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Zajac J, Liu A, Hassan S, Gibson A. Mechanisms of delayed indocyanine green fluorescence and applications to clinical disease processes. Surgery 2024; 176:386-395. [PMID: 38749795 PMCID: PMC11246809 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2024.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed indocyanine green fluorescence imaging is under investigation in various clinical disease processes. Understanding the mechanisms of indocyanine green accumulation and retention is essential to correctly interpreting and analyzing imaging data. The purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize what is known about the mechanism of indocyanine green retention at the cellular level to better understand the clinical nuances of delayed indocyanine green imaging and identify critical gaps in our knowledge to guide future studies. METHODS We performed a scoping review of 7,087 citations after performing database searches of PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science Core Collection electronic databases. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were peer-reviewed original research discussing the mechanism of indocyanine green retention in the results section in disease processes involving inflammation and/or necrosis, including cancer, and were available in English. Data were extracted using Covidence software. RESULTS Eighty-nine studies were included in the final analysis. Several features of indocyanine green retention were identified. CONCLUSION We identified several mechanistic features involved in indocyanine green accumulation in diseased tissue that overall had distinct mechanisms of indocyanine green retention in tumors, nontumor inflammation, and necrosis. Our study also reveals new insights on how inflammatory infiltrate influences indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. These findings are noteworthy because they add to our understanding of how fluorescence-guided surgery may be optimized based on the pathology of interest via specific indocyanine green dosing and timing of image acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Zajac
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Aiping Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Sameeha Hassan
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Angela Gibson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
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Bhattacharyya T, Mallett CL, Shapiro EM. MRI-Based Cell Tracking of OATP-Expressing Cell Transplants by Pre-Labeling with Gd-EOB-DTPA. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:233-239. [PMID: 38448775 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-024-01904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE A critical step in cell-based therapies is determining the exact position of transplanted cells immediately post-transplant. Here, we devised a method to detect cell transplants immediately post-transplant, using a clinical gadolinium-based contrast agent. These cells were detected as hyperintense signals using a clinically familiar T1-weighted MRI protocol. PROCEDURES HEK293 cells were stably transduced to express human OATP1B3, a hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide that transports Gd-EOB-DTPA into cells that express the transporters, the intracellular accumulation of which cells causes signal enhancement on T1-weighted MRI. Cells were pre-labeled prior to injection in media containing Gd-EOB-DTPA for MRI evaluation and indocyanine green for cryofluorescence tomography validation. Labeled cells were injected into chicken hearts, in vitro, after which MRI and cryofluorescence tomography were performed in sequence. RESULTS OATP1B3-expressing cells had substantially reduced T1 following labeling with Gd-EOB-DTPA in culture. Following their implantation into chicken heart, these cells were robustly identified in T1-weighted MRI, with image-derived injection volumes of cells commensurate with intended injection volumes. Cryofluorescence tomography showed that the areas of signal enhancement in MRI overlapped with areas of indocyanine green signal, indicating that MRI signal enhancement was due to the transplanted cells. CONCLUSIONS OATP1B3-expressing cells can be pre-labeled with Gd-EOB-DTPA prior to injection into tissue, affording the use of clinically familiar T1-weighted MRI to robustly detect cell transplants immediately after transplant. This procedure is easily generalizable and has potential advantages over the use of iron oxide based cell labeling agents and imaging procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Bhattacharyya
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, 846 Service Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christiane L Mallett
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, 846 Service Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, 846 Service Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Shu WJ, Ma Z, Tian X, Wang F. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of miRNA Using a Transmembrane Polypeptide-Based Genetic Reporter. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300990. [PMID: 37882335 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important regulatory roles in multiple biological processes. Many miRNAs exhibit unique expression patterns and are considered as theranostic biomarkers in a variety of human diseases. A reporter system that is capable of imaging miRNA in vivo is crucial for investigating miRNA biology. In the present study, an organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3)-based genetic switch system is designed and optimized to achieve near-infrared fluorescent imaging of miRNA by the uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) dye. The reporter system, named miR-ON-OB3, is shown to be efficient to regulate the expression of OATP1B3 in mammalian cells. Notably, the results indicate that the system is of high sensitivity for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of both exogenous and endogenous miRNA in mammalian cells. Moreover, the system is proved to be functional for real-time near-infrared fluorescence imaging of miRNA in living mice. This study establishes a novel genetic encoded reporter for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of miRNA, which may provide a potential tool for in vivo imaging of miRNA in clinical applications due to the clinical availability of ICG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Shu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiaojie Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Fu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xianyang Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Drug Synthesis, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, China
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4
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Bhattacharyya T, Mallett C, Shapiro EM. MRI-based cell tracking of OATP-expressing cell transplants by pre-labeling with Gd-EOB-DTPA. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3698429. [PMID: 38168297 PMCID: PMC10760244 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3698429/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose A critical step in cell-based therapies is determining the exact position of transplanted cells immediately post-transplant. Here, we devised a method to detect cell transplants immediately post-transplant, using a clinical gadolinium-based contrast agent. These cells were detected as hyperintense signals using a clinically familiar T1-weighted MRI protocol. Procedures HEK293 cells were stably transduced to express human OATP1B3, a hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide that transports Gd-EOB-DTPA into cells that express the transporters, the intracellular accumulation of which cells causes signal enhancement on T1-weighted MRI. Cells were pre-labeled prior to injection in media containing Gd-EOB-DTPA for MRI evaluation and indocyanine green for cryofluorescence tomography validation. Labeled cells were injected into chicken hearts, in vitro, after which MRI and cryofluorescence tomography were performed in sequence. Results OATP1B3-expressing cells had substantially reduced T1 following labeling with Gd-EOB-DTPA in culture. Following their implantation into chicken heart, these cells were robustly identified in T1-weighted MRI, with image-derived injection volumes of cells commensurate with intended injection volumes. Cryofluorescence tomography showed that the areas of signal enhancement in MRI overlapped with areas of indocyanine green signal, indicating that MRI signal enhancement was due to the transplanted cells. Conclusions OATP1B3-expressing cells can be pre-labeled with Gd-EOB-DTPA prior to injection into tissue, affording the use of clinically familiar T1-weighted MRI to robustly detect cell transplants immediately after transplant. This procedure is easily generalizable and has potential advantages over the use of iron oxide based cell labeling agents and imaging procedures.
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McRae SW, Cleary M, DeRoche D, Martinez FM, Xia Y, Caravan P, Gale EM, Ronald JA, Scholl TJ. Development of a Suite of Gadolinium-Free OATP1-Targeted Paramagnetic Probes for Liver MRI. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6567-6576. [PMID: 37159947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Five amphiphilic, anionic Mn(II) complexes were synthesized as contrast agents targeted to organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters (OATP) for liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Mn(II) complexes are synthesized in three steps, each from the commercially available trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) chelator, with T1-relaxivity of complexes ranging between 2.3 and 3.0 mM-1 s-1 in phosphate buffered saline at an applied field strength of 3.0 T. Pharmacokinetics were assessed in female BALB/c mice by acquiring T1-weighted images dynamically for 70 min after agent administration and determining contrast enhancement and washout in various organs. Uptake of Mn(II) complexes in human OATPs was investigated through in vitro assays using MDA-MB-231 cells engineered to express either OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 isoforms. Our study introduces a new class of Mn-based OATP-targeted contrast that can be broadly tuned via simple synthetic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W McRae
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michael Cleary
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Daniel DeRoche
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Francisco M Martinez
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ying Xia
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Peter Caravan
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Eric M Gale
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - John A Ronald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Timothy J Scholl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
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Song J, Ren T, Duan Y, Guo H, Wang G, Gan Y, Bai M, Dong X, Zhao Z, An J. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma cells regulated by β-catenin signaling pathway. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1140256. [PMID: 37064109 PMCID: PMC10090467 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1140256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNear-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging has recently emerged as a promising tool for noninvasive cancer imaging. However, lack of tumor sensitivity and specificity restricts the application of NIRF dyes in surgical navigation.MethodsHerein, we investigated the imaging features of NIRF dye MHI-148 and indocyanine green (ICG) in live cell imaging and xenograft nude mice models. TCGA dataset analysis and immunohistochemistry were conducted to investigate the expression of OATPs or ABCGs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues. OATPs or ABCGs were knocked down and overexpressed in HCC cells using transient transfection by siRNA and plasmids or stable transfection by lentivirus. Further, qRT-PCR ,Western blotting and the use of agonists or inhibitors targeting β-catenin signaling pathway were applied to explore its important role in regulation of OATP2B1 and ABCG2 expression.ResultsHere we demonstrated that NIRF dye MHI-148 was biocompatible as indocyanine green (ICG) but with higher imaging intensity and preferential uptake and retention in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and tissues. Moreover, our data indicated that membrane transporters OATP2B1 and ABCG2, which regulated by β-catenin signaling pathway, mediated tumor-specific accumulation and retention of MHI-148 in HCC cells. In addition, the treatment with β-catenin inhibitor significantly enhanced the accumulation of MHI-148 in HCC tissues and improved the efficacy of tumor imaging with MHI-148 in vivo.ConclusionsOur study uncovers a mechanism that links the distribution and expression of the membrane transporters OATP2B1 and ABCG2 to the tumor-specific accumulation of MHI-148, and provides evidence supporting a regulating role of the β-catenin signaling pathway in OATP2B1 and ABCG2- induced retention of MHI-148 inHCC tissues, and strategy targeting key components of MHI-148 transport machinery may be a potential approach to improve HCC imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaze An, ; Tingting Ren, ; Zheng Zhao,
| | - Yanheng Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mengcai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaotian Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaze An, ; Tingting Ren, ; Zheng Zhao,
| | - Jiaze An
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaze An, ; Tingting Ren, ; Zheng Zhao,
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Özvegy-Laczka C, Ungvári O, Bakos É. Fluorescence-based methods for studying activity and drug-drug interactions of hepatic solute carrier and ATP binding cassette proteins involved in ADME-Tox. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115448. [PMID: 36758706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, approximately 70% of drugs are eliminated through the liver. This process is governed by the concerted action of membrane transporters and metabolic enzymes. Transporters mediating hepatocellular uptake of drugs belong to the SLC (Solute carrier) superfamily of transporters. Drug efflux either toward the portal vein or into the bile is mainly mediated by active transporters of the ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) family. Alteration in the function and/or expression of liver transporters due to mutations, disease conditions, or co-administration of drugs or food components can result in altered pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, drugs or food components interacting with liver transporters may also interfere with liver function (e.g., bile acid homeostasis) and may even cause liver toxicity. Accordingly, certain transporters of the liver should be investigated already at an early stage of drug development. Most frequently radioactive probes are applied in these drug-transporter interaction tests. However, fluorescent probes are cost-effective and sensitive alternatives to radioligands, and are gaining wider application in drug-transporter interaction tests. In our review, we summarize our current understanding about hepatocyte ABC and SLC transporters affected by drug interactions. We provide an update of the available fluorescent and fluorogenic/activable probes applicable in in vitro or in vivo testing of these ABC and SLC transporters, including near-infrared transporter probes especially suitable for in vivo imaging. Furthermore, our review gives a comprehensive overview of the available fluorescence-based methods, not directly relying on the transport of the probe, suitable for the investigation of hepatic ABC or SLC-type drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Ungvári
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary
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Choi W, Park B, Choi S, Oh D, Kim J, Kim C. Recent Advances in Contrast-Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging: Overcoming the Physical and Practical Challenges. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 36642892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has been investigated to realize its potential as a niche biomedical imaging modality. Despite its highly desirable optical contrast and ultrasonic spatiotemporal resolution, PAI is challenged by such physical limitations as a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), diminished image contrast due to strong optical attenuation, and a lower-bound on spatial resolution in deep tissue. In addition, contrast-enhanced PAI has faced practical limitations such as insufficient cell-specific targeting due to low delivery efficiency and difficulties in developing clinically translatable agents. Identifying these limitations is essential to the continuing expansion of the field, and substantial advances in developing contrast-enhancing agents, complemented by high-performance image acquisition systems, have synergistically dealt with the challenges of conventional PAI. This review covers the past four years of research on pushing the physical and practical challenges of PAI in terms of SNR/contrast, spatial resolution, targeted delivery, and clinical application. Promising strategies for dealing with each challenge are reviewed in detail, and future research directions for next generation contrast-enhanced PAI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwook Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbeom Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
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Tseng HC, Kuo CY, Liao WT, Chou TS, Hsiao JK. Indocyanine green as a near-infrared theranostic agent for ferroptosis and apoptosis-based, photothermal, and photodynamic cancer therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1045885. [PMID: 36567945 PMCID: PMC9768228 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1045885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered programmed cell death pathway initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cancer cells can escape ferroptosis, and strategies to promote cancer treatment are crucial. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecule used in the imaging of residual tumor removal during surgery. Growing attention has been paid to the anticancer potential of ICG-NIR irradiation by inducing ROS production and theranostic effects. Organic anion transmembrane polypeptide (OATP) 1B3 is responsible for ICG metabolism. Additionally, the overexpression of OATP1B3 has been reported in several cancers. However, whether ICG combined with NIR exposure can cause ferroptosis remains unknown and the concept of treating OATP1B3-expressing cells with ICG-NIR irradiation has not been validated. We then used ICG as a theranostic molecule and an OATP1B3-transfected fibrosarcoma cell line, HT-1080 (HT-1080-OATP1B3), as a cell model. The HT-1080-OATP1B3 cell could promote the uptake of ICG into the cytoplasm. We observed that the HT-1080-OATP1B3 cells treated with ICG and exposed to 808-nm laser irradiation underwent apoptosis, as indicated by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax but downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, lipid ROS production and consequent ferroptosis and hyperthermic effect were noted after ICG and laser administration. Finally, in vivo study findings also revealed that ICG with 808-nm laser irradiation has a significant effect on cancer suppression. ICG is a theranostic molecule that exerts synchronous apoptosis, ferroptosis, and hyperthermia effects and thus can be used in cancer treatment. Our findings may facilitate the development of treatment modalities for chemo-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ching Tseng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Te-Sen Chou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Jong-Kai Hsiao,
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10
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Brindle KM. Gene reporters for magnetic resonance imaging. Trends Genet 2022; 38:996-998. [PMID: 35641343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MRI-based gene reporters allow imaging of gene expression at depth (tens of centimetres) and at relatively high resolution (~10-100 μm) and have the potential to be translated to the clinic. The reporters exploit either endogenous contrast mechanisms or they modulate the response to an introduced exogenous contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
MRI is a widely available clinical tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. MRI provides excellent soft tissue imaging, using a wide range of contrast mechanisms, and can non-invasively detect tissue metabolites. These approaches can be used to distinguish cancer from normal tissues, to stratify tumor aggressiveness, and to identify changes within both the tumor and its microenvironment in response to therapy. In this review, the role of MRI in immunotherapy monitoring will be discussed and how it could be utilized in the future to address some of the unique clinical questions that arise from immunotherapy. For example, MRI could play a role in identifying pseudoprogression, mixed response, T cell infiltration, cell tracking, and some of the characteristic immune-related adverse events associated with these agents. The factors to be considered when developing MRI imaging biomarkers for immunotherapy will be reviewed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of each approach will be discussed, as well as the challenges for future clinical translation into routine clinical care. Given the increasing use of immunotherapy in a wide range of cancers and the ability of MRI to detect the microstructural and functional changes associated with successful response to immunotherapy, the technique has great potential for more widespread and routine use in the future for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Lau
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pippa G Corrie
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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He Y, Zhang Y, Li W, Li Q, Zhao B, Tang X, Chen D, Zhang T, Zhang T, Zhong Z. Evaluating blood-brain barrier disruption and infarction volume concurrently in rats subjected to ischemic stroke using an optical imaging system. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 378:109630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shalaby N, Kelly J, Martinez F, Fox M, Qi Q, Thiessen J, Hicks J, Scholl TJ, Ronald JA. A Human-derived Dual MRI/PET Reporter Gene System with High Translational Potential for Cell Tracking. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:341-351. [PMID: 35146614 PMCID: PMC9235057 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reporter gene imaging has been extensively used to longitudinally report on whole-body distribution and viability of transplanted engineered cells. Multi-modal cell tracking can provide complementary information on cell fate. Typical multi-modal reporter gene systems often combine clinical and preclinical modalities. A multi-modal reporter gene system for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), two clinical modalities, would be advantageous by combining the sensitivity of PET with the high-resolution morphology and non-ionizing nature of MRI. PROCEDURES We developed and evaluated a dual MRI/PET reporter gene system composed of two human-derived reporter genes that utilize clinical reporter probes for engineered cell detection. As a proof-of-concept, breast cancer cells were engineered to co-express the human organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) that uptakes the clinical MRI contrast agent gadolinium ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA), and the human sodium iodide symporter (NIS) which uptakes the PET tracer, [18F] tetrafluoroborate ([18F] TFB). RESULTS T1-weighted MRI results in mice exhibited significantly higher MRI signals in reporter-gene-engineered mammary fat pad tumors versus contralateral naïve tumors (p < 0.05). No differences in contrast enhancement were observed at 5 h after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration using either intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. We also found significantly higher standard uptake values (SUV) in engineered tumors in comparison to the naïve tumors in [18F]TFB PET images (p < 0.001). Intratumoral heterogeneity in signal enhancement was more conspicuous in relatively higher resolution MR images compared to PET images. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the ability to noninvasively track cells engineered with our human-derived dual MRI/PET reporter system, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of transplanted cells. Future work is focused on applying this tool to track therapeutic cells, which may one day enable the broader application of cell tracking within the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Shalaby
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada.
| | - John Kelly
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Mathew Fox
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
- Saint Joseph's Health Care, Toronto, Canada
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jonathan Thiessen
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Saint Joseph's Health Care, Toronto, Canada
- Lawson Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Facility, London, Canada
| | - Justin Hicks
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
- Lawson Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Facility, London, Canada
| | - Timothy J Scholl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - John A Ronald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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Lu CH, Hsiao JK. Indocyanine green: An old drug with novel applications. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:317-322. [PMID: 34760625 PMCID: PMC8532591 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_216_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG), a US Food and Drug Administration-approved fluorescent compound, has been on the medical stage for more than 60 years. Current uses include hepatic function evaluation before surgical procedure and fundus evaluation. The large safety margin and near-infrared fluorescent optical advantage of the drug have proved useful in several clinical trials of intraoperative systems for tumor removal. Several nanoparticle-sized formulations for thermal ablation and photodynamic therapy have also been evaluated in animal experiments. Studies have attempted to manipulate ICG as a reporter fluorophore with initial success. In this article, we reviewed ICG's histological applications, chemical and physical properties, current clinical applications, ongoing clinical trials, and biomedical studies and prospects. We believe that ICG could be used with novel biotechnological techniques, such as fluorescent endoscopy and photoacoustic equipment, in a range of biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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15
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Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 Is a Potential Reporter for Dual MR and Optical Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168797. [PMID: 34445497 PMCID: PMC8395777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins responsible for transporting magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorescent contrast agents are of particular importance because they are potential reporter proteins in noninvasive molecular imaging. Gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA), a liver-specific MR contrast agent, has been used globally for more than 10 years. However, the corresponding molecular transportation mechanism has not been validated. We previously reported that the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3 has an uptake capability for both MR agents (Gd-EOB-DTPA) and indocyanine green (ICG), a clinically available near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye. This study further evaluated OATP1B1, another polypeptide of the OATP family, to determine its reporter capability. In the OATP1B1 transfected 293T transient expression model, both Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA uptake were confirmed through 1.5 T MR imaging. In the constant OAPT1B1 and OATP1B3 expression model in the HT-1080 cell line, both HT-1080-OAPT1B1 and HT-1080-OATP1B3 were observed to ingest Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA. Lastly, we validated the ICG uptake capability of both OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. OAPT1B3 exhibited a superior ICG uptake capability to that of OAPT1B1. We conclude that OATP1B1 is a potential reporter for dual MR and NIR fluorescent molecular imaging, especially in conjunction with Gd-BOPTA.
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16
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Concilio SC, Russell SJ, Peng KW. A brief review of reporter gene imaging in oncolytic virotherapy and gene therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 21:98-109. [PMID: 33981826 PMCID: PMC8065251 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter gene imaging (RGI) can accelerate development timelines for gene and viral therapies by facilitating rapid and noninvasive in vivo studies to determine the biodistribution, magnitude, and durability of viral gene expression and/or virus infection. Functional molecular imaging systems used for this purpose can be divided broadly into deep-tissue and optical modalities. Deep-tissue modalities, which can be used in animals of any size as well as in human subjects, encompass single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional/molecular magnetic resonance imaging (f/mMRI). Optical modalities encompass fluorescence, bioluminescence, Cerenkov luminescence, and photoacoustic imaging and are suitable only for small animal imaging. Here we discuss the mechanisms of action and relative merits of currently available reporter gene systems, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of deep tissue versus optical imaging systems and the hardware/reagents that are used for data capture and processing. In light of recent technological advances, falling costs of imaging instruments, better availability of novel radioactive and optical tracers, and a growing realization that RGI can give invaluable insights across the entire in vivo translational spectrum, the approach is becoming increasingly essential to facilitate the competitive development of new virus- and gene-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Shao F, Long Y, Ji H, Jiang D, Lei P, Lan X. Radionuclide-based molecular imaging allows CAR-T cellular visualization and therapeutic monitoring. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6800-6817. [PMID: 34093854 PMCID: PMC8171102 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is a new and effective form of adoptive cell therapy that is rapidly entering the mainstream for the treatment of CD19-positive hematological cancers because of its impressive effect and durable responses. Huge challenges remain in achieving similar success in patients with solid tumors. The current methods of monitoring CAR-T, including morphological imaging (CT and MRI), blood tests, and biopsy, have limitations to assess whether CAR-T cells are homing to tumor sites and infiltrating into tumor bed, or to assess the survival, proliferation, and persistence of CAR-T cells in solid tumors associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Radionuclide-based molecular imaging affords improved CAR-T cellular visualization and therapeutic monitoring through either a direct cellular radiolabeling approach or a reporter gene imaging strategy, and endogenous cell imaging is beneficial to reflect functional information and immune status of T cells. Focusing on the dynamic monitoring and precise assessment of CAR-T therapy, this review summarizes the current applications of radionuclide-based noninvasive imaging in CAR-T cells visualization and monitoring and presents current challenges and strategic choices.
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18
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Kelly JJ, Saee-Marand M, Nyström NN, Evans MM, Chen Y, Martinez FM, Hamilton AM, Ronald JA. Safe harbor-targeted CRISPR-Cas9 homology-independent targeted integration for multimodality reporter gene-based cell tracking. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc3791. [PMID: 33523917 PMCID: PMC7817109 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Imaging reporter genes provides longitudinal information on the biodistribution, growth, and survival of engineered cells in vivo. A translational bottleneck to using reporter genes is the necessity to engineer cells with randomly integrating vectors. Here, we built homology-independent targeted integration (HITI) CRISPR-Cas9 minicircle donors for precise safe harbor-targeted knock-in of fluorescence, bioluminescence, and MRI (Oatp1a1) reporter genes. Our results showed greater knock-in efficiency using HITI vectors compared to homology-directed repair vectors. HITI clones demonstrated functional fluorescence and bioluminescence reporter activity as well as significant Oatp1a1-mediated uptake of the clinically approved MRI agent gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. Contrast-enhanced MRI improved the conspicuity of both subcutaneous and metastatic Oatp1a1-expressing tumors before they became palpable or even readily visible on precontrast images. Our work demonstrates the first CRISPR-Cas9 HITI system for knock-in of large DNA donor constructs at a safe harbor locus, enabling multimodal longitudinal in vivo imaging of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kelly
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moe Saee-Marand
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nivin N Nyström
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa M Evans
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco M Martinez
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda M Hamilton
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A Ronald
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Baek SE, Ul-Haq A, Kim DH, Choi HW, Kim MJ, Choi HJ, Kim H. Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B3 Applied as an MRI-Based Reporter Gene. Korean J Radiol 2020; 21:726-735. [PMID: 32410411 PMCID: PMC7231618 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent innovations in biology are boosting gene and cell therapy, but monitoring the response to these treatments is difficult. The purpose of this study was to find an MRI-reporter gene that can be used to monitor gene or cell therapy and that can be delivered without a viral vector, as viral vector delivery methods can result in long-term complications. Materials and Methods CMV promoter-human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (CMV-hOATP1B3) cDNA or CMV-blank DNA (control) was transfected into HEK293 cells using Lipofectamine. OATP1B3 expression was confirmed by western blotting and confocal microscopy. In vitro cell phantoms were made using transfected HEK293 cells cultured in various concentrations of gadoxetic acid for 24 hours, and images of the phantoms were made with a 9.4T micro-MRI. In vivo xenograft tumors were made by implanting HEK293 cells transfected with CMV-hOATP1B3 (n = 4) or CMV-blank (n = 4) in 8-week-old male nude mice, and MRI was performed before and after intravenous injection of gadoxetic acid (1.2 µL/g). Results Western blot and confocal microscopy after immunofluorescence staining revealed that only CMV-hOATP1B3-transfected HEK293 cells produced abundant OATP1B3, which localized at the cell membrane. OATP1B3 expression levels remained high through the 25th subculture cycle, but decreased substantially by the 50th subculture cycle. MRI of cell phantoms showed that only the CMV-hOATP1B3-transfected cells produced a significant contrast enhancement effect. In vivo MRI of xenograft tumors revealed that only CMV-hOATP1B3-transfected HEK293 tumors demonstrated a T1 contrast effect, which lasted for at least 5 hours. Conclusion The human endogenous OATP1B3 gene can be non-virally delivered into cells to induce transient OATP1B3 expression, leading to gadoxetic acid-mediated enhancement on MRI. These results indicate that hOATP1B3 can serve as an MRI-reporter gene while minimizing the risk of long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ee Baek
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Asad Ul-Haq
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hee Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Myeong Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Honsoul Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Serganova I, Blasberg RG. Molecular Imaging with Reporter Genes: Has Its Promise Been Delivered? J Nucl Med 2020; 60:1665-1681. [PMID: 31792128 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first reporter systems were developed in the early 1980s and were based on measuring the activity of an enzyme-as a surrogate measure of promoter-driven transcriptional activity-which is now known as a reporter gene system. The initial objective and application of reporter techniques was to analyze the activity of a specific promoter (namely, the expression of a gene that is under the regulation of the specific promoter that is linked to the reporter gene). This system allows visualization of specific promoter activity with great sensitivity. In general, there are 2 classes of reporter systems: constitutively expressed (always-on) reporter constructs used for cell tracking, and inducible reporter systems sensitive to endogenous signaling molecules and transcription factors that characterize specific tissues, tumors, or signaling pathways.This review traces the development of different reporter systems, using fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins as well as radionuclide-based reporter systems. The development and application of radionuclide-based reporter systems is the focus of this review. The question at the end of the review is whether the "promise" of reporter gene imaging has been realized. What is required for moving forward with radionuclide-based reporter systems, and what is required for successful translation to clinical applications?
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Hospital, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Cotransporter, A Novel Transporter of Indocyanine Green, and Its Application in Drug Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062202. [PMID: 32209977 PMCID: PMC7139337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acid plays critical roles in the elimination of inorganic compounds such as bilirubin, heavy metals, and drug metabolites. Apical sodium-dependent bile acid cotransporter (ASBT), a solute carrier membrane transport protein, transports bile acids. Several inhibitors of ASBT have been evaluated in clinical trials. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), belonging to the same family as ASBT, has fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate (FITC) and indocyanine green (ICG) transportability. ICG, a Food and Drug Administration-approved fluorophore at near-infrared range, has perfect optical characteristics, so it can be applied in cell tracking and drug screening. In this study, ASBT and NTCP were transduced into the HT-1080 cell line. Nude mice were subcutaneously xenografted with control and ASBT-expressing cells. ICG transportability was observed through flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, multi-mode plate readers, and an in vivo imaging system. Several molecules, including taurocholate, sodium deoxycholate, cyclosporine A, nifedipine, and Primovist, were used to evaluate an in vitro drug-screening platform by using the combination of ICG and ASBT through flow cytometry. ICG and FITC were validated and shown to be transported by ASBT. NTCP had a higher ICG intensity compared with ASBT. For cell tracking, the ASBT xenograft had similar ICG signals as the control. For a drug-screening platform, the ICG intensity decreased with 186 μM taurocholate (56.8%), deoxycholate (83.8%), and increased with nifedipine (133.2%). These findings are suggestive of opportunities for the high-throughput drug screening of cholestasis and other diseases that are related to the dynamics of bile acid reabsorption.
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Longitudinal Visualization of Viable Cancer Cell Intratumoral Distribution in Mouse Models Using Oatp1a1-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Invest Radiol 2019; 54:302-311. [PMID: 30672844 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multimodality reporter gene imaging provides valuable, noninvasive information on the fate of engineered cell populations. To complement magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of tumor volume and 2-dimensional reporter-based optical measures of cell viability, reporter-based MRI may offer 3-dimensional information on the distribution of viable cancer cells in deep tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we engineered human and murine triple-negative breast cancer cells with lentivirus encoding tdTomato and firefly luciferase for fluorescence imaging and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). A subset of these cells was additionally engineered with lentivirus encoding organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 (Oatp1a1) for MRI. Oatp1a1 operates by transporting gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) into cells, and it concomitantly improves BLI substrate uptake. After orthotopic implantation of engineered cells expressing or not expressing Oatp1a1, longitudinal fluorescence imaging, BLI, and 3-Tesla MRI were performed. RESULTS Oatp1a1-expressing tumors displayed significantly increased BLI signals relative to control tumors at all time points (P < 0.05). On MRI, post-Gd-EOB-DTPA T1-weighted images of Oatp1a1-expressing tumors exhibited significantly increased contrast-to-noise ratios compared with control tumors and precontrast images (P < 0.05). At endpoint, tumors expressing Oatp1a1 displayed intratumoral MR signal heterogeneity not present at earlier time points. Pixel-based analysis of matched in vivo MR and ex vivo fluorescence microscopy images revealed a strong, positive correlation between MR intensity and tdTomato intensity for Oatp1a1-expressing tumors (P < 0.05), but not control tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results characterize Oatp1a1 as a sensitive, quantitative, positive contrast MRI reporter gene for 3-dimensional assessment of viable cancer cell intratumoral distribution and concomitant BLI enhancement. This multimodality reporter gene system can provide new insights into the influence of viable cancer cell intratumoral distribution on tumor progression and metastasis, as well as improved assessments of anticancer therapies.
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Nyström NN, Yip LCM, Carson JJL, Scholl TJ, Ronald JA. Development of a Human Photoacoustic Imaging Reporter Gene Using the Clinical Dye Indocyanine Green. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2019; 1:e190035. [PMID: 33778683 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.2019190035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop a photoacoustic imaging (PAI) reporter gene that has high translational potential. Previous research has shown that human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1b3 (OATP1B3) promotes the uptake of the near-infrared fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG). In this study, the authors have established OATP1B3 and ICG as a reporter gene-probe pair for in vivo PAI. Materials and Methods Human breast cancer cells were engineered to express OATP1B3. Control cells (not expressing OATP1B3) or OATP1B3-expressing cells were incubated with or without ICG, placed in a breast-mimicking phantom, and imaged with PAI. Control (n = 6) or OATP1B3-expressing (n = 5) cells were then implanted orthotopically into female mice. Full-spectrum PAI was performed before and 24 hours after ICG administration. One-way analysis of variance was performed, followed by Tukey posthoc multiple comparisons, to assess statistical significance. Results OATP1B3-expressing cells incubated with ICG exhibited a 2.7-fold increase in contrast-to-noise ratio relative to all other controls in vitro (P < .05). In mice, PAI signals after ICG administration were increased 2.3-fold in OATP1B3 tumors relative to those in controls (P < .05). Conclusion OATP1B3 operates as an in vivo PAI reporter gene based on its ability to promote the cellular uptake of ICG. Benefits include the human derivation of OATP1B3, combined with the use of wavelengths in the near-infrared region, high extinction coefficient, low quantum yield, and clinical approval of ICG. The authors posit that this system will be useful for localized monitoring of emerging gene- and cell-based therapies in clinical applications.© RSNA, 2019Keywords: Animal Studies, Molecular Imaging, Molecular Imaging-Clinical Translation, Molecular Imaging-Reporter Gene Imaging, Optical ImagingSupplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivin N Nyström
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, Room 2241A, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7 (N.N.N., L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada (N.N.N., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada (L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., J.A.R.); and Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (T.J.S.)
| | - Lawrence C M Yip
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, Room 2241A, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7 (N.N.N., L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada (N.N.N., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada (L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., J.A.R.); and Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (T.J.S.)
| | - Jeffrey J L Carson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, Room 2241A, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7 (N.N.N., L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada (N.N.N., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada (L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., J.A.R.); and Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (T.J.S.)
| | - Timothy J Scholl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, Room 2241A, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7 (N.N.N., L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada (N.N.N., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada (L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., J.A.R.); and Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (T.J.S.)
| | - John A Ronald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, Room 2241A, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7 (N.N.N., L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada (N.N.N., T.J.S., J.A.R.); Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada (L.C.M.Y., J.J.L.C., J.A.R.); and Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada (T.J.S.)
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Wu MR, Huang YY, Hsiao JK. Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG), a Medical Near Infrared Dye, for Enhanced Fluorescent Imaging-Comparison of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) and Sodium-Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP) Reporter Genes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122295. [PMID: 31234288 PMCID: PMC6630416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular imaging in living organisms have ushered in an era of comprehensive understanding of intracellular and intercellular events. Currently, more efforts have been focused on the infrared fluorescent dyes that facilitate deeper tissue visualization. Both sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and organic-anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) are capable of carrying indocyanine green (ICG) into the cytoplasm. We compared the feasibility of NTCP and OATP1B3 as reporter genes in combination with ICG. NTCP and OATP1B3 were transduced into HT-29 cells. Genetically modified HT-29 cells were inoculated into nude mice. ICG was administered in vitro and in vivo and the signals were observed under confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, multimode microplate reader, and an in vivo imaging system. Both NTCP- and OATP1B3-expressing cells and xenografts had higher ICG intensities. The OATP1B3-expressing xenograft has a higher ICG uptake than the NTCP-expressing xenograft. NTCP or OATP1B3 combined with ICG could serve as a noninvasive imaging modality for molecular and cellular imaging. OATP1B3 outperforms NTCP in terms of in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menq-Rong Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist., New Taipei city 23142, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-You Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei TzuChi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, No.289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist., New Taipei city 23142, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd. Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
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Wu MR, Hsiao JK, Liu HM, Huang YY, Tseng YJ, Chou PT, Weng TI, Yang CY. In vivo imaging of insulin-secreting human pancreatic ductal cells using MRI reporter gene technique: A feasibility study. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:763-774. [PMID: 30957300 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of in vivo imaging of human pancreatic ductal cells by OATP1B3 reporter gene under MRI. METHODS A human cell line (PANC-1) derived from the pancreatic ductal epithelium was used in this study. After transduction of OATP1B3, the cellular physiological functions and the ability of intracellular uptake of the MRI contrast medium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) were examined. Induced differentiation of the PANC-1 cells into hormone-secreting cells were performed to simulate pancreatic β-like cells. The hormone-secreting cells were implanted into rats and in vivo MRI was evaluated. RESULTS The mRNA and proteins of OATP1B3 were highly expressed. No significant change of cellular physiological functions was found after the expression. After induced differentiation, the hormone secretion capacities of the OATP1B3-expressing PANC-1 cells were confirmed. Intra-cellular uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA was determined in vitro by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and MRI. In vivo MRI of the OATP1B3-expressing xenograft revealed an increased signal intensity after contrast enhancement. CONCLUSION OATP1B3 can be used as a safe and feasible in vivo MRI gene reporter for human pancreatic ductal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menq-Rong Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, New Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, New Taipei city, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Man Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fu-Jen Catholic University and Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-You Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Tseng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-I Weng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Yang
- Department of Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Exposure of Macrophages to Low-Dose Gadolinium-Based Contrast Medium: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Cytokines Production. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:3535769. [PMID: 30627059 PMCID: PMC6305030 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3535769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has drawn a lot of attention. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a lethal disease related to the use of GBCAs, is still not understood. Recently, gadolinium retention is found in brain tissues after repeated use of GBCAs in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, most of the works investigating the toxicity of GBCAs are focusing on its high-concentration (0.5–10 mM) part, which is not reflective of the physiological conditions in human beings. Macrophages play a regulatory role in immune responses and are responsible for the fibrosis process. Their role in gadolinium retention and the pathogenesis of NSF, however, has seldom been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response generated by macrophages (RAW 264.7) exposing to low levels of GBCAs. The incubation concentration of GBCAs, including Omniscan®, Primovist®, Magnevist®, and Gadovist®, is proportional to the level of gadolinium uptake when detected via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and imaged by MRI, whereas Primovist® treatment groups have highest gadolinium uptake among all of the tested concentrations. Low-concentration (2.5 μmol/L) Gd chloride or GBCAs exposure promoted the reactive production of oxygen species (ROS), nitrate/nitrite, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and suppressed the potential of mitochondrial membrane. There was higher ROS, nitrate/nitrite, and PGE2 production in the Primovist®, Omniscan®, and Magnevist® groups compared to the Gadovist® group. In face of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, Primovist®, Omniscan®, and Magnevist® groups exhibited elevated nitrite/nitrate and suppressed IL-1β secretion and IL-6 and IL-10 secretion. Moreover, upon LPS stimulation, there is decreased TNF-α secretion 4 hours after Primovist® or Omiscan® exposure but the TNF-α secretion increased at 24 hours. Our data suggest that there is upregulated inflammation even in the presence of low levels of GBCAs, even similar to the physiological condition in murine macrophage. Further investigation of GBCAs on the human macrophage or in vivo animal study may clarify the role of macrophage on the pathogenesis of NSF and other GBCAs-related disease.
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Deng Y, Xu A, Yu Y, Fu C, Liang G. Biomedical Applications of Fluorescent and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dual‐Modality Probes. Chembiochem 2018; 20:499-510. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Institute for Interdisciplinary & Research Key Laboratory of, Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 P.R. China
| | - Aifei Xu
- School of Tobacco Science and EngineeringZhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Yu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary & Research Key Laboratory of, Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 P.R. China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary & Research Key Laboratory of, Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of EducationJianghan University Wuhan 430056 P.R. China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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Hamilton AM, Foster PJ, Ronald JA. Evaluating Nonintegrating Lentiviruses as Safe Vectors for Noninvasive Reporter-Based Molecular Imaging of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1213-1225. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Hamilton
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Paula J. Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - John A. Ronald
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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Li M, Wang Y, Liu M, Lan X. Multimodality reporter gene imaging: Construction strategies and application. Theranostics 2018; 8:2954-2973. [PMID: 29896296 PMCID: PMC5996353 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has played an important role in the noninvasive exploration of multiple biological processes. Reporter gene imaging is a key part of molecular imaging. By combining with a reporter probe, a reporter protein can induce the accumulation of specific signals that are detectable by an imaging device to provide indirect information of reporter gene expression in living subjects. There are many types of reporter genes and each corresponding imaging technique has its own advantages and drawbacks. Fused reporter genes or single reporter genes with products detectable by multiple imaging modalities can compensate for the disadvantages and potentiate the advantages of each modality. Reporter gene multimodality imaging could be applied to trace implanted cells, monitor gene therapy, assess endogenous molecular events, screen drugs, etc. Although several types of multimodality imaging apparatus and multimodality reporter genes are available, more sophisticated detectors and multimodality reporter gene systems are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
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30
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Stem Cell Tracing Through MR Molecular Imaging. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:249-261. [PMID: 30603551 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy opens a new window in medicine to overcome several diseases that remain incurable. It appears such diseases as cardiovascular disorders, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, urinary system diseases, cartilage lesions and diabetes are curable with stem cell transplantation. However, some questions related to stem cell therapy have remained unanswered. Stem cell imaging allows approval of appropriated strategies such as selection of the type and dose of stem cell, and also mode of cell delivery before being tested in clinical trials. MRI as a non-invasive imaging modality provides proper conditions for this aim. So far, different contrast agents such as superparamagnetic or paramagnetic nanoparticles, ultrasmall superparamagnetic nanoparticles, fluorine, gadolinium and some types of reporter genes have been used for imaging of stem cells. The core subject of these studies is to investigate the survival and differentiation of stem cells, contrast agent's toxicity and long term following of transplanted cells. The promising results of in vivo and some clinical trial studies may raise hope for clinical stem cells imaging with MRI.
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