosis. Thus, our study aimed to investigate this relationship. This is a cross-sectional study including NASH patients diagnosed by liver biopsy, at the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. A total of 140 patients were included (93 T2D, 47 non-T2D). T2D (OR = 4.67; 95%CI 2.13−10.20; p < 0.001), PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphisms (OR = 3.94; 95%CI 1.63−9.54; p = 0.002) were independently related with advanced liver fibrosis. T2D increased the risk of advance fibrosis on top of the two polymorphisms (OR = 14.69; 95%CI 3.03−77.35; p = 0.001 for PNPLA3 rs738409 and OR = 11.45; 95%CI 3.16−41.55; p < 0.001 for TM6SF2 rs58542926). In non-T2D patients, the IR (HOMA-IR ≥ 5.2, OR = 14.33; 95%CI 2.14−18.66; p = 0.014) increased the risk of advanced fibrosis when the polymorphisms were present (OR = 19.04; 95%CI 1.71−650.84; p = 0.042). The T2D and IR status increase the risk of advanced fibrosis in patients with NASH carrying the PNPLA3 rs738409 and/or TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gabriel-Medina
- Biochemistry Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.G.-M.); (F.R.-F.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Team, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Ferrer-Costa
- Biochemistry Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.G.-M.); (F.R.-F.)
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Team, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Frias
- Biochemistry Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.G.-M.); (F.R.-F.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Team, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Andreea Ciudin
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Augustin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (J.M.P.)
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Rivera-Esteban
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M. Pericàs
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (J.M.P.)
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Martinez Selva
- Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest associations between diabetes mellitus and some cancers. The risk of a number of cancers appears to be increased in diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, some cancer and cancer therapies could lead to diabetes mellitus. Genetic factors, obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, cancer therapies, insulin and some oral hypoglycemic drugs appear to play a role in the crosstalk between diabetes mellitus and cancers. This review summarized the associations between various types of diabetes and cancers and updated available evidence of underlying mechanisms between diabetes and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Salimi A, Chatterjee S, Lee JY. Mechanistic Insights into the Polymorphic Associations and Cross-Seeding of Aβ and hIAPP in the Presence of Histidine Tautomerism: An All-Atom Molecular Dynamic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1930. [PMID: 35216047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people around the world have been affected by Type 2 diabetes (T2D) which is a metabolic disorder. Clinical research has revealed T2D as a possible risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development (and vice versa). Amyloid-β (Aβ) and human islet amyloid polypeptide are the main pathological species in AD and T2D, respectively. However, the mechanisms by which these two amyloidogenic peptides co-aggregate are largely uninvestigated. Herein, for the first time, we present the cross-seeding between Amylin1-37 and Aβ40 considering the particular effect of the histidine tautomerism at atomic resolution applying the all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for heterodimeric complexes. The results via random seed MD simulations indicated that the Aβ40(δδδ) isomer in cross-talking with Islet(ε) and Islet(δ) isomers could retain or increase the β-sheet content in its structure that may make it more prone to further aggregation and exhibit higher toxicity. The other tautomeric isomers which initially did not have a β-sheet structure in their monomeric forms did not show any generated β-sheet, except for one seed of the Islet(ε) and Aβ40(εεε) heterodimers complex that displayed a small amount of formed β-sheet. This computational research may provide a different point of view to examine all possible parameters that may contribute to the development of AD and T2D and provide a better understanding of the pathological link between these two severe diseases.
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Ebrahimi R, Shanaki M, Mohassel Azadi S, Bahiraee A, Radmard AR, Poustchi H, Emamgholipour S. Low level of adiponectin predicts the development of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: is it irrespective to visceral adiposity index, visceral adipose tissue thickness and other obesity indices? Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:24-31. [PMID: 31482741 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1661496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the correlation of adiponectin level with insulin resistance (IR), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and various obesity indices especially visceral adipose tissue (VAT) thickness, and visceral adiposity index (VAI), in patients with NAFLD (n = 41), T2D (n = 22), NAFLD + T2D (n = 41), and healthy subjects (n = 20). Results showed the median level of adiponectin in patients with NAFLD (2.97 μg/mL) and ones with NAFLD + T2D (3.21 μg/mL) is significantly lower rather than in controls (4.39 μg/mL). Moreover, VAI is the only predictor for adiponectin concentration in the combination of patient groups and also in all participants independent of IR and other obesity indices. Adiponectin level had also a positive correlation with cIMT and IR in NAFLD patients. Interestingly, lower level of adiponectin was associated with the presence of T2D, NAFLD, and NAFLD + T2D independent of IR and obesity indices. Collectively, it seems that VAI reflecting visceral adipose tissue function is a possible predictor of adiponectin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Shanaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mohassel Azadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahiraee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Radmard
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Leonard LM, Choi MS, Cross TL. Maximizing the Estrogenic Potential of Soy Isoflavones through the Gut Microbiome: Implication for Cardiometabolic Health in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:553. [PMID: 35276910 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones have been suggested as an alternative treatment for managing postmenopausal symptoms and promoting long-term health due to their structural similarity to mammalian estrogen and ability to bind to estrogen receptors. Among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites, (S)-equol is known for having the strongest estrogenic activity. Equol is a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced through intestinal bacterial metabolism. However, more than half of the human population is not able to produce equol due to the lack of equol-producing bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. The interpersonal variations in the gut microbiome complicate the interpretation of data collected from humans. Furthermore, because rodents are efficient equol-producers, translatability between rodent models and humans is challenging. Herein, we first summarized the current knowledge of the microbial conversion of daidzein to equol, its relation to health, and proposed the need for developing model systems by which equol production can be manipulated while controlling other known confounding factors. Determining the necessity of equol-producing capacity within a gut microbial community when consuming soy as a functional ingredient, and identifying strategies to maximize equol production by modulating the gut microbiome, may provide future therapeutic approaches to improve the health of postmenopausal women.
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Barella LF, Jain S, Pydi SP. G protein-coupled receptors: Role in metabolic disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:984253. [PMID: 35992121 PMCID: PMC9386565 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.984253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F. Barella
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Shanu Jain
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sai P. Pydi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
- *Correspondence: Sai Prasad Pydi,
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Li S, Wang M, Ma J, Pang X, Yuan J, Pan Y, Fu Y, Laher I. MOTS-c and Exercise Restore Cardiac Function by Activating of NRG1-ErbB Signaling in Diabetic Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:812032. [PMID: 35370955 PMCID: PMC8969227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.812032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic cardiac remodeling and dysfunction are the most common complications of type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise is important in inhibiting myocardial pathologic remodeling and restoring cardiac function in diabetes. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c has exercise-like effects by improving insulin resistance, combatting hyperglycemia, and reducing lipid accumulation. We investigated the effects and transcriptomic profiling of MOTS-c and aerobic exercise on cardiac properties in a rat model of type 2 diabetes which was induced by feeding a high fat high sugar diet combined with an injection of a low dose of streptozotocin. Both aerobic exercise and MOTS-c treatment reduced abnormalities in cardiac structure and function. Transcriptomic function enrichment analysis revealed that MOTS-c had exercise-like effects on inflammation, myocardial apoptosis, angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and showed that the NRG1-ErbB4 pathway might be an important component in both MOTS-c and exercise induced attenuation of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Moreover, our findings suggest that MOTS-c activates NRG1-ErbB4 signaling and mimics exercise-induced cardio-protection in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchang Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manda Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiacheng Ma
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinghan Yuan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Pan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ismail Laher,
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Bensignor MO, Kelly AS, Arslanian S. Anti-obesity pharmacotherapy for treatment of pediatric type 2 diabetes: Review of the literature and lessons learned from adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1043650. [PMID: 36387846 PMCID: PMC9647073 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1043650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adolescents is a more rapidly progressive disease, associated with earlier and higher rates of microvascular complications than in adults. As obesity is a significant risk factor for T2DM development and progression, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends anti-obesity medications (AOMs) as adjuvant therapy for adults with both T2DM and overweight/obesity. In adults, the addition of AOMs to a diabetes regimen can improve glycemic control, reduce weight, and decrease anti-diabetes medication use. The ADA recommends considering bariatric surgery for adolescents with T2DM who have a BMI >35 kg/m2, but did not mention the use of AOMs in their 2022 updated guidelines. Currently, there are three FDA-approved AOMs available for chronic use in adolescents with obesity. Other medications are used in an "off-label" fashion for appetite suppression and BMI reduction. As additional AOMs are being developed and FDA-approved for the pediatric population, new treatment options with novel mechanisms of action will become available for adolescents with T2DM and obesity. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for the use of AOMs in the treatment of T2DM in adolescents, including lessons learned from the adult T2DM literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O. Bensignor
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Megan O. Bensignor,
| | - Aaron S. Kelly
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Center for Pediatric Research in Obesity and Metabolism, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D) is centered around insulin supplementation to manage the effects of pancreatic β cell loss. GDF15 is a potential preventative therapy against T1D progression that could work to curb increasing disease incidence. AREAS COVERED This paper discusses the known actions of GDF15, a pleiotropic protein with metabolic, feeding, and immunomodulatory effects, connecting them to highlight the open opportunities for future research. The role of GDF15 in the prevention of insulitis and protection of pancreatic β cells against pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated cellular stress are examined and the pharmacological promise of GDF15 and critical areas of future research are discussed. EXPERT OPINION GDF15 shows promise as a potential intervention but requires further development. Preclinical studies have shown poor efficacy, but this result may be confounded by the measurement of gross GDF15 instead of the active form. Additionally, the effect of GDF15 in the induction of anorexia and nausea-like behavior and short-half-life present significant challenges to its deployment, but a systems pharmacology approach paired with chronotherapy may provide a possible solution to therapy for this currently unpreventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John T. Melchior
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hayden R. Henry
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Kovler Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA,Correspondence: ; ;
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA,Correspondence: ; ;
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA,Correspondence: ; ;
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Ali D, Tencerova M, Figeac F, Kassem M, Jafari A. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes in aging women and men: The mechanisms and roles of increased bone marrow adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981487. [PMID: 36187112 PMCID: PMC9520254 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration leading to increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis incidence increases with age in both post-menopausal women and aging men. Among other important contributing factors to bone fragility observed in osteoporosis, that also affect the elderly population, are metabolic disturbances observed in obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). These metabolic complications are associated with impaired bone homeostasis and a higher fracture risk. Expansion of the Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue (BMAT), at the expense of decreased bone formation, is thought to be one of the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying osteoporosis and bone fragility in obesity and T2D. Our review provides a summary of mechanisms behind increased Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA) during aging and highlights the pre-clinical and clinical studies connecting obesity and T2D, to BMA and bone fragility in aging osteoporotic women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ali
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dalia Ali, ; Abbas Jafari,
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Florence Figeac
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dalia Ali, ; Abbas Jafari,
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Bajpeyi S, Mossayebi A, Kreit H, Cherukuri S, Mandania RA, Concha JB, Jung H, Wagler A, Gupte A, Deoker A. Unmanaged Diabetes and Elevated Blood Glucose Are Poor Prognostic Factors in the Severity and Recovery Time in Predominantly Hispanic Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:861385. [PMID: 35898451 PMCID: PMC9309175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.861385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bajpeyi
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sudip Bajpeyi, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-5336-8330
| | - Ali Mossayebi
- Metabolic, Nutrition and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Helen Kreit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sundar Cherukuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Roshni A. Mandania
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jeannie B. Concha
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Hyejin Jung
- Department of Social Work, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Amy Wagler
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Akshay Gupte
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Abhizith Deoker
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
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Taylor L, Asmar O, Mandal A, Tridente A, Hardy K, Shokrollahi K. Perspectives From a Regional Plastic Surgery Centre on Evidence for the Purported Link Between SGLT2 Inhibitors and Fournier's Gangrene. Front Surg 2021; 8:754101. [PMID: 34957200 PMCID: PMC8702433 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.754101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The recent report issued by the MHRA indicating an association of Sodium glucose linked transporter type 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors with the contraction of Fournier's Gangrene (FG), has been drawn with insufficient supporting evidence and without an adequately powered study to make any meaningful assertions or recommendations. We aimed to look specifically at the currently available dataset used to link SGLT2 Inhibitors to FG and highlight what conclusions or inferences can meaningfully be made, in particular the power of any study that would be required to make sensible conclusions. Methods: World literature review of SGLT2 Inhibitors and FG was performed. With a subsequent 10-year review of cases of FG seen in a regional burns and plastics centre. Data was collected retrospectively from the coding department at Whiston Hospital for all patients with necrotising fasciitis. An electronic document management system was used to identify patients with FG specifically as well as their diabetes state and medication history. Results: Seventy-eight patients were admitted with FG, of whom 32 had diabetes mellitus (DM). Of those with DM none was taking an SGLT2 Inhibitor, 17 patients were taking metformin, a further nine patients were taking a second line medication and 14 required insulin injections. Discussions: DM is a known major risk factor for FG, which is clearly observed in our patient cohort. The risk of patients with DM developing FG is irrespective of the medication patients are taking. The current articles and reports published have little ground to claim an association between SGLT2 Inhibitors and FG and are missing the crucial message that needs to be conveyed to the public: that DM is a major risk factor for FG and patients suffering with diabetes need to be extra vigilant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Taylor
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Asmar
- Mersey Regional Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Whiston Hosiptal, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anirban Mandal
- Mersey Regional Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Whiston Hosiptal, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ascanio Tridente
- Department of Critical and Intensive Care, Whiston Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Hardy
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Whiston Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kayvan Shokrollahi
- Mersey Regional Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Whiston Hosiptal, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Krueger ES, Beales JL, Russon KB, Elison WS, Davis JR, Hansen JM, Neilson AP, Hansen JM, Tessem JS. Gut Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Protects INS-1 β-Cell and Rat Islet Function under Diabetic Glucolipotoxic Conditions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1892. [PMID: 34944536 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum accumulation of the gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with high caloric intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Impaired pancreatic β-cell function is a hallmark of diet-induced T2D, which is linked to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. While TMAO production via the gut microbiome-liver axis is well defined, its molecular effects on metabolic tissues are unclear, since studies in various tissues show deleterious and beneficial TMAO effects. We investigated the molecular effects of TMAO on functional β-cell mass. We hypothesized that TMAO may damage functional β-cell mass by inhibiting β-cell viability, survival, proliferation, or function to promote T2D pathogenesis. We treated INS-1 832/13 β-cells and primary rat islets with physiological TMAO concentrations and compared functional β-cell mass under healthy standard cell culture (SCC) and T2D-like glucolipotoxic (GLT) conditions. GLT significantly impeded β-cell mass and function by inducing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. TMAO normalized GLT-mediated damage in β-cells and primary islet function. Acute 40µM TMAO recovered insulin production, insulin granule formation, and insulin secretion by upregulating the IRE1α unfolded protein response to GLT-induced ER and oxidative stress. These novel results demonstrate that TMAO protects β-cell function and suggest that TMAO may play a beneficial molecular role in diet-induced T2D conditions.
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Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB. Vitamin D Deficiency Is Inversely Associated with Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2021; 13:4358. [PMID: 34959910 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to comprehensively assess the association of the concentration of vitamin D in the blood and insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects. The objective was to pool the results from all observational studies from the beginning of 1980 to August 2021. PubMed, Medline and Embase were systematically searched for the observational studies. Filters were used for more focused results. A total of 2248 articles were found after raw search which were narrowed down to 32 articles by the systematic selection of related articles. Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMAIR) was used as the measure of insulin resistance and correlation coefficient was used as a measure of the relationship between vitamin D levels and the insulin resistance. Risk of bias tables and summary plots were built using Revman software version 5.3 while Comprehensive meta-analysis version 3 was used for the construction of forest plot. The results showed an inverse association between the status of vitamin D and insulin resistance (r = -0.217; 95% CI = -0.161 to -0.272; p = 0.000). A supplement of vitamin D can help reduce the risk of insulin resistance; however further studies, like randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the results.
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Jetton TL, Flores-Bringas P, Leahy JL, Gupta D. SetD7 (Set7/9) is a novel target of PPARγ that promotes the adaptive pancreatic β-cell glycemic response. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101250. [PMID: 34592314 PMCID: PMC8526774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional pancreatic β-cell mass leads to type 2 diabetes (T2D), attributable to modified β-cell-dependent adaptive gene expression patterns. SetD7 is a histone methyltransferase enriched in pancreatic islets that mono- and dimethylates histone-3-lysine-4 (H3K4), promoting euchromatin modifications, and also maintains the regulation of key β-cell function and survival genes. However, the transcriptional regulation of this important epigenetic modifier is unresolved. Here we identified the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) as a major transcriptional regulator of SetD7 and provide evidence for direct binding and functionality of PPARγ in the SetD7 promoter region. Furthermore, constitutive shRNA-mediated PPARγ knockdown in INS-1 β-cells or pancreas-specific PPARγ deletion in mice led to downregulation of SetD7 expression as well as its nuclear enrichment. The relevance of the SetD7-PPARγ interaction in β-cell adaptation was tested in normoglycemic 60% partial pancreatectomy (Px) and hyperglycemic 90% Px rat models. Whereas a synergistic increase in islet PPARγ and SetD7 expression was observed upon glycemic adaptation post-60% Px, in hyperglycemic 90% Px rats, islet PPARγ, and PPARγ targets SetD7 and Pdx1 were downregulated. PPARγ agonist pioglitazone treatment in 90% Px rats partially restored glucose homeostasis and β-cell mass and enhanced expression of SetD7 and Pdx1. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the SetD7-PPARγ interaction serves as an important element of the adaptive β-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Jetton
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Patricio Flores-Bringas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - John L Leahy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dhananjay Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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Abstract
Metagenomics studies have shown that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an altered gut microbiota. Whereas different microbiota patterns have been observed in independent human cohorts, reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria has consistently been found in individuals with T2D, as well as in those with prediabetes. Butyrate is produced in the large intestine by microbial fermentations, particularly of dietary fiber, and serves as primary fuel for colonocytes. It also acts as histone deacetylase inhibitor and ligand to G-protein coupled receptors, affecting cellular signaling in target cells, such as enteroendocrine cells. Therefore, butyrate has become an attractive drug target for T2D, and treatment strategies have been devised to increase its intestinal levels, for example by supplementation of butyrate-producing bacteria and dietary fiber, or through fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). In this review, we provide an overview of current literature indicating that these strategies have yielded encouraging results and short-term benefits in humans, but long-term improvements of glycemic control have not been reported so far. Further studies are required to find effective approaches to restore butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate levels in the human gut, and to investigate their impact on glucose regulation in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Arora
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ranaei Pirmardan E, Barakat A, Zhang Y, Naseri M, Hafezi-Moghadam A. Diabetic cataract in the Nile grass rat: A longitudinal phenotypic study of pathology formation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21593. [PMID: 33991133 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for cataract, the leading cause of blindness worldwide. There is an unmet need for a realistic model of diabetic cataract for mechanistic and longitudinal studies, as existing models do not reflect key aspects of the complex human disease. Here, we introduce and characterize diabetic cataract in the Nile grass rat (NGR, Arvicanthis niloticus), an established model of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a longitudinal study of cataract in over 88 NGRs in their non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, and diabetic stages of metabolism. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results distinguished the metabolic stages. Diverse cataract types were observed in the course of diabetes, including cortical, posterior subcapsular (PSC), and anterior subcapsular (ASC), all of which succeeded a characteristic dotted ring stage in all animals. The onset ages of diabetes and cataract were 44 ± 3 vs 29 ± 1 (P < .001) and 66 ± 5 vs 58 ± 6 (not significant) weeks in females and males, respectively. Histological analysis revealed fiber disorganization, vacuolar structures, and cellular proliferation and migration in cataractous lenses. The lens epithelial cells (LECs) in non-diabetic young NGRs expressed the stress marker GRP78, as did LECs and migrated cells in the lenses of diabetic animals. Elucidating mechanisms underlying LEC proliferation and migration will be clinically valuable in prevention and treatment of posterior capsule opacification, a dreaded complication of cataract surgery. Marked changes in N-cadherin expression emphasized a role for LEC integrity in cataractogenesis. Apoptotic cells were dispersed in the equatorial areas in early cataractogenesis. Our study reveals diverse cataract types that spontaneously develop in the diabetic NGR, and which uniquely mirror the cataract and its chronic course of development in individuals with diabetes. We provide mechanistic insights into early stages of diabetic cataract. These unique characteristics make NGR highly suited for mechanistic studies, especially in the context of metabolism, diabetes, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ranaei Pirmardan
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aliaa Barakat
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuanlin Zhang
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marzieh Naseri
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hafezi-Moghadam
- Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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