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Núñez FJ, Banerjee K, Mujeeb AA, Mauser A, Tronrud CE, Zhu Z, Taher A, Kadiyala P, Carney SV, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Comba A, Alghamri MS, McClellan BL, Faisal SM, Nwosu ZC, Hong HS, Qin T, Sartor MA, Ljungman M, Cheng SY, Appelman HD, Lowenstein PR, Lahann J, Lyssiotis CA, Castro MG. Epigenetic Reprogramming of Autophagy Drives Mutant IDH1 Glioma Progression and Response to Radiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584091. [PMID: 38559270 PMCID: PMC10979892 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1; IDH1 R132H ) exhibits a gain of function mutation enabling 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) production. 2HG inhibits DNA and histone demethylases, inducing epigenetic reprogramming and corresponding changes to the transcriptome. We previously demonstrated 2HG-mediated epigenetic reprogramming enhances DNA-damage response and confers radioresistance in mIDH1 gliomas harboring p53 and ATRX loss of function mutations. In this study, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data revealed human and mouse mIDH1 glioma neurospheres have downregulated gene ontologies related to mitochondrial metabolism and upregulated autophagy. Further analysis revealed that the decreased mitochondrial metabolism was paralleled by a decrease in glycolysis, rendering autophagy as a source of energy in mIDH1 glioma cells. Analysis of autophagy pathways showed that mIDH1 glioma cells exhibited increased expression of pULK1-S555 and enhanced LC3 I/II conversion, indicating augmented autophagy activity. This dependence is reflected by increased sensitivity of mIDH1 glioma cells to autophagy inhibition. Blocking autophagy selectively impairs the growth of cultured mIDH1 glioma cells but not wild-type IDH1 (wtIDH1) glioma cells. Targeting autophagy by systemic administration of synthetic protein nanoparticles packaged with siRNA targeting Atg7 (SPNP-siRNA-Atg7) sensitized mIDH1 glioma cells to radiation-induced cell death, resulting in tumor regression, long-term survival, and immunological memory, when used in combination with IR. Our results indicate autophagy as a critical pathway for survival and maintenance of mIDH1 glioma cells, a strategy that has significant potential for future clinical translation. One Sentence Summary The inhibition of autophagy sensitizes mIDH1 glioma cells to radiation, thus creating a promising therapeutic strategy for mIDH1 glioma patients. Graphical abstract Our genetically engineered mIDH1 mouse glioma model harbors IDH1 R132H in the context of ATRX and TP53 knockdown. The production of 2-HG elicited an epigenetic reprogramming associated with a disruption in mitochondrial activity and an enhancement of autophagy in mIDH1 glioma cells. Autophagy is a mechanism involved in cell homeostasis related with cell survival under energetic stress and DNA damage protection. Autophagy has been associated with radio resistance. The inhibition of autophagy thus radio sensitizes mIDH1 glioma cells and enhances survival of mIDH1 glioma-bearing mice, representing a novel therapeutic target for this glioma subtype with potential applicability in combined clinical strategies.
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Nagaoka K, Bai X, Liu D, Cao K, Mulla J, Ji C, Chen H, Nisar MA, Bay A, Mueller W, Hildebrand G, Gao JS, Lu S, Setoyama H, Tanaka Y, Wands JR, Huang CK. Elevated 2-oxoglutarate antagonizes DNA damage responses in cholangiocarcinoma chemotherapy through regulating aspartate beta-hydroxylase. Cancer Lett 2024; 580:216493. [PMID: 37977350 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is resistant to systemic chemotherapies that kill malignant cells mainly through DNA damage responses (DDRs). Recent studies suggest that the involvement of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dependent dioxygenases in DDRs may be associated with chemoresistance in malignancy, but how 2-OG impacts DDRs in CCA chemotherapy remains elusive. We examined serum 2-OG levels in CCA patients before receiving chemotherapy. CCA patients are classified as progressive disease (PD), partial response (PR), and stable disease (SD) after receiving chemotherapy. CCA patients classified as PD showed significantly higher serum 2-OG levels than those defined as SD and PR. Treating CCA cells with 2-OG reduced DDRs. Overexpression of full-length aspartate beta-hydroxylase (ASPH) could mimic the effects of 2-OG on DDRs, suggesting the important role of ASPH in chemoresistance. Indeed, the knockdown of ASPH improved chemotherapy in CCA cells. Targeting ASPH with a specific small molecule inhibitor also enhanced the effects of chemotherapy. Mechanistically, ASPH modulates DDRs by affecting ATM and ATR, two of the major regulators finely controlling DDRs. More importantly, targeting ASPH improved the therapeutic potential of chemotherapy in two preclinical CCA models. Our data suggested the impacts of elevated 2-OG and ASPH on chemoresistance through antagonizing DDRs. Targeting ASPH may enhance DDRs, improving chemotherapy in CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Nagaoka
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Xuewei Bai
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kevin Cao
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joud Mulla
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chengcheng Ji
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hongze Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nisar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Amalia Bay
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William Mueller
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Grace Hildebrand
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jin-Song Gao
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Hiroko Setoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jack R Wands
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Chu YD, Chen CW, Lai MW, Lim SN, Lin WR. Bioenergetic alteration in gastrointestinal cancers: The good, the bad and the ugly. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4499-4527. [PMID: 37621758 PMCID: PMC10445009 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i29.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit metabolic reprogramming and bioenergetic alteration, utilizing glucose fermentation for energy production, known as the Warburg effect. However, there are a lack of comprehensive reviews summarizing the metabolic reprogramming, bioenergetic alteration, and their oncogenetic links in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Furthermore, the efficacy and treatment potential of emerging anticancer drugs targeting these alterations in GI cancers require further evaluation. This review highlights the interplay between aerobic glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in cancer cells, as well as hypotheses on the molecular mechanisms that trigger this alteration. The role of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, tumor suppressors, and the oncogenetic link between hypoxia-related enzymes, bioenergetic changes, and GI cancer are also discussed. This review emphasizes the potential of targeting bioenergetic regulators for anti-cancer therapy, particularly for GI cancers. Emphasizing the potential of targeting bioenergetic regulators for GI cancer therapy, the review categorizes these regulators into aerobic glycolysis/ lactate biosynthesis/transportation and TCA cycle/coupled OXPHOS. We also detail various anti-cancer drugs and strategies that have produced pre-clinical and/or clinical evidence in treating GI cancers, as well as the challenges posed by these drugs. Here we highlight that understanding dysregulated cancer cell bioenergetics is critical for effective treatments, although the diverse metabolic patterns present challenges for targeted therapies. Further research is needed to comprehend the specific mechanisms of inhibiting bioenergetic enzymes, address side effects, and leverage high-throughput multi-omics and spatial omics to gain insights into cancer cell heterogeneity for targeted bioenergetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-De Chu
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Siew-Na Lim
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Khurshed M, Prades-Sagarra E, Saleh S, Sminia P, Wilmink JW, Molenaar RJ, Crezee H, van Noorden CJF. Hyperthermia as a Potential Cornerstone of Effective Multimodality Treatment with Radiotherapy, Cisplatin and PARP Inhibitor in IDH1-Mutated Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246228. [PMID: 36551714 PMCID: PMC9777513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1MUT) gene occur in various types of malignancies, including ~60% of chondrosarcomas, ~30% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and >80% of low-grade gliomas. IDH1MUT are causal in the development and progression of these types of cancer due to neomorphic production of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). Intracellular accumulation of D-2HG has been implicated in suppressing homologous recombination and renders IDH1MUT cancer cells sensitive to DNA-repair-inhibiting agents, such as poly-(adenosine 5′-diphosphate−ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Hyperthermia increases the efficacy of DNA-damaging therapies such as radiotherapy and platinum-based chemotherapy, mainly by inhibition of DNA repair. In the current study, we investigated the additional effects of hyperthermia (42 °C for 1 h) in the treatment of IDH1MUT HCT116 colon cancer cells and hyperthermia1080 chondrosarcoma cancer cells in combination with radiation, cisplatin and/or a PARPi on clonogenic cell survival, cell cycle distribution and the induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. We found that hyperthermia in combination with radiation or cisplatin induces an increase in double-strand breaks and cell death, up to 10-fold in IDH1MUT cancer cells compared to IDH1 wild-type cells. This vulnerability was abolished by the IDH1MUT inhibitor AGI-5198 and was further increased by the PARPi. In conclusion, our study shows that IDH1MUT cancer cells are sensitized to hyperthermia in combination with irradiation or cisplatin and a PARPi. Therefore, hyperthermia may be an efficacious sensitizer to cytotoxic therapies in tumors where the clinical application of hyperthermia is feasible, such as IDH1MUT chondrosarcoma of the extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khurshed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Elia Prades-Sagarra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saleh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sminia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna W. Wilmink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J. Molenaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Crezee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. F. van Noorden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Germline mutations in mitochondrial complex I reveal genetic and targetable vulnerability in IDH1-mutant acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2614. [PMID: 35551192 PMCID: PMC9098909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of germline variation and somatic cancer driver mutations is under-investigated. Here we describe the genomic mitochondrial landscape in adult acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and show that rare variants affecting the nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded complex I genes show near-mutual exclusivity with somatic driver mutations affecting isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), but not IDH2 suggesting a unique epistatic relationship. Whereas AML cells with rare complex I variants or mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 all display attenuated mitochondrial respiration, heightened sensitivity to complex I inhibitors including the clinical-grade inhibitor, IACS-010759, is observed only for IDH1-mutant AML. Furthermore, IDH1 mutant blasts that are resistant to the IDH1-mutant inhibitor, ivosidenib, retain sensitivity to complex I inhibition. We propose that the IDH1 mutation limits the flexibility for citrate utilization in the presence of impaired complex I activity to a degree that is not apparent in IDH2 mutant cells, exposing a mutation-specific metabolic vulnerability. This reduced metabolic plasticity explains the epistatic relationship between the germline complex I variants and oncogenic IDH1 mutation underscoring the utility of genomic data in revealing metabolic vulnerabilities with implications for therapy. Mitochondrial metabolism has been associated with tumourigenesis in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and currently considered as a potential therapeutic target. Here, the authors show, in patients with AML, that germline mutations in mitochondrial complex I are mutually exclusive with somatic mutations in the metabolic enzyme IDH1, and find IDH1 mutant cells have increased sensitivity to complex I inhibitors.
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Hvinden IC, Cadoux-Hudson T, Schofield CJ, McCullagh JS. Metabolic adaptations in cancers expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100469. [PMID: 35028610 PMCID: PMC8714851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The most frequently mutated metabolic genes in human cancer are those encoding the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2; these mutations have so far been identified in more than 20 tumor types. Since IDH mutations were first reported in glioma over a decade ago, extensive research has revealed their association with altered cellular processes. Mutations in IDH lead to a change in enzyme function, enabling efficient conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG). It is proposed that elevated cellular R-2-HG inhibits enzymes that regulate transcription and metabolism, subsequently affecting nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial biochemistry. The significance of these biochemical changes for tumorigenesis and potential for therapeutic exploitation remains unclear. Here we comprehensively review reported direct and indirect metabolic changes linked to IDH mutations and discuss their clinical significance. We also review the metabolic effects of first-generation mutant IDH inhibitors and highlight the potential for combination treatment strategies and new metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Comfort Hvinden
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tom Cadoux-Hudson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James S.O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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Colombo G, Gelardi ELM, Balestrero FC, Moro M, Travelli C, Genazzani AA. Insight Into Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Homeostasis as a Targetable Metabolic Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:758320. [PMID: 34880756 PMCID: PMC8645963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.758320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells modify their cellular metabolism with the aim to sustain uncontrolled proliferation. Cancer cells necessitate adequate amounts of NAD and NADPH to support several enzymes that are usually overexpressed and/or overactivated. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential cofactor and substrate of several NAD-consuming enzymes, such as PARPs and sirtuins, while NADPH is important in the regulation of the redox status in cells. The present review explores the rationale for targeting the key enzymes that maintain the cellular NAD/NADPH pool in colorectal cancer and the enzymes that consume or use NADP(H).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Marianna Moro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Patrick S, Gowda P, Lathoria K, Suri V, Sen E. YAP1-mediated regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in IDH1 mutant gliomas. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273515. [PMID: 34651186 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene leads to the production of oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from α-ketoglutarate and is associated with better prognosis in glioma. As Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is an important regulator of tumor progression, its role in glioma expressing IDH1 with an R132H mutation was investigated. Diminished nuclear levels of YAP1 in IDH1 mutant glioma tissues and cell lines were accompanied by decreased levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the functionality of the TEAD2-binding site on the TFAM promoter in mediating its YAP1-dependent expression. YAP1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation and ROS generation were accompanied by decreased telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) levels and increased mitochondrial TERT localization in IDH1 R132H cells. Treatment with the Src kinase inhibitor bosutinib, which prevents extranuclear shuttling of TERT, further elevated ROS in IDH1 R132H cells and triggered apoptosis. Importantly, bosutinib treatment also increased ROS levels and induced apoptosis in IDH1 wild-type cells when YAP1 was concurrently depleted. These findings highlight the involvement of YAP1 in coupling mitochondrial dysfunction with mitochondrial shuttling of TERT to constitute an essential non-canonical function of YAP1 in the regulation of redox homeostasis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Patrick
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Pruthvi Gowda
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Kirti Lathoria
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ellora Sen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
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Zhang X, Ma S, Chen Y, Yin Y, Bai W, Tan J, Shi G. The isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 is a potential prognostic indicator for non-small cell lung cancer patients. Int J Biol Markers 2021; 36:27-35. [PMID: 34761718 DOI: 10.1177/17246008211052571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1) level is significantly elevated in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has important clinical value as a marker for early diagnosis. This study examined the dynamic changes of serum IDH1 levels of patients with NSCLC undergoing surgery or medical treatment, to evaluate its potential prognostic value. METHODS The study cohort included 83 NSCLC patients who underwent surgery, 37 NSCLC patients who underwent medical treatment, 50 healthy controls, and 52 disease controls. Serum levels of IDH1 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Tumor biomarkers including carcinoembryonic antigen, squamous cell carcinoma, neuron-specific enolase, CYFRA21-1, and pro-gastrin-releasing peptide-which are currently used in clinical practice-were measured by automatic immunoanalyzers. RESULTS Serum IDH1 was significantly higher in patients with NSCLC compared with healthy people or patients with benign lung diseases (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis and differential diagnosis were 0.897 and 0.879, respectively, which were superior to the five tumor markers. Serum IDH1 levels decreased in most patients after surgery, with the most dramatic changes in patients with stage I tumors compared with stage II and III. Analyses of changes in the serum IDH1 level of patients after receiving chemotherapy or targeted therapy revealed that for patients with progressive disease, serum IDH1 increased significantly after treatment; for patients with partial response or stable disease, it decreased steadily. CONCLUSION IDH1 has potential prognostic value and may be used as a marker for the monitoring of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 12668Beijing Tuberculosis Thoracic Tumor Institute & Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shang Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 12668Beijing Tuberculosis Thoracic Tumor Institute & Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 12668Beijing Tuberculosis Thoracic Tumor Institute & Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 12668Beijing Tuberculosis Thoracic Tumor Institute & Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqiu Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 12668Beijing Tuberculosis Thoracic Tumor Institute & Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjing Tan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Beijing Tuberculosis Thoracic Tumor Institute & Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangli Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 12668Beijing Tuberculosis Thoracic Tumor Institute & Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China
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Chou FJ, Liu Y, Lang F, Yang C. D-2-Hydroxyglutarate in Glioma Biology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092345. [PMID: 34571995 PMCID: PMC8464856 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are common genetic abnormalities in glioma, which result in the accumulation of an "oncometabolite", D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). Abnormally elevated D-2-HG levels result in a distinctive pattern in cancer biology, through competitively inhibiting α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)/Fe(II)-dependent dioxgenases (α-KGDDs). Recent studies have revealed that D-2-HG affects DNA/histone methylation, hypoxia signaling, DNA repair, and redox homeostasis, which impacts the oncogenesis of IDH-mutated cancers. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of D-2-HG in cancer biology, as well as the emerging opportunities in therapeutics in IDH-mutated glioma.
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Bhattacharjee D, Balabhaskararao K, Jain N. Mutant IDH1 inhibitors activate pSTAT3-Y705 leading to an increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in mutant IDH1-expressing cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119114. [PMID: 34329662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IDH1 mutations are frequent and early events in gliomas. Mutant IDH1 produces D-2HG that causes epigenetic changes by increasing histone and DNA methylations, thereby contributing to tumor growth. Mutant IDH1 rewires metabolism and endows a few therapeutic vulnerabilities in cells. But, mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) treatments reverse these therapeutic vulnerabilities by increasing cell growth. Nevertheless, it is unclear how mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) increases cell growth. As mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) increase cell growth, therefore we asked whether mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) activate oncogenes in mutant IDH1-expressing cells. To answer this question, we used allosteric mutant IDH1 inhibitors to treat mutant IDH1-expressing HT1080 cells, and examined for activation of oncogenes by assessing the levels of our read-outs: BCAT1 and YKL-40. We found that mutant IDH1 inhibitors' treatments increased BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in HT1080 cells. Next, we observed that mutant IDH1 inhibitors activated STAT3 by phosphorylation at Tyr-705 position (pSTAT3-Y705) and its nuclear translocation. Upon examining the molecular mechanism of pSTAT3-Y705 activation in mutant IDH1 inhibitor-treated cells, we found that mutant IDH1 strongly bound STAT3, but mutant IDH1 inhibitor treatment decreased mutant IDH1-STAT3 binding. Furthermore, we observed that STAT3-knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 attenuated the mutant IDH1 inhibitor-mediated increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels, whereas STAT3 overexpression and Interleukin-6 (STAT3 activator) treatments increased BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels. We conclude that mutant IDH1 inhibitors activate the oncogenic transcription factor-STAT3 leading to an increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in mutant IDH1-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kancharana Balabhaskararao
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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12
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Foo T, Kichenadasse G, Roy A, Karapetis CS. Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancer. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:e286. [PMID: 34197749 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Foo
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Ganessan Kichenadasse
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Clovelly Park, SA, Australia; Commission for Excellence and Innovation in Health, Hindmarsh, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amitesh Roy
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Clovelly Park, SA, Australia
| | - Christos S Karapetis
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Clovelly Park, SA, Australia
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13
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Khurshed M, Molenaar RJ, van Linde ME, Mathôt RA, Struys EA, van Wezel T, van Noorden CJF, Klümpen HJ, Bovée JVMG, Wilmink JW. A Phase Ib Clinical Trial of Metformin and Chloroquine in Patients with IDH1-Mutated Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102474. [PMID: 34069550 PMCID: PMC8161333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene occur in high-grade chondrosarcoma, high-grade glioma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Due to the lack of effective treatment options, these aggressive types of cancer have a dismal outcome. The metabolism of IDH1-mutated cancer cells is reprogrammed in order to produce the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). In this clinical trial, we used the oral antidiabetic drug metformin and the oral antimalarial drug chloroquine to disrupt the vulnerable metabolism of IDH1-mutated solid tumors. We found that the combination regimen of metformin and chloroquine is well tolerated, but the combination did not induce a clinical response in this patient population. Secondly, we confirmed the clinical usefulness of D/L-2HG ratios in serum as a biomarker and the ddPCR-facilitated detection of an IDH1 mutation in circulating DNA from peripheral blood. Abstract Background: Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) occur in 60% of chondrosarcoma, 80% of WHO grade II-IV glioma and 20% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. These solid IDH1-mutated tumors produce the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) and are more vulnerable to disruption of their metabolism. Methods: Patients with IDH1-mutated chondrosarcoma, glioma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma received oral combinational treatment with the antidiabetic drug metformin and the antimalarial drug chloroquine. The primary objective was to determine the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Radiological and biochemical tumor responses to metformin and chloroquine were investigated using CT/MRI scans and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurements of D-2HG levels in serum. Results: Seventeen patients received study treatment for a median duration of 43 days (range: 7–74 days). Of twelve evaluable patients, 10 patients discontinued study medication because of progressive disease and two patients due to toxicity. None of the patients experienced a DLT. The MTD was determined to be 1500 mg of metformin two times a day and 200 mg of chloroquine once a day. A serum D/L-2HG ratio of ≥4.5 predicted the presence of an IDH1 mutation with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 100%. By utilization of digital droplet PCR on plasma samples, we were able to detect tumor-specific IDH1 hotspot mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in investigated patients. Conclusion: Treatment of advanced IDH1-mutated solid tumors with metformin and chloroquine was well tolerated but did not induce a clinical response in this phase Ib clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khurshed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (R.J.M.); (M.E.v.L.); (H.-J.K.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Remco J. Molenaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (R.J.M.); (M.E.v.L.); (H.-J.K.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Myra E. van Linde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (R.J.M.); (M.E.v.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Ron A. Mathôt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Eduard A. Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VU, University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.v.W.); (J.V.M.G.B.)
| | - Cornelis J. F. van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Heinz-Josef Klümpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (R.J.M.); (M.E.v.L.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Judith V. M. G. Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.v.W.); (J.V.M.G.B.)
| | - Johanna W. Wilmink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.K.); (R.J.M.); (M.E.v.L.); (H.-J.K.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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From Laboratory Studies to Clinical Trials: Temozolomide Use in IDH-Mutant Gliomas. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051225. [PMID: 34067729 PMCID: PMC8157002 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas. We describe the challenges associated with TMZ in clinical (drug resistance and tumor recurrence) and preclinical settings (variabilities associated with in vitro models) in treating IDH-mutant glioma. Lastly, we summarize the emerging therapeutic targets that can potentially be used in combination with TMZ.
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15
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Crystal structures of NAD +-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from the green alga Ostreococcus tauri and its evolutionary relationship with eukaryotic NADP +-linked homologs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 708:108898. [PMID: 33957092 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases (NAD-IDHs) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate. Previously, we identified a novel phylogenetic clade including NAD-IDHs from several algae in the type II subfamily, represented by homodimeric NAD-IDH from Ostreococcus tauri (OtIDH). However, due to its lack of a crystalline structure, the molecular mechanisms of the ligand binding and catalysis of OtIDH are little known. Here, we elucidate four high-resolution crystal structures of OtIDH in a ligand-free and various ligand-bound forms that capture at least three states in the catalytic cycle: open, semi-closed, and fully closed. Our results indicate that OtIDH shows several novel interactions with NAD+, unlike type I NAD-IDHs, as well as a strictly conserved substrate binding mode that is similar to other homologs. The central roles of Lys283' in dual coenzyme recognition and Lys234 in catalysis were also revealed. In addition, the crystal structures obtained here also allow us to understand the catalytic mechanism. As expected, structural comparisons reveal that OtIDH has a very high structural similarity to eukaryotic NADP+-linked IDHs (NADP-IDHs) within the type II subfamily rather than with the previously reported NAD-IDHs within the type I subfamily. It has also been demonstrated that OtIDH exhibits substantial conformation changes upon ligand binding, similar to eukaryotic NADP-IDHs. These results unambiguously support our hypothesis that OtIDH and OtIDH-like homologs are possible evolutionary ancestors of eukaryotic NADP-IDHs in type II subfamily.
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16
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Gargini R, Segura-Collar B, Herránz B, García-Escudero V, Romero-Bravo A, Núñez FJ, García-Pérez D, Gutiérrez-Guamán J, Ayuso-Sacido A, Seoane J, Pérez-Núñez A, Sepúlveda-Sánchez JM, Hernández-Laín A, Castro MG, García-Escudero R, Ávila J, Sánchez-Gómez P. The IDH-TAU-EGFR triad defines the neovascular landscape of diffuse gliomas. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/527/eaax1501. [PMID: 31969485 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas that express the mutated isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) have better prognosis than wild-type (wt) IDH1/2 gliomas. However, how these mutant (mut) proteins affect the tumor microenvironment is still a pending question. Here, we describe that the transcription of microtubule-associated protein TAU (MAPT), a gene that has been classically associated with neurodegenerative diseases, is epigenetically controlled by the balance between wt and mut IDH1/2 in mouse and human gliomas. In IDH1/2 mut tumors, we found high expression of TAU that decreased with tumor progression. Furthermore, MAPT was almost absent from tumors with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, whereas its trancription negatively correlated with overall survival in gliomas carrying wt or amplified (amp) EGFR We demonstrated that the overexpression of TAU, through the stabilization of microtubules, impaired the mesenchymal/pericyte-like transformation of glioma cells by blocking EGFR, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) and the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Our data also showed that mut EGFR induced a constitutive activation of this pathway, which was no longer sensitive to TAU. By inhibiting the transdifferentiation capacity of EGFRamp/wt tumor cells, TAU protein inhibited angiogenesis and favored vascular normalization, decreasing glioma aggressiveness and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gargini
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.,Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Berta Segura-Collar
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herránz
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid 28220, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Vega García-Escudero
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.,Dto. de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Andrés Romero-Bravo
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Felipe J Núñez
- Department of Neurosurgery/Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel García-Pérez
- Dto. Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Univ. Complutense, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, Madrid 28015, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid 28925, Spain.,IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Joan Seoane
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Angel Pérez-Núñez
- Dto. Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Univ. Complutense, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | | | - María G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery/Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas I+12, Hosp. 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Unidad de Oncología Molecular, CIEMAT, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Gómez
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid 28220, Spain.
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17
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A simple in silico approach to generate gene-expression profiles from subsets of cancer genomics data. Biotechniques 2020; 67:172-176. [PMID: 31560238 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In biomedical research, large-scale profiling of gene expression has become routine and offers a valuable means to evaluate changes in onset and progression of diseases, in particular cancer. An overwhelming amount of cancer genomics data has become publicly available, and the complexity of these data makes it a challenge to perform in silico data exploration, integration and analysis, in particular for scientists lacking a background in computational programming or informatics. Many web interface tools make these large datasets accessible but are limited to process large datasets. To accelerate the translation of genomic data into new insights, we provide a simple method to explore and select data from cancer genomic datasets to generate gene-expression profiles of subsets that are of specific genetic, biological or clinical interest.
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18
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Kampa JM, Kellner U, Marsching C, Ramallo Guevara C, Knappe UJ, Sahin M, Giampà M, Niehaus K, Bednarz H. Glioblastoma multiforme: Metabolic differences to peritumoral tissue and
IDH
‐mutated gliomas revealed by mass spectrometry imaging. Neuropathology 2020; 40:546-558. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. Kampa
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | - Udo Kellner
- Institut für Pathologie, Johannes Wesling Klinikum Minden Germany
| | - Christian Marsching
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS) Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim Germany
| | - Carina Ramallo Guevara
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS) Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Mannheim Germany
| | - Ulrich J. Knappe
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Johannes Wesling Klinikum Minden Germany
| | - Mikail Sahin
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | - Marco Giampà
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
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19
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Tiburcio PDB, Gillespie DL, Jensen RL, Huang LE. Extracellular glutamate and IDH1 R132H inhibitor promote glioma growth by boosting redox potential. J Neurooncol 2020; 146:427-437. [PMID: 32020473 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03359-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatic mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene, mostly substituting Arg132 with histidine, are associated with better patient survival, but glioma recurrence and progression are nearly inevitable, resulting in disproportionate morbidity and mortality. Our previous studies demonstrated that in contrast to hemizygous IDH1R132H (loss of wild-type allele), heterozygous IDH1R132H is intrinsically glioma suppressive but its suppression of three-dimensional (3D) growth is negated by extracellular glutamate and reducing equivalent. This study sought to understand the importance of 3D culture in IDH1R132H biology and the underlying mechanism of the glutamate effect. METHODS RNA sequencing data of IDH1R132H-heterozygous and IDH1R132H-hemizygous glioma cells cultured under two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions were subjected to unsupervised hierarchal clustering and gene set enrichment analysis. IDH1R132H-heterozygous and IDH1R132H-hemizygous tumor growth were compared in subcutaneous and intracranial transplantations. Short-hairpin RNA against glutamate dehydrogenase 2 gene (GLUD2) expression was employed to determine the effects of glutamate and the mutant IDH1 inhibitor AGI-5198 on redox potential in IDH1R132H-heterozygous cells. RESULTS In contrast to IDH1R132H-heterozygous cells, 3D-cultured but not 2D-cultured IDH1R132H-hemizygous cells were clustered with more malignant gliomas, possessed the glioblastoma mesenchymal signature, and exhibited aggressive tumor growth. Although both extracellular glutamate and AGI-5198 stimulated redox potential for 3D growth of IDH1R132H-heterozygous cells, GLUD2 expression was required for glutamate, but not AGI-5198, stimulation. CONCLUSION 3D culture is more relevant to IDH1R132H glioma biology. The importance of redox homeostasis in IDH1R132H glioma suggests that metabolic pathway(s) can be explored for therapeutic targeting, whereas IDH1R132H inhibitors may have counterproductive consequences in patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D B Tiburcio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David L Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Randy L Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - L Eric Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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20
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Architecture of The Human Ape1 Interactome Defines Novel Cancers Signatures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 31913336 PMCID: PMC6949240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
APE1 is essential in cancer cells due to its central role in the Base Excision Repair pathway of DNA lesions and in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in tumor progression/chemoresistance. Indeed, APE1 overexpression correlates with chemoresistance in more aggressive cancers, and APE1 protein-protein interactions (PPIs) specifically modulate different protein functions in cancer cells. Although important, a detailed investigation on the nature and function of protein interactors regulating APE1 role in tumor progression and chemoresistance is still lacking. The present work was aimed at analyzing the APE1-PPI network with the goal of defining bad prognosis signatures through systematic bioinformatics analysis. By using a well-characterized HeLa cell model stably expressing a flagged APE1 form, which was subjected to extensive proteomics analyses for immunocaptured complexes from different subcellular compartments, we here demonstrate that APE1 is a central hub connecting different subnetworks largely composed of proteins belonging to cancer-associated communities and/or involved in RNA- and DNA-metabolism. When we performed survival analysis in real cancer datasets, we observed that more than 80% of these APE1-PPI network elements is associated with bad prognosis. Our findings, which are hypothesis generating, strongly support the possibility to infer APE1-interactomic signatures associated with bad prognosis of different cancers; they will be of general interest for the future definition of novel predictive disease biomarkers. Future studies will be needed to assess the function of APE1 in the protein complexes we discovered. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013368.
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21
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Su L, Zhang X, Zheng L, Wang M, Zhu Z, Li P. Mutation of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 in Cholangiocarcinoma Impairs Tumor Progression by Inhibiting Isocitrate Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:189. [PMID: 32373065 PMCID: PMC7187788 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is key enzyme involved in cellular metabolism and DNA repair. Mutations in IDH1 occur in up to 25% of cholangiocarcinomas. The present study aimed to explore the features of cellosaurus REB cells with mutant and wide-type IDH1. Methods: To compare the features of IDH1 knockout and mutation in cholangiocarcinoma, we firstly constructed the IDH1 knockout and IDH1 mutation cell lines. We then evaluated the viability of these cell lines using the cell count assay and MTT assay. Next, we determined cell migration and invasion using the Transwell assay. Additionally, to evaluate the effects of IDH1 on cellular metabolism, the levels of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We then applied ChIPbase dataset to explore the genes that were regulated by IDH1. Results: High frequency of mutated IDH1 was observed in the cholangiocarcinoma and IDH1 R132C was presented in more than 80% of mutations. The results showed that IDH1 knockout decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas the overexpression of IDH1 in IDH1 knockout cell line recovered its proliferation, migration and invasion capacities. Additionally, IDH1 mutation reduced the levels of NADPH and α-KG. Furthermore, investigation into the underlying mechanisms revealed that IDH1 overexpression induced the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 thereby promoting cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Conclusion:IDH1 plays an important role in cholangiocarcinoma and its mutation impairs tumor progression in part by inhibition of isocitrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Su
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhifa Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Li
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22
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Huang LE. Friend or foe-IDH1 mutations in glioma 10 years on. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1299-1307. [PMID: 31504231 PMCID: PMC6875900 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of recurrent point mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene, albeit in only a small percentage of glioblastomas a decade ago, has transformed our understanding of glioma biology, genomics and metabolism. More than 1000 scientific papers have been published since, propelling bench-to-bedside investigations that have led to drug development and clinical trials. The rapid biomedical advancement has been driven primarily by the realization of a neomorphic activity of IDH1 mutation that produces high levels of (d)-2-hydroxyglutarate, a metabolite believed to promote glioma initiation and progression through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. Thus, novel inhibitors of mutant IDH1 have been developed for therapeutic targeting. However, numerous clinical and experimental findings are at odds with this simple concept. By taking into consideration a large body of findings in the literature, this article analyzes how different approaches have led to opposing conclusions and proffers a counterintuitive hypothesis that IDH1 mutation is intrinsically tumor suppressive in glioma but functionally undermined by the glutamate-rich cerebral environment, inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and IDH1 copy-number alterations. This theory also provides an explanation for some of the most perplexing observations, including the scarcity of proper model systems and the prevalence of IDH1 mutation in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eric Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological Science, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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23
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Cocetta V, Ragazzi E, Montopoli M. Mitochondrial Involvement in Cisplatin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143384. [PMID: 31295873 PMCID: PMC6678541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the worldwide anticancer drugs and, despite its toxicity and frequent recurrence of resistance phenomena, it still remains the only therapeutic option for several tumors. Circumventing cisplatin resistance remains, therefore, a major goal for clinical therapy and represents a challenge for scientific research. Recent studies have brought to light the fundamental role of mitochondria in onset, progression, and metastasis of cancer, as well as its importance in the resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current knowledge about the implication of mitochondria in cisplatin resistance and on the recent development in this research field. Recent studies have highlighted the role of mitochondrial DNA alterations in onset of resistance phenomena, being related both to redox balance alterations and to signal crosstalk with the nucleus, allowing a rewiring of cell metabolism. Moreover, an important role of the mitochondrial dynamics in the adaptation mechanism of cancer cells to challenging environment has been revealed. Giving bioenergetic plasticity to tumor cells, mitochondria allow cells to evade death pathways in stressful conditions, including chemotherapy. So far, even if the central role of mitochondria is recognized, little is known about the specific mechanisms implicated in the resistance. Nevertheless, mitochondria appear to be promising pharmacological targets for overcoming cisplatin resistance, but further studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Egidio Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Egidio Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Egidio Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy.
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy.
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24
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Bala Bhaskara Rao K, Katragunta K, Sarma UM, Jain N. Abundance of
d
‐2‐hydroxyglutarate in G2/M is determined by FOXM1 in mutant IDH1‐expressing cells. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2177-2193. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kancharana Bala Bhaskara Rao
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Uma Maheswara Sarma
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
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25
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Kim GH, Choi SY, Oh TI, Kan SY, Kang H, Lee S, Oh T, Ko HM, Lim JH. IDH1 R132H Causes Resistance to HDAC Inhibitors by Increasing NANOG in Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112679. [PMID: 31151327 PMCID: PMC6600637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The R132H mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1R132H) is commonly observed and associated with better survival in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant brain tumor. However, the functional role of IDH1R132H as a molecular target for GBM treatment is not completely understood. In this study, we found that the overexpression of IDH1R132H suppresses cell growth, cell cycle progression and motility in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Based on cell viability and apoptosis assays, we found that IDH1R132H-overexpressing U87MG and U373MG cells are resistant to the anti-cancer effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), such as trichostatin A (TSA), vorinostat (SAHA), and valproic acid. Octyl-(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (Octyl-2HG), which is a membrane-permeable precursor form of the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG) produced in IDH1-mutant tumor cells, significantly increased HDACi resistance in glioblastoma cells. Mechanistically, IDH1R132H and Octyl-2HG enhanced the promoter activation of NANOG via increased H3K4-3Me, consequently increasing NANOG mRNA and protein expression. Indeed, HDACi resistance was attenuated in IDH1R132H-expressing glioblastoma cells by the suppression of NANOG using small interfering RNAs. Furthermore, we found that AGI-5198, a selective inhibitor of IDH1R132H, significantly attenuates HDACi resistance and NANOG expression IDH1R132H-expressing glioblastoma cells. These results suggested that IDH1R132H is a potential molecular target for HDACi-based therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Hee Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Konkuk University, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
- Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - So Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Taek-In Oh
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Konkuk University, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
- Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Sang-Yeon Kan
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Konkuk University, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
- Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Hyeji Kang
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Konkuk University, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
- Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Konkuk University, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
- Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Taerim Oh
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Hyun Myung Ko
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Woosuk University, 66 Daehak-ro, Jincheon-eup, Chungcheongbuk-do 27841, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hong Lim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Konkuk University, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
- Diabetes and Bio-Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungbuk, Korea.
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26
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Peeters TH, Lenting K, Breukels V, van Lith SAM, van den Heuvel CNAM, Molenaar R, van Rooij A, Wevers R, Span PN, Heerschap A, Leenders WPJ. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-mutated cancers are sensitive to the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer Metab 2019; 7:4. [PMID: 31139406 PMCID: PMC6526618 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-019-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) occur in various types of cancer and induce metabolic alterations resulting from the neomorphic activity that causes production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) at the expense of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and NADPH. To overcome metabolic stress induced by these alterations, IDH-mutated (IDHmut) cancers utilize rescue mechanisms comprising pathways in which glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) are involved. We hypothesized that inhibition of glutamate processing with the pleiotropic GLUD-inhibitor epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) would not only hamper D-2-HG production, but also decrease NAD(P)H and α-KG synthesis in IDHmut cancers, resulting in increased metabolic stress and increased sensitivity to radiotherapy. Methods We performed 13C-tracing studies to show that HCT116 colorectal cancer cells with an IDH1R132H knock-in allele depend more on glutaminolysis than on glycolysis for the production of D-2-HG. We treated HCT116 cells, HCT116-IDH1R132H cells, and HT1080 cells (carrying an IDH1R132C mutation) with EGCG and evaluated D-2-HG production, cell proliferation rates, and sensitivity to radiotherapy. Results Significant amounts of 13C from glutamate accumulate in D-2-HG in HCT116-IDH1wt/R132H but not in HCT116-IDH1wt/wt. Preventing glutamate processing in HCT116-IDH1wt/R132H cells with EGCG resulted in reduction of D-2-HG production. In addition, EGCG treatment decreased proliferation rates of IDH1mut cells and at high doses sensitized cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Effects of EGCG in IDH-mutated cell lines were diminished by treatment with the IDH1mut inhibitor AGI-5198. Conclusions This work shows that glutamate can be directly processed into D-2-HG and that reduction of glutamatolysis may be an effective and promising new treatment option for IDHmut cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40170-019-0198-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H Peeters
- 1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 Nijmegen, HB The Netherlands
| | - Krissie Lenting
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 Nijmegen, GA The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Breukels
- 1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 Nijmegen, HB The Netherlands
| | - Sanne A M van Lith
- 1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 Nijmegen, HB The Netherlands
| | - Corina N A M van den Heuvel
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 Nijmegen, GA The Netherlands
| | - Remco Molenaar
- 3Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam at the Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 Amsterdam, AZ The Netherlands
| | - Arno van Rooij
- 4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 Nijmegen, HB The Netherlands
| | - Ron Wevers
- 4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 Nijmegen, HB The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- 5Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 Nijmegen, HB The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- 1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 Nijmegen, HB The Netherlands
| | - William P J Leenders
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 Nijmegen, GA The Netherlands
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