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Ren J, Che Y, Li H, Gao H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Su H, Li Z, Li J, Qu P. SGK3 deficiency in macrophages suppresses angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling via regulating Ndufa13-mediated mitochondrial oxidative stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:359. [PMID: 39158709 PMCID: PMC11335188 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05395-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages plays a crucial role in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. The serum and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase 3 (SGK3) is a downstream factor of PI3K signaling, regulating various biological processes via an AKT-independent signaling pathway. SGK3 has been implicated in cardiac remodeling. However, the contribution of macrophagic SGK3 to hypertensive cardiac remodeling remains unclear. A cardiac remodeling model was established by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion in SGK3-Lyz2-CRE (f/f, +) and wild-type mice to assess the function of macrophagic SGK3. Additionally, a co-culture system of SGK3-deficient or wild-type macrophages and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CMs) or neonatal rat fibroblasts (CFs) was established to evaluate the effects of SGK3 and the underlying mechanisms. SGK3 levels were significantly elevated in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum from patients with heart failure. Macrophage SGK3 deficiency attenuated Ang II-induced macrophage infiltration, myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. RNA sequencing suggested Ndufa13 as the candidate gene in the effect of SGK3 on Ang II-induced cardiac remolding. Downregulation of Ndufa13 in CMs and CFs prevented the suppression of cardiac remodeling caused by SGK3 deficiency in macrophages. Mechanistically, the absence of SGK3 led to a reduction in IL-1β secretion by inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β pathway in macrophages, consequently suppressing upregulated Ndufa13 expression and mitochondrial oxidative stress in CMs and CFs. This study provides new evidence that SGK3 is a potent contributor to the pathogenesis of hypertensive cardiac remodeling, and targeting SGK3 in macrophages may serve as a potential therapy for cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Che
- The 1st Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Heyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongtong Su
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Zhihan Li
- The Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China.
| | - Peng Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P.R. China.
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Liaoning, 116024, P.R. China.
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Ma S, Qiu Y, Zhang C. Cytoskeleton Rearrangement in Podocytopathies: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:647. [PMID: 38203817 PMCID: PMC10779434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury can disrupt the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), leading to podocytopathies that emphasize podocytes as the glomerulus's key organizer. The coordinated cytoskeleton is essential for supporting the elegant structure and complete functions of podocytes. Therefore, cytoskeleton rearrangement is closely related to the pathogenesis of podocytopathies. In podocytopathies, the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton refers to significant alterations in a string of slit diaphragm (SD) and focal adhesion proteins such as the signaling node nephrin, calcium influx via transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6), and regulation of the Rho family, eventually leading to the disorganization of the original cytoskeletal architecture. Thus, it is imperative to focus on these proteins and signaling pathways to probe the cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytopathies. In this review, we describe podocytopathies and the podocyte cytoskeleton, then discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytopathies and summarize the effects of currently existing drugs on regulating the podocyte cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.M.); (Y.Q.)
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Dong QQ, Tu YC, Gao P, Liao QQ, Zhou P, Zhang H, Shu HP, Sun LL, Feng L, Yao LJ. SGK3 promotes vascular calcification via Pit-1 in chronic kidney disease. Theranostics 2024; 14:861-878. [PMID: 38169564 PMCID: PMC10758069 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Vascular calcification (VC) is a life-threatening complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused mainly by hyperphosphatemia. However, the regulation of VC remains unclear despite extensive research. Although serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 3 (SGK3) regulate the sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters in the intestine and kidney, its effect on VC in CKD remains unknown. Additionally, type III sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter-1 (Pit-1) plays a significant role in VC development induced by high phosphate in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, it remains unclear whether SGK3 regulates Pit-1 and how exactly SGK3 promotes VC in CKD via Pit-1 at the molecular level. Thus, we investigated the role of SGK3 in the certified outflow vein of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and aortas of uremic mice. Methods and Results: In our study, using uremic mice, we observed a significant upregulation of SGK3 and calcium deposition in certified outflow veins of the AVF and aortas, and the increase expression of SGK3 was positively correlated with calcium deposition in uremic aortas. In vitro, the downregulation of SGK3 reversed VSMCs calcification and phenotype switching induced by high phosphate. Mechanistically, SGK3 activation enhanced the mRNA transcription of Pit-1 through NF-κB, downregulated the ubiquitin-proteasome mediated degradation of Pit-1 via inhibiting the activity of neural precursor cells expressing developmentally downregulated protein 4 subtype 2 (Nedd4-2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, under high phosphate stimulation, the enhanced phosphate uptake induced by SGK3 activation was independent of the increased protein expression of Pit-1. Our co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays confirmed that SGK3 interacts with Pit-1 through Thr468 in loop7, leading to enhanced phosphate uptake. Conclusion: Thus, it is justifiable to conclude that SGK3 promotes VC in CKD by enhancing the expression and activities of Pit-1, which indicate that SGK3 could be a therapeutic target for VC in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Chi Tu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian-Qian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Pan Shu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Lu Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Jun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Shu H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Dong Q, Sun L, Tu Y, Liao Q, Feng L, Yao L. The role of the SGK3/TOPK signaling pathway in the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1169054. [PMID: 37361201 PMCID: PMC10285316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1169054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Profibrotic phenotype of renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) featured with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and profibrotic factors secretion, and aberrant accumulation of CD206+ M2 macrophages are the key points in the transition from acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, required for intestinal nutrient transport and ion channels modulation. T-LAK-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is a member of the mitogen activated protein kinase family, linked to cell cycle regulation. However, little is known about their roles in AKI-CKD transition. Methods: In this study, three models were constructed in C57BL/6 mice: low dose and multiple intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin, 5/6 nephrectomy and unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were dealt with cisplatin to induce profibrotic phenotype, while a mouse monocytic cell line (RAW264.7) were cultured with cisplatin or TGF-β1 to induce M1 or M2 macrophage polarization respectively. And co-cultured NRK-52E and RAW264.7 through transwell plate to explore the interaction between them. The expression of SGK3 and TOPK phosphorylation were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Results: In vivo, the expression of SGK3 and p-TOPK were gradually inhibited in TECs, but enhanced in CD206+ M2 macrophages. In vitro, SGK3 inhibition aggravated epithelial to mesenchymal transition through reducing the phosphorylation state of TOPK, and controlling TGF-β1 synthesis and secretion in TECs. However, SGK3/TOPK axis activation promoted CD206+ M2 macrophage polarization, which caused kidney fibrosis by mediating macrophage to myofibroblast transition (MMT). When co-cultured, the TGF-β1 from profibrotic TECs evoked CD206+ M2 macrophage polarization and MMT, which could be attenuated by SGK3/TOPK axis inhibition in macrophages. Conversely, SGK3/TOPK signaling pathway activation in TECs could reverse CD206+ M2 macrophages aggravated EMT. Discussion: We revealed for the first time that SGK3 regulated TOPK phosphorylation to mediate TECs profibrotic phenotype, macrophage plasticity and the crosstalk between TECs and macrophages during AKI-CKD transition. Our results demonstrated the inverse effect of SGK3/TOPK signaling pathway in profibrotic TECs and CD206+ M2 macrophages polarization during the AKI-CKD transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapan Shu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingqing Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuchi Tu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Dong QQ, Li ZF, Zhang H, Shu HP, Tu YC, Liao QQ, Yao LJ. Serum and Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 3/Nedd4-2 Signaling Pathway Participates in Podocyte Injury by Regulating the Stability of Nephrin. Front Physiol 2022; 12:810473. [PMID: 35126185 PMCID: PMC8811367 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.810473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 3 (SGK3) is involved in maintaining podocyte function by regulating the protein levels of podocin and CD2-associated protein. Nephrin is also one of the slit diaphragm proteins of podocytes, but whether SGK3 participates in podocyte injury by regulating the levels of nephrin remains unclear. In this study, we focused on whether SGK3 affects nephrin levels and the mechanisms involved in the same. In the kidneys of adriamycin (ADR)-induced podocyte injury mouse model, the protein levels of SGK3 and nephrin were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the expression of SGK3 was negatively correlated with the output of proteinuria, and positively correlated with the levels of nephrin. In ADR-treated conditionally immortalized mouse podocyte cells (MPCs), the protein levels of nephrin and SGK3 were inhibited, while the constitutive expression of SGK3 reversed the ADR-induced decline in nephrin protein levels. Furthermore, ADR treatment or SGK3 inactivation enhanced the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of nephrin in MPCs, and dramatically activated downstream effector proteins of SGK3, neural precursor cells expressing developmentally downregulated protein 4 subtype 2 (Nedd4-2) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β). Similarly, Nedd4-2 or GSK3β overexpression resulted in increased activity of Nedd4-2 or GSK3β, and significantly downregulated nephrin levels. Interestingly, ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation of nephrin was regulated by Nedd4-2, rather than by GSK3β. In summary, SGK3 inactivation downregulated the levels of nephrin by increasing Nedd4-2 and GSK3β activity in ADR-induced podocyte injury model; in particular, the SGK3/Nedd4-2 signaling pathway was found to be involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation of nephrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Fang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Blood Purification Center, Hubei No. 3 People’ Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Pan Shu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Chi Tu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian-Qian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Jun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Jun Yao,
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Li Y, Wei T, Fan Y, Shan T, Sun J, Chen B, Wang Z, Gu L, Yang T, Liu L, Du C, Ma Y, Wang H, Sun R, Wei Y, Chen F, Guo X, Kong X, Wang L. Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 3 Facilitates Myocardial Repair After Cardiac Injury Possibly Through the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β/β-Catenin Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022802. [PMID: 34726469 PMCID: PMC8751936 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The neonatal heart maintains its entire regeneration capacity within days after birth. Using quantitative phosphoproteomics technology, we identified that SGK3 (serine/threonine-protein kinase 3) in the neonatal heart is highly expressed and activated after myocardial infarction. This study aimed to uncover the function and related mechanisms of SGK3 on cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac repair after apical resection or ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods and Results The effect of SGK3 on proliferation and oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation- induced apoptosis in isolated cardiomyocytes was evaluated using cardiomyocyte-specific SGK3 overexpression or knockdown adenovirus5 vector. In vivo, gain- and loss-of-function experiments using cardiomyocyte-specific adeno-associated virus 9 were performed to determine the effect of SGK3 in cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac repair after apical resection or ischemia/reperfusion injury. In vitro, overexpression of SGK3 enhanced, whereas knockdown of SGK3 decreased, the cardiomyocyte proliferation ratio. In vivo, inhibiting the expression of SGK3 shortened the time window of cardiac regeneration after apical resection in neonatal mice, and overexpression of SGK3 significantly promoted myocardial repair and cardiac function recovery after ischemia/reperfusion injury in adult mice. Mechanistically, SGK3 promoted cardiomyocyte regeneration and myocardial repair after cardiac injury by inhibiting GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β) activity and upregulating β-catenin expression. SGK3 also upregulated the expression of cell cycle promoting genes G1/S-specific cyclin-D1, c-myc (cellular-myelocytomatosis viral oncogene), and cdc20 (cell division cycle 20), but downregulated the expression of cell cycle negative regulators cyclin kinase inhibitor P 21 and cyclin kinase inhibitor P 27. Conclusions Our study reveals a key role of SGK3 on cardiac repair after apical resection or ischemia/reperfusion injury, which may reopen a novel therapeutic option for myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Fei Li
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian‐Wen Wei
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of CardiologySchool of MedicineZhongda HospitalSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian‐Kai Shan
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jia‐Teng Sun
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bing‐Rui Chen
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zi‐Mu Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ling‐Feng Gu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tong‐Tong Yang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chong Du
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yong‐Yue Wei
- Department of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthChina International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human HealthNanjingChina
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthChina International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human HealthNanjingChina
| | - Xue‐Jiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Histology and EmbryologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiang‐Qing Kong
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lian‐Sheng Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Hytönen MK, Lohi H. A frameshift insertion in SGK3 leads to recessive hairlessness in Scottish Deerhounds: a candidate gene for human alopecia conditions. Hum Genet 2019; 138:535-539. [PMID: 30927068 PMCID: PMC6536473 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hairlessness is a breed-specific feature selected for in some dog breeds but a rare abnormality in some others such as Scottish Deerhounds (SD). In SDs, the affected puppies are born with sparse hair but lose it within the first 2 months leaving the dogs completely hairless. The previous studies have implicated variants in FOXI3 and SGK3 in hairlessness; however, the known variants do not explain hairlessness in all breeds such as SDs. We investigated the genetic cause in 66 SDs, including a litter with two hairless dogs. We utilized a combined approach of genome-wide homozygosity mapping and whole-genome sequencing of a hairless SD followed by recessive filtering according to a recessive model against 340 control genomes. Only two homozygous-coding variants were discovered in the homozygosity regions, including a 1-bp insertion in exon 2 of SGK3. This results in a predicted frameshift and very early truncation (49/490 amino acids) of the SGK3 protein. Additional screening of the recessive variant demonstrated a full segregation with the hairlessness and a 12% carrier frequency in the SD breed. The variant was not found in the related Irish Wolfhound breed. This study identifies the second hairless variant in the SGK3 gene in dogs and further highlights its role as a candidate gene for androgen-independent hair loss or alopecia in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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Yuan YP, Zhao H, Peng LQ, Li ZF, Liu S, Yuan CY, Mwamunyi MJ, Pearce D, Yao LJ. The SGK3-triggered ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of podocalyxin (PC) and ezrin in podocytes was associated with the stability of the PC/ezrin complex. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1114. [PMID: 30385740 PMCID: PMC6212497 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte damage is commonly accompanied by destabilization of the podocalyxin (PC)/ezrin complex. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 3 (SGK3) plays a role in the maintenance of podocyte function, but the details of this role are poorly understood. Herein we demonstrated that SGK3 and its downstream target protein neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 subtype 2 (Nedd4-2) triggered PC and ezrin interaction. In adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephritic mice, and after puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced podocyte damage in vitro, PC and ezrin protein expression levels decreased significantly, while Nedd4-2 activity increased. Moreover, PAN treatment increased PC and ezrin ubiquitination and decreased PC/ezrin interaction in cultured mouse podocytes. The downregulation of SGK3 activity in mouse podocytes resulted in decreased PC and ezrin protein expression and increased the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of PC and ezrin. Furthermore, upregulation of SGK3 activity mostly reversed the PAN-induced decrease in PC and ezrin protein expression. Overexpression of Nedd4-2 led to decreased ezrin protein expression via the upregulation of ezrin ubiquitination. In contrast, Nedd4-2 knockdown resulted in increased ezrin protein expression but decreased ezrin ubiquitination. In PC-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells, SGK3 activity downregulation and Nedd4-2 overexpression resulted in decreased PC/ezrin interaction. These results suggested that SGK3 triggers the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of PC and ezrin, while the SGK3/Nedd4-2 signaling pathway regulates ezrin, but not PC, ubiquitination. Thus SGK3 helps to regulate podocyte function by maintaining the stability of the PC/ezrin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Pei Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Qin Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Fang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Mercy-Julian Mwamunyi
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94107-2140, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94107-2140, USA
| | - Li-Jun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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Zhao X, Hwang DY, Kao HY. The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Podocytes and Nephrotic Syndrome. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2018; 5. [PMID: 30417008 PMCID: PMC6224173 DOI: 10.11131/2018/101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GC), a founding member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is a glucocorticoid-activated transcription factor that regulates gene expression and controls the development and homeostasis of human podocytes. Synthetic glucocorticoids are the standard treatment regimens for proteinuria (protein in the urine) and nephrotic syndrome (NS) caused by kidney diseases. These include minimal change disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous nephropathy (MN) and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) or subsequent complications due to diabetes mellitus or HIV infection. However, unwanted side effects and steroid-resistance remain major issues for their long-term use. Furthermore, the mechanism by which glucocorticoids elicit their renoprotective activity in podocyte and glomeruli is poorly understood. Podocytes are highly differentiated epithelial cells that contribute to the integrity of kidney glomerular filtration barrier. Injury or loss of podocytes leads to proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. Recent studies in multiple experimental models have begun to explore the mechanism of GC action in podocytes. This review will discuss progress in our understanding of the role of glucocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoids in podocyte physiology and their renoprotective activity in nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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