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Yang L, Fang F, Wang WX, Xie Y, Cang J, Li SB. Substantia Innominata Glutamatergic Neurons Modulate Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Male Mice. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00862. [PMID: 39008422 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000007092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated evidence suggests that brain regions that promote wakefulness also facilitate emergence from general anesthesia (GA). Glutamatergic neurons in the substantia innominata (SI) regulate motivation-related aversive, depressive, and aggressive behaviors relying on heightened arousal. Here, we hypothesize that glutamatergic neurons in the SI are also involved in the regulation of the effects of sevoflurane anesthesia. METHODS With a combination of fiber photometry, chemogenetic and optogenetic tools, behavioral tests, and cortical electroencephalogram recordings, we investigated whether and how SI glutamatergic neurons and their projections to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) regulate sevoflurane anesthesia in adult male mice. RESULTS Population activity of glutamatergic neurons in the SI gradually decreased upon sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness (LOC) and slowly returned as soon as inhalation of sevoflurane discontinued before recovery of consciousness (ROC). Chemogenetic activation of SI glutamatergic neurons dampened the animals' sensitivity to sevoflurane exposure, prolonged induction time (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 389 ± 67 seconds vs 458 ± 53 seconds; P = .047), and shortened emergence time (305 seconds, 95% confidence interval [CI], 242-369 seconds vs 207 seconds, 95% CI, 135-279 seconds; P = .004), whereas chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons facilitated sevoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of SI glutamatergic neurons and their terminals in LH induced cortical activation and behavioral emergence from different depths of sevoflurane anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that SI glutamatergic neuronal activity facilitates emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia and provides evidence for the involvement of the SI-LH glutamatergic pathway in the regulation of consciousness during GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Fang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xu Wang
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Frontiers Center for Brain Science of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunli Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Jing Cang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Bin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhou L, Ran Q, Yi R, Tang H, Zhang Y, Yu T. Glutamatergic neurons of piriform cortex delay induction of inhalational general anesthesia. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:829-840. [PMID: 39156577 PMCID: PMC11330113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their clinical application in the 1840s, the greatest mystery surrounding general anesthesia (GA) is how different kinds of general anesthetics cause reversible unconsciousness, and the precise neural mechanisms underlying the processes. Over past years, although many studies revealed the roles of cortex, thalamus, brainstem, especially the sleep-wake circuits in GA-induced loss of consciousness (LOC),the full picture of the neural circuit mechanism of GA is still largely unknown. Recent studies have focused on the importance of other brain regions. Here, we report that the activity of glutamatergic (Glu) neurons in the piriform cortex (PC), a critical brain region for odor encoding, began to increase during the LOC of GA and gradually recovered after recovery of consciousness. Chemical lesions of the anterior PC (APC) neurons accelerated the induction time of isoflurane anesthesia. Chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of APCGlu neurons prolonged isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia induction, whereas APCGlu neuron inhibition displayed the opposite effects. Moreover, the modification of APCGlu neurons did not affect the induction or emergence time of propofol GA. In addition, odor processing may be partially involved in the induction of isoflurane and sevoflurane GA regulated by APCGlu neurons. In conclusion, our findings reveal a critical role of APCGlu neurons in inhalational GA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Qipeng Ran
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Rulan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Huanyao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
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Zhang D, Wei Y. Distinct Neural Mechanisms Between Anesthesia Induction and Emergence: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00840. [PMID: 38861419 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000007114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Anesthesia induction and emergence are critical periods for perioperative safety in the clinic. Traditionally, the emergence from general anesthesia has been recognized as a simple inverse process of induction resulting from the elimination of general anesthetics from the central nervous system. However, accumulated evidence has indicated that anesthesia induction and emergence are not mirror-image processes because of the occurrence of hysteresis/neural inertia in both animals and humans. An increasing number of studies have highlighted the critical role of orexinergic neurons and their involved circuits in the selective regulation of emergence but not the induction of general anesthesia. Moreover, additional brain regions have also been implicated in distinct neural mechanisms for anesthesia induction and emergence, which extends the concept that anesthetic induction and emergence are not antiparallel processes. Here, we reviewed the current literature and summarized the evidence regarding the differential mechanism of neural modulation in anesthesia induction and emergence, which will facilitate the understanding of the underlying neural mechanism for emergence from general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghang Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yiyong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, China
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4
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Yi R, Cheng S, Zhong F, Luo D, You Y, Yu T, Wang H, Zhou L, Zhang Y. GABAergic neurons of anterior thalamic reticular nucleus regulate states of consciousness in propofol- and isoflurane-mediated general anesthesia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14782. [PMID: 38828651 PMCID: PMC11145368 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus system plays critical roles in the regulation of reversible unconsciousness induced by general anesthetics, especially the arousal stage of general anesthesia (GA). But the function of thalamus in GA-induced loss of consciousness (LOC) is little known. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is the only GABAergic neurons-composed nucleus in the thalamus, which is composed of parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST)-expressing GABAergic neurons. The anterior sector of TRN (aTRN) is indicated to participate in the induction of anesthesia, but the roles remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal the role of the aTRN in propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. METHODS We first set up c-Fos straining to monitor the activity variation of aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons during propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. Subsequently, optogenetic tools were utilized to activate aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons to elucidate the roles of aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons in propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and behavioral tests were recorded and analyzed. Lastly, chemogenetic activation of the aTRNPV neurons was applied to confirm the function of the aTRN neurons in propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. RESULTS c-Fos straining showed that both aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons are activated during the LOC period of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. Optogenetic activation of aTRNPV and aTRNSST neurons promoted isoflurane induction and delayed the recovery of consciousness (ROC) after propofol and isoflurane anesthesia, meanwhile chemogenetic activation of the aTRNPV neurons displayed the similar effects. Moreover, optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of the aTRN neurons resulted in the accumulated burst suppression ratio (BSR) during propofol and isoflurane GA, although they represented different effects on the power distribution of EEG frequency. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that the aTRN GABAergic neurons play a critical role in promoting the induction of propofol- and isoflurane-mediated GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Yi
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Shiyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Fuwang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Ying You
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection (Zunyi Medical University), Ministry of EducationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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5
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Gao H, Wang J, Zhang R, Luo T. Recent advances in neural mechanism of general anesthesia induced unconsciousness: insights from optogenetics and chemogenetics. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1360864. [PMID: 38655183 PMCID: PMC11035785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1360864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For over 170 years, general anesthesia has played a crucial role in clinical practice, yet a comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the induction of unconsciousness by general anesthetics remains elusive. Ongoing research into these mechanisms primarily centers around the brain nuclei and neural circuits associated with sleep-wake. In this context, two sophisticated methodologies, optogenetics and chemogenetics, have emerged as vital tools for recording and modulating the activity of specific neuronal populations or circuits within distinct brain regions. Recent advancements have successfully employed these techniques to investigate the impact of general anesthesia on various brain nuclei and neural pathways. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the use of optogenetic and chemogenetic methodologies in studying the effects of general anesthesia on specific brain nuclei and pathways. Additionally, it discusses in depth the advantages and limitations of these two methodologies, as well as the issues that must be considered for scientific research applications. By shedding light on these facets, this paper serves as a valuable reference for furthering the accurate exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying general anesthesia. It aids researchers and clinicians in effectively evaluating the applicability of these techniques in advancing scientific research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- School of Anesthesiology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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6
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He Y, Liu T, He Q, Ke W, Li X, Du J, Deng S, Shu Z, Wu J, Yang B, Wang Y, Mao Y, Rao Y, Shu Y, Peng B. Microglia facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesia via modulating the neuronal network in a brain region-specific manner. eLife 2023; 12:RP92252. [PMID: 38131301 PMCID: PMC10746144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia leads to a loss of consciousness and an unrousable state in patients. Although general anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The potential involvement of nonneuronal cells is unknown. Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play critical roles in CNS function and dysfunction. We unintentionally observed delayed anesthesia induction and early anesthesia emergence in microglia-depleted mice. We found that microglial depletion differentially regulates neuronal activities by suppressing the neuronal network of anesthesia-activated brain regions and activating emergence-activated brain regions. Thus, microglia facilitate and stabilize the anesthesia status. This influence is not mediated by dendritic spine plasticity. Instead, it relies on the activation of microglial P2Y12 and subsequent calcium influx, which facilitates the general anesthesia response. Together, we elucidate the regulatory role of microglia in general anesthesia, extending our knowledge of how nonneuronal cells modulate neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Taohui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Quansheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jinjin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Suixin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenfeng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jialin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Baozhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanxia Rao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Co-Innovation Center of Neurodegeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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Jiang X, Wen X, Ou G, Li S, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liang Z. Propofol modulates neural dynamics of thalamo-cortical system associated with anesthetic levels in rats. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:1541-1559. [PMID: 37974577 PMCID: PMC10640503 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamocortical system plays an important role in consciousness. How anesthesia modulates the thalamocortical interactions is not completely known. We simultaneously recorded local field potentials(LFPs) in thalamic reticular nucleus(TRN) and ventroposteromedial thalamic nucleus(VPM), and electrocorticographic(ECoG) activities in frontal and occipital cortices in freely moving rats (n = 11). We analyzed the changes in thalamic and cortical local spectral power and connectivities, which were measured with phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), coherence and multivariate Granger causality, at the states of baseline, intravenous infusion of propofol 20, 40, 80 mg/kg/h and after recovery of righting reflex. We found that propofol-induced burst-suppression results in a synchronous decrease of spectral power in thalamus and cortex (p < 0.001 for all frequency bands). The cross-frequency PAC increased by propofol, characterized by gradually stronger 'trough-max' pattern in TRN and stronger 'peak-max' pattern in cortex. The cross-region PAC increased in the phase of TRN modulating the amplitude of cortex. The functional connectivity (FC) between TRN and cortex for α/β bands also significantly increased (p < 0.040), with increased directional connectivity from TRN to cortex under propofol anesthesia. In contrast, the corticocortical FC significantly decreased (p < 0.047), with decreased directional connectivity from frontal cortex to occipital cortex. However, the thalamothalamic functional and directional connectivities remained largely unchanged by propofol anesthesia. The spectral powers and connectivities are differentially modulated with the changes of propofol doses, suggesting the changes in neural dynamics in thalamocortical system could be used for distinguishing different vigilance levels caused by propofol. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-022-09912-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wen
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao, 066004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyao Ou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shitong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhu Liang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao, 066004 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptors as a Pharmacological Target for Spike-Wave Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021477. [PMID: 36674992 PMCID: PMC9862736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spike-wave discharges are the hallmark of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. They are caused by a disorder in the thalamocortical network. Commercially available anti-epileptic drugs have pronounced side effects (i.e., sedation and gastroenterological concerns), which might result from a low selectivity to molecular targets. We suggest a specific subtype of adrenergic receptors (ARs) as a promising anti-epileptic molecular target. In rats with a predisposition to absence epilepsy, alpha2 ARs agonists provoke sedation and enhance spike-wave activity during transitions from awake/sedation. A number of studies together with our own observations bring evidence that the sedative and proepileptic effects require different alpha2 ARs subtypes activation. Here we introduce a new concept on target pharmacotherapy of absence epilepsy via alpha2B ARs which are presented almost exclusively in the thalamus. We discuss HCN and calcium channels as the most relevant cellular targets of alpha2 ARs involved in spike-wave activity generation.
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9
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King H, Reiber M, Philippi V, Stirling H, Aulehner K, Bankstahl M, Bleich A, Buchecker V, Glasenapp A, Jirkof P, Miljanovic N, Schönhoff K, von Schumann L, Leenaars C, Potschka H. Anesthesia and analgesia for experimental craniotomy in mice and rats: a systematic scoping review comparing the years 2009 and 2019. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1143109. [PMID: 37207181 PMCID: PMC10188949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental craniotomies are a common surgical procedure in neuroscience. Because inadequate analgesia appears to be a problem in animal-based research, we conducted this review and collected information on management of craniotomy-associated pain in laboratory mice and rats. A comprehensive search and screening resulted in the identification of 2235 studies, published in 2009 and 2019, describing craniotomy in mice and/or rats. While key features were extracted from all studies, detailed information was extracted from a random subset of 100 studies/year. Reporting of perioperative analgesia increased from 2009 to 2019. However, the majority of studies from both years did not report pharmacologic pain management. Moreover, reporting of multimodal treatments remained at a low level, and monotherapeutic approaches were more common. Among drug groups, reporting of pre- and postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics in 2019 exceeded that of 2009. In summary, these results suggest that inadequate analgesia and oligoanalgesia are persistent issues associated with experimental intracranial surgery. This underscores the need for intensified training of those working with laboratory rodents subjected to craniotomies. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/7d4qe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah King
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Philippi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen Stirling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Aulehner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aylina Glasenapp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara von Schumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Heidrun Potschka,
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10
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Bu X, Chen Y, Lv P, Fu X, Fu B. Glutamatergic neurons in paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus regulate the recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:256. [PMID: 35953781 PMCID: PMC9367068 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies have demonstrated that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is a key wakefulness-controlling nucleus in the thalamus. Therefore, PVT may also be involved in the process of general anesthesia. This study intends to explore the role of PVT in isoflurane anesthesia. Methods In the present study, we used the expression of c-Fos to observe the neuronal activity of PVT neurons under isoflurane anesthesia. We further recorded the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on the calcium signal of PVT glutamatergic neurons in real time with the help of calcium fiber photometry. We finally used chemogenetic technology to specifically regulate PVT glutamatergic neurons, and observed its effect on isoflurane anesthesia and cortical electroencephalography (EEG) in mice. Results We found that glutamatergic neurons of PVT exhibited high activity during wakefulness and low activity during isoflurane anesthesia. Activation of PVT glutamatergic neuronal caused an acceleration in emergence from isoflurane anesthesia accompanied with a decrease in EEG delta power (1–4 Hz). Whereas suppression of PVT glutamatergic neurons induced a delay recovery of isoflurane anesthesia, without affecting anesthesia induction. Conclusions Assuming a pharmacokinetic explanation for results can be excluded, these results demonstrate that the PVT is involved in regulating anesthesia emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Bu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, 563003, Zunyi city, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi city, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yiqiu Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, 563003, Zunyi city, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi city, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, 563003, Zunyi city, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi city, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, 563003, Zunyi city, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi city, 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bao Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, 563003, Zunyi city, China. .,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi city, 563003, Guizhou Province, China.
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11
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Heshmati M, Bruchas MR. Historical and Modern Evidence for the Role of Reward Circuitry in Emergence. Anesthesiology 2022; 136:997-1014. [PMID: 35362070 PMCID: PMC9467375 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for brain reward circuitry in modulating arousal along with emergence from anesthesia. Emergence remains an important frontier for investigation, since no drug exists in clinical practice to initiate rapid and smooth emergence. This review discusses clinical and preclinical evidence indicating a role for two brain regions classically considered integral components of the mesolimbic brain reward circuitry, the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, in emergence from propofol and volatile anesthesia. Then there is a description of modern systems neuroscience approaches to neural circuit investigations that will help span the large gap between preclinical and clinical investigation with the shared aim of developing therapies to promote rapid emergence without agitation or delirium. This article proposes that neuroscientists include models of whole-brain network activity in future studies to inform the translational value of preclinical investigations and foster productive dialogues with clinician anesthesiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Heshmati
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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12
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Guo J, Xu K, Yin JW, Zhang H, Yin JT, Li Y. Dopamine transporter in the ventral tegmental area modulates recovery from propofol anesthesia in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 121:102083. [PMID: 35181484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) To investigate the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the recovery from propofol anesthesia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 150 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly split into a normal control group (NC), saline group (S), propofol anesthesia group (P), adeno-associated viral-NC-mCherry (AAV-NC) group, and AAV-DAT-RNAi (DAT-RNAi) group (n = 30 per group). In rats in the AAV intervention group, AAV was injected into the VTA nucleus via a stereotaxer. The rats in each group were continuously pumped with propofol through the tail vein at a dose of 70mg/kg/h, and the control group was infused with the same dose of saline at the same speed for 30min. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expression of c-fos protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The induction and recovery time of propofol anesthesia were recorded based on the time of disappearance of the righting reflex (LORR) and recovery (RORR). The anesthesia depth score was performed on all rats 10min after starting the administration and 10min after withdrawal, which represented the depth of anesthesia during anesthesia and the degree of recovery during anesthesia recovery, respectively. electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during propofol anesthesia and recovery. RESULTS Compared to the NC group, the RORR of the DAT-RNAi group was shortened, and the anesthesia depth score was higher (P < 0.05). In the DAT-RNAi group, during the period of propofol anesthesia, the β wave frequencies increased, the θ wave frequencies decreased, and the expression of c-fos protein in PFC increased and during the recovery from propofol anesthesia, the α wave and β wave frequencies were increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Knockdown of the DAT in the VTA region can enhance the activity of PFC neurons and promote the recovery of rats from propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jie-Ting Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
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13
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Yang Q, Zhou F, Li A, Dong H. Neural Substrates for Regulation of Sleep and General Anesthesia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:72-84. [PMID: 34906058 PMCID: PMC9199549 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211214144639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been successfully used in clinics for over 170 years, but its mechanisms of effect remain unclear. Behaviorally, general anesthesia is similar to sleep as it produces a reversible transition between wakefulness and the state of being unaware of one’s surroundings. A discussion regarding the common circuits of sleep and general anesthesia has been ongoing as an increasing number of sleep-arousal regulatory nuclei are reported to participate in the consciousness shift occurring during general anesthesia. Recently, with progress in research technology, both positive and negative evidence for overlapping neural circuits between sleep and general anesthesia has emerged. This article provides a review of the latest evidence on the neural substrates for sleep and general anesthesia regulation by comparing the roles of pivotal nuclei in sleep and anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
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14
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Effect of ketamine on voltage-gated potassium channels in rat primary sensory cortex pyramidal neurons. Neuroreport 2021; 31:583-589. [PMID: 32301815 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is an intravenous anesthetic commonly used in clinical, which has sedative and analgesic effects. Potassium channels exert many physiological functions in excitable cells. Therefore, potassium channels may be one of the targets of ketamine. In this study, we used patch clamp to study the effects of ketamine on voltage-gated potassium channels in primary sensory cortex (S1) neurons. We recorded the outward potassium currents (IA) and delayed rectifier potassium currents (IK) separately. We found that ketamine both concentration-dependently inhibited IA currents and IK currents in S1 neurons. Ketamine (100 and 300 μM) induced a concentration-dependent hyperpolarizing shift in V1/2, without affecting the slope factor (κ) or inactivation of IA. Ketamine induced a concentration-dependent hyperpolarizing shift in V1/2 of IK, without affecting its κ. Ketamine (100 and 300 μM) did not alter the steady-state activation or its κ. Hence, ketamine inhibits IA and IK in a concentration-dependent manner in S1 pyramidal neurons. The inactivation of IA does not appear to be involved in the inhibitory effect of ketamine on IA. Ketamine inhibits IK mainly by speeding up the inactivation of IK in S1 pyramidal neurons.
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15
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Yang B, Ao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Tang F, Xu H. Activation of Dopamine Signals in the Olfactory Tubercle Facilitates Emergence from Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1487-1501. [PMID: 33710536 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of dopamine (DA) neurons is essential for the transition from sleep to wakefulness and maintenance of awakening, and sufficient to accelerate the emergence from general anesthesia in animals. Dopamine receptors (DR) are involve in arousal mediation. In the present study, we showed that the olfactory tubercle (OT) was active during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia, local injection of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) agonist chloro-APB (1 mg/mL) and D2 receptor (D2R) agonist quinpirole (1 mg/mL) into OT enhanced behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia, while D1R antagonist SCH-23390 (1 mg/mL) and D2R antagonist raclopride (2.5 mg/mL) prolonged recovery time. Optogenetic activation of DAergic terminals in OT also promoted behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia. However, neither D1R/D2R agonists nor D1R/D2R antagonists microinjection had influences on the induction of isoflurane anesthesia. Optogenetic stimulation on DAergic terminals in OT also had no impact on the anesthesia induction. Our results indicated that DA signals in OT accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, the induction of general anesthesia, different from the emergence process, was not mediated by the OT DAergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Ao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Moody OA, Zhang ER, Vincent KF, Kato R, Melonakos ED, Nehs CJ, Solt K. The Neural Circuits Underlying General Anesthesia and Sleep. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:1254-1264. [PMID: 33857967 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
General anesthesia is characterized by loss of consciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility. Important molecular targets of general anesthetics have been identified, but the neural circuits underlying the discrete end points of general anesthesia remain incompletely understood. General anesthesia and natural sleep share the common feature of reversible unconsciousness, and recent developments in neuroscience have enabled elegant studies that investigate the brain nuclei and neural circuits underlying this important end point. A common approach to measure cortical activity across the brain is electroencephalogram (EEG), which can reflect local neuronal activity as well as connectivity among brain regions. The EEG oscillations observed during general anesthesia depend greatly on the anesthetic agent as well as dosing, and only some resemble those observed during sleep. For example, the EEG oscillations during dexmedetomidine sedation are similar to those of stage 2 nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, but high doses of propofol and ether anesthetics produce burst suppression, a pattern that is never observed during natural sleep. Sleep is primarily driven by withdrawal of subcortical excitation to the cortex, but anesthetics can directly act at both subcortical and cortical targets. While some anesthetics appear to activate specific sleep-active regions to induce unconsciousness, not all sleep-active regions play a significant role in anesthesia. Anesthetics also inhibit cortical neurons, and it is likely that each class of anesthetic drugs produces a distinct combination of subcortical and cortical effects that lead to unconsciousness. Conversely, arousal circuits that promote wakefulness are involved in anesthetic emergence and activating them can induce emergence and accelerate recovery of consciousness. Modern neuroscience techniques that enable the manipulation of specific neural circuits have led to new insights into the neural circuitry underlying general anesthesia and sleep. In the coming years, we will continue to better understand the mechanisms that generate these distinct states of reversible unconsciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Moody
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edlyn R Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen F Vincent
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Risako Kato
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric D Melonakos
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christa J Nehs
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Solt
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Liu PF, Wang Y, Zhang R, Xu L, Li JB, Mu D. Propofol modulates inhibitory inputs in paraventricular thalamic nucleus of mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 756:135950. [PMID: 33979698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of general anaesthetics such as propofol have drawn substantial attention. The effects of propofol on inhibitory postsynaptic currents are not exactly the same in different brain nuclei. Recent studies revealed that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a critical nucleus modulating wakefulness. However, the effects of propofol on PVT neurons and the mechanisms underlying such effects remain unknown. Here, we performed the whole-cell recording of the PVT neurons in acute brain slices and bath application of propofol. We found that propofol hyperpolarized the membrane potentials of the PVT neurons and suppressed the action potentials induced by step-current injection. Propofol did not affect the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) amplitude or frequency, but prolonged the sIPSCs half-width. Besides, propofol increased miniature inhibitory synaptic currents (mIPSCs) frequency and half-width. Furthermore, propofol could induce GABAA receptors-mediated tonic inhibitory currents dose-dependently. Thus, our results demonstrate that propofol hyperpolarizes PVT neurons by modulating inhibitory currents via GABAA receptors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Bao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Di Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Chen H, Xu D, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Liu J, Liu C, Shen W, Yu T, Liu J. Neurons in the Locus Coeruleus Modulate the Hedonic Effects of Sub-Anesthetic Dose of Propofol. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:636901. [PMID: 33767609 PMCID: PMC7985178 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.636901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a worldwide-used intravenous general anesthetic with ideal effects, but hedonic effects of propofol have been reported and cause addictive issue. There is little known about the neurobiological mechanism of hedonic effects of propofol. Increasing researches have shown that the dopaminergic nervous system of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the noradrenergic system of locus coeruleus (LC) play a crucial role in hedonic experiences, which are putative sites for mediating the hedonic effects of propofol. In the present study, rat hedonic response scale and place conditioning paradigm were employed to examine the euphoric effects of propofol. In vivo GCaMP-based (AVV-hSyn-GCaMP6s) fiber photometry calcium imaging was used to monitor the real-time neuronal activity in VTA and LC area in rats exhibiting propofol-induced euphoric behaviors. Then DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) modulation using rAAV-hSyn-hM4D(Gi)-EGFP was performed to confirm the neuronal substrate that mediates the euphoric effects of propofol. The score of hedonic facial responses was significantly increased in the 4 mg/kg group compared with that of the 0 mg/kg group. The locomotor activity in the propofol-paired compartment was significantly increased at the 4 mg/kg dose compared with that of the saline-paired group. When compared with the 0 mg/kg group, the place preference increased in the 4 mg/kg group. Administration of 4 mg/kg of propofol triggers reliable increases in GcaMP fluorescence. However, in the VTA GcaMP-expressing rats, administration of 4 mg/kg of propofol did not induce any change of GcaMP signals. The facial score and the place preference, which increased by 4 mg/kg propofol were abolished by chemogenetic inhibition of the neuronal activity in the LC area. Our results suggest that LC noradrenergic neurons, not VTA dopaminergic neurons, are directly involved in the hedonic effects of sub-anesthetic dose of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - JunXiao Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - ChengXi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Liu C, Liu J, Zhou L, He H, Zhang Y, Cai S, Yuan C, Luo T, Zheng J, Yu T, Zhang M. Lateral Habenula Glutamatergic Neurons Modulate Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:628996. [PMID: 33746711 PMCID: PMC7969819 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.628996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their introduction in the 1840s, one of the largest mysteries of modern anesthesia are how general anesthetics create the state of reversible loss of consciousness. Increasing researchers have shown that neural pathways that regulate endogenous sleep–wake systems are also involved in general anesthesia. Recently, the Lateral Habenula (LHb) was considered as a hot spot for both natural sleep–wake and propofol-induced sedation; however, the role of the LHb and related pathways in the isoflurane-induced unconsciousness has yet to be identified. Here, using real-time calcium fiber photometry recordings in vivo, we found that isoflurane reversibly increased the activity of LHb glutamatergic neurons. Then, we selectively ablated LHb glutamatergic neurons in Vglut2-cre mice, which caused a longer induction time and less recovery time along with a decrease in delta-band power in mice under isoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, using a chemogenetic approach to specifically activate LHb glutamatergic neurons shortened the induction time and prolonged the recovery time in mice under isoflurane anesthesia with an increase in delta-band power. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of LHb glutamatergic neurons was very similar to the effects of selective lesions of LHb glutamatergic neurons. Finally, optogenetic activation of LHb glutamatergic neurons or the synaptic terminals of LHb glutamatergic neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) produced a hypnosis-promoting effect in isoflurane anesthesia with an increase in slow wave activity. Our results suggest that LHb glutamatergic neurons and pathway are vital in modulating isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junxiao Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haifeng He
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chengdong Yuan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tianyuan Luo
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jijian Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mazhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Wu J, Liu D, Li J, Sun J, Huang Y, Zhang S, Gao S, Mei W. Central Neural Circuits Orchestrating Thermogenesis, Sleep-Wakefulness States and General Anesthesia States. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:223-253. [PMID: 33632102 PMCID: PMC9199556 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210225152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in specifically identifying the central neural circuits (CNCs) of the core body temperature (Tcore), sleep-wakefulness states (SWs), and general anesthesia states (GAs), mainly utilizing optogenetic or chemogenetic manipulations. We summarize the neuronal populations and neural pathways of these three CNCs, which gives evidence for the orchestration within these three CNCs, and the integrative regulation of these three CNCs by different environmental light signals. We also outline some transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that function in the CNCs-Tcore and are modulated by some general anesthetics, which makes TRP channels possible targets for addressing the general-anesthetics-induced-hypothermia (GAIH). We suggest this review will provide new orientations for further consummating these CNCs and elucidating the central mechanisms of GAIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shaojie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave 1095, Wuhan 430030. China
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21
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Zhou K, Zhu L, Hou G, Chen X, Chen B, Yang C, Zhu Y. The Contribution of Thalamic Nuclei in Salience Processing. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:634618. [PMID: 33664657 PMCID: PMC7920982 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.634618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain continuously receives diverse information about the external environment and changes in the homeostatic state. The attribution of salience determines which stimuli capture attention and, therefore, plays an essential role in regulating emotions and guiding behaviors. Although the thalamus is included in the salience network, the neural mechanism of how the thalamus contributes to salience processing remains elusive. In this mini-review, we will focus on recent advances in understanding the specific roles of distinct thalamic nuclei in salience processing. We will summarize the functional connections between thalamus nuclei and other key nodes in the salience network. We will highlight the convergence of neural circuits involved in reward and pain processing, arousal, and attention control in thalamic structures. We will discuss how thalamic activities represent salience information in associative learning and how thalamic neurons modulate adaptive behaviors. Lastly, we will review recent studies which investigate the contribution of thalamic dysfunction to aberrant salience processing in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as drug addiction, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia. Based on emerging evidence from both human and rodent research, we propose that the thalamus, different from previous studies that as an information relay, has a broader role in coordinating the cognitive process and regulating emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuikui Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoqiang Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanzhong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Luo TY, Cai S, Qin ZX, Yang SC, Shu Y, Liu CX, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou L, Yu T, Yu SY. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Activity Modulates Isoflurane and Propofol Anesthesia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:559077. [PMID: 33192246 PMCID: PMC7652994 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.559077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BF) have long been considered to be the key neurons in the regulation of cortical and behavioral arousal, and cholinergic activation in the downstream region of the BF can arouse anesthetized rats. However, whether the activation of BF cholinergic neurons can induce behavior and electroencephalogram (EEG) recovery from anesthesia is unclear. In this study, based on a transgenic mouse line expressing ChAT-IRES-Cre, we applied a fiber photometry system combined with GCaMPs expression in the BF and found that both isoflurane and propofol inhibit the activity of BF cholinergic neurons, which is closely related to the consciousness transition. We further revealed that genetic lesion of BF cholinergic neurons was associated with a markedly increased potency of anesthetics, while designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD)-activated BF cholinergic neurons was responsible for slower induction and faster recovery of anesthesia. We also documented a significant increase in δ power bands (1-4 Hz) and a decrease in β (12-25 Hz) power bands in BF cholinergic lesioned mice, while there was a clearly noticeable decline in EEG δ power of activated BF cholinergic neurons. Moreover, sensitivity to anesthetics was reduced after optical stimulation of BF cholinergic cells, yet it failed to restore wake-like behavior in constantly anesthetized mice. Our results indicate a functional role of BF cholinergic neurons in the regulation of general anesthesia. Inhibition of BF cholinergic neurons mediates the formation of unconsciousness induced by general anesthetics, and their activation promotes recovery from the anesthesia state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yuan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zai-Xun Qin
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi, China
| | - Shao-Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shou-Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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23
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhang L, Zhou W, Yu S, Yi R, Luo D, Fu X. Effects of Propofol on Electrical Synaptic Strength in Coupling Reticular Thalamic GABAergic Parvalbumin-Expressing Neurons. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:364. [PMID: 32410945 PMCID: PMC7198707 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical synapses between neurons exhibit a high degree of plasticity, which makes critical contributions to neuronal communication. The GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) interact with each other through electrical and chemical synapses. Plasticity of electrical synaptic transmission in TRN plays a key role in regulating thalamocortical and corticothalamic circuits and even the formation of consciousness. We here examined the effects of propofol, a commonly used general anesthetic agent, on the strength of electrical synapses between TRN PV+ neurons by fluorescence-guided patch-clamp recording and pharmacological methods. Results show that 100 μM propofol reduced the electrical synaptic strength between TRN PV+ neurons. Notably, the propofol-induced depression of electrical synaptic strength between TRN PV+ neurons was diminished by saclofen (10 μM, antagonist of GABAB receptors), but not blocked by gabazine (10 μM, antagonist of GABAA receptors). Application of baclofen (10 μM, agonist of GABAB receptors), similar to propofol, also reduced the electrical synaptic strength between TRN PV+ neurons. Moreover, the propofol-induced depression of electrical synaptic strength between TRN PV+ neurons was abolished by 9-CPA (100 μM, specific adenylyl cyclase inhibitor), and by KT5720 (1 μM, selective inhibitor of PKA). Our findings indicate that propofol acts on metabotropic GABAB receptors, resulting in a depression of electrical synaptic transmission of coupled TRN PV+ neurons, which is mediated by the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Our findings also imply that propofol may change the thalamocortical communication via inducing depression of electrical synaptic strength in the TRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Rulan Yi
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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