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Kapper C, Oppelt P, Arbeithuber B, Gyunesh AA, Vilusic I, Stelzl P, Rezk-Füreder M. Targeting ferroptosis in ovarian cancer: Novel strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance. Life Sci 2024; 349:122720. [PMID: 38762066 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This review investigates the role of ferroptosis in combating chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer, with a focus on its underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications. MAIN METHODS A database search was conducted up to December 2023 using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The keywords "ovarian cancer," "ferroptosis," "cisplatin," and "cisplatin resistance" were employed. We included studies that offered original data on the application of ferroptosis in platinum-based chemotherapy, focusing on both in-vitro and in-vivo research models. KEY FINDINGS Our review reveals that ferroptosis significantly influences drug resistance in ovarian cancer. It investigates the existing studies to understand the role of ferroptosis in platinum resistance and explores its underlying mechanisms and assesses potential therapeutic strategies that uses ferroptosis to improve outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of ferroptosis in enhancing the effectiveness of platinum-based treatments and improving patient prognosis. SIGNIFICANCE The potential of ferroptosis induction to develop novel therapeutic strategies against ovarian cancer, especially in cisplatin-resistant cases, is promising. The preliminary nature of these findings highlights the necessity for further research to bring these insights into clinical practice. This would not only improve treatment outcomes and prognosis but also encourage ongoing studies into ferroptosis as a viable therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Kapper
- Experimental Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Peter Oppelt
- Experimental Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; Department for Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
| | - Barbara Arbeithuber
- Experimental Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ayberk Alp Gyunesh
- Experimental Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ivona Vilusic
- Experimental Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Patrick Stelzl
- Department for Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
| | - Marlene Rezk-Füreder
- Experimental Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
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Zeng Z, Hu Y, Xiang J, Su J, Tan H, Lai T, Chen X, Fang G, Li L, Luo L. Cucurbitacin B targets STAT3 to induce ferroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176805. [PMID: 38950838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Cucurbitacin B (CuB) is a compound found in plants like Cucurbitaceae that has shown promise in fighting cancer, particularly in lung cancer. However, the specific impact of CuB on ferroptosis and how it works in lung cancer cells has not been fully understood. Our research has discovered that CuB can effectively slow down the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Even in small amounts, it was able to inhibit the growth of various NSCLC cell lines. This inhibitory effect was reversed when ferroptosis inhibitors DFO, Lip-1 and Fer-1 were introduced. CuB was found to increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid ROS, MDA, and ferrous ions within H358 lung cancer cells, leading to a decrease in GSH, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and changes in ferroptosis-related proteins in a dose-dependent manner. These findings were also confirmed in A549 lung cancer cells. In A549 cells, different concentrations of CuB induced the accumulation of intracellular lipid ROS, ferrous ions and changes in ferroptosis-related indicators in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic effect induced by CuB in A549 cells was counteracted by ferroptosis inhibitors DFO and Fer-1. Through network pharmacology, we identified potential targets related to ferroptosis in NSCLC cells treated with CuB, with STAT3 targets showing high scores. Further experiments using molecular docking and cell thermal shift assay (CETSA) revealed that CuB interacts with the STAT3 protein. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that CuB inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 (P-STAT3) in H358 cells. Silencing STAT3 enhanced CuB-induced accumulation of lipid ROS and iron ions, as well as the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins. On the other hand, overexpression of STAT3 reversed the effects of CuB-induced ferroptosis. The results indicate that CuB has the capability to suppress STAT3 activation, resulting in ferroptosis, and could be a promising treatment choice for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyao Zeng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524002, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Jiating Su
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiting Tan
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianli Lai
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinming Chen
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Guixuan Fang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Li Li
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
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Zhou X, Zhang D, Lei J, Ren J, Yang B, Cao Z, Guo C, Li Y. Polyphyllin I induces rapid ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia through simultaneous targeting PI3K/SREBP-1/SCD1 axis and triggering of lipid peroxidation. J Nat Med 2024; 78:618-632. [PMID: 38668832 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease that is difficult to completely cure. Polyphyllin I (PPI), a steroidal saponin isolated from Paris polyphylla, has exhibited multiple biological activities. Here, we discovered the superior cytotoxicity of PPI on AML cells MOLM-13 with an IC50 values of 0.44 ± 0.09 μM. Mechanically, PPI could cause ferroptosis via the accumulation of intracellular iron concentration and triggering lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, PPI could induced stronger ferroptosis in a short time of about 6 h compared to erastin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PPI-induced rapid ferroptosis is due to the simultaneous targeting PI3K/SREBP-1/SCD1 axis and triggering lipid peroxidation, and PI3K inhibitor Alpelisib can enhance the activity of erastin-induced ferroptosis. Molecular docking simulations and kinase inhibition assays demonstrated that PPI is a PI3K inhibitor. In addition, PPI significantly inhibited tumor progression and prolonged mouse survival at 4 mg/kg with well tolerance. In summary, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of PPI for AML and shows its unique dual mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Duanna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jieting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jixia Ren
- College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Dali University, Panzhihua, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chuanjie Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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4
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Su F, Koeberle A. Regulation and targeting of SREBP-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:673-708. [PMID: 38036934 PMCID: PMC11156753 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasing burden on global public health and is associated with enhanced lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, and lipid metabolic reprogramming. De novo lipogenesis is under the control of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and essentially contributes to HCC progression. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of SREBP-1 isoforms in HCC based on cellular, animal, and clinical data. Specifically, we (i) address the overarching mechanisms for regulating SREBP-1 transcription, proteolytic processing, nuclear stability, and transactivation and (ii) critically discuss their impact on HCC, taking into account (iii) insights from pharmacological approaches. Emphasis is placed on cross-talk with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase A (PKA), and other kinases that directly phosphorylate SREBP-1; transcription factors, such as liver X receptor (LXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1 (PGC-1), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), and Myc; epigenetic mechanisms; post-translational modifications of SREBP-1; and SREBP-1-regulatory metabolites such as oxysterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. By carefully scrutinizing the role of SREBP-1 in HCC development, progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance, we shed light on the potential of SREBP-1-targeting strategies in HCC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Su
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Cao L, Qin Z, Yu T, Bai X, Jiang S, Wang D, Ning F, Huang M, Jin J. Tanshinone IIA acts as a regulator of lipogenesis to overcome osimertinib acquired resistance in lung cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116207. [PMID: 38621425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Osimertinib is a novel epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), acting as the first-line medicine for advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Recently, the acquired resistance to osimertinib brings great challenges to the advanced treatment. Therefore, it is in urgent need to find effective strategy to overcome osimertinib acquired resistance. Here, we demonstrated that SREBP pathway-driven lipogenesis was a key mediator to promote osimertinib acquired resistance, and firstly found Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a natural pharmacologically active constituent isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, could overcome osimertinib-acquired resistance in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting SREBP pathway-mediated lipid lipogenesis by using LC-MS based cellular lipidomics analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, western blotting analysis, flow cytometry, small interfering RNAs transfection, and membrane fluidity assay et al. The results showed that SREBP1/2-driven lipogenesis was highly activated in osimertinib acquired resistant NSCLC cells, while knockdown or inhibition of SREBP1/2 could restore the sensitivity of NSCLC to osimertinib via altered the proportion of saturated phospholipids and unsaturated phospholipids in osimertinib acquired-resistant cells. Furthermore, Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) could reverse the acquired resistance to osimertinib in lung cancer. Mechanically, Tan IIA inhibited SREBP signaling mediated lipogenesis, changed the profiles of saturated phospholipids and unsaturated phospholipids, and thus promoted osimertinib acquired resistant cancer cells to be attacked by oxidative stress-induced damage and reduce the cell membrane fluidity. The reversal effect of Tan IIA on osimertinib acquired resistant NSCLC cells was also confirmed in vivo, which is helpful for the development of strategies to reverse osimertinib acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyan Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xupeng Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shiqin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daifei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fangqing Ning
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Harada N, Yoshikatsu A, Yamamoto H, Nakaya Y. 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Downregulates Fatty Acid Synthase Gene Expression Via an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Dependent Pathway in HeLa Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01339-0. [PMID: 38824236 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of cellular lipogenesis. FASN expression is upregulated in various types of cancer cells, implying that FASN is a potential target for cancer therapy. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) specifically targets cancer cells by inhibiting glycolysis and glucose metabolism, resulting in multiple anticancer effects. However, whether the effects of 2-DG involve lipogenic metabolism remains to be elucidated. We investigated the effect of 2-DG administration on FASN expression in HeLa human cervical cancer cells. 2-DG treatment for 24 h decreased FASN mRNA and protein levels and suppressed the activity of an exogenous rat Fasn promoter. The use of a chemical activator or inhibitors or of a mammalian expression plasmid showed that neither AMPK nor the Sp1 transcription factor is responsible for the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on FASN expression. Administration of thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, or 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), a site 1 protease inhibitor, mimicked the inhibitory effect of 2-DG on FASN expression. 2-DG did not further decrease FASN expression in the presence of thapsigargin or AEBSF. Site 1 protease mediates activation of ATF6, an ER stress mediator, as well as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), a robust transcription factor for FASN. Administration of 2-DG or thapsigargin for 24 h suppressed activation of ATF6 and SREBP1, as did AEBSF. We speculated that these effects of 2-DG or thapsigargin are due to feedback inhibition via increased GRP78 expression following ER stress. Supporting this, exogenous overexpression of GRP78 in HeLa cells suppressed SREBP1 activation and Fasn promoter activity. These results suggest that 2-DG suppresses FASN expression via an ER stress-dependent pathway, providing new insight into the molecular basis of FASN regulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, 151 Nishihayashigi, Izumo city, 693-8550, Shimane, Japan.
| | - Aya Yoshikatsu
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jin-ai University, 3-1-1 Ohde-cho, Echizen city, 915-8568, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakaya
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
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Yuan Y, Xu J, Jiang Q, Yang C, Wang N, Liu X, Piao HL, Lu S, Zhang X, Han L, Liu Z, Cai J, Liu F, Chen S, Liu J. Ficolin 3 promotes ferroptosis in HCC by downregulating IR/SREBP axis-mediated MUFA synthesis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:133. [PMID: 38698462 PMCID: PMC11067213 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting ferroptosis has been identified as a promising approach for the development of cancer therapies. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) is a type of lipid that plays a crucial role in inhibiting ferroptosis. Ficolin 3 (FCN3) is a component of the complement system, serving as a recognition molecule against pathogens in the lectin pathway. Recent studies have reported that FCN3 demonstrates inhibitory effects on the progression of certain tumors. However, whether FCN3 can modulate lipid metabolism and ferroptosis remains largely unknown. METHODS Cell viability, BODIPY-C11 staining, and MDA assay were carried out to detect ferroptosis. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and xenograft models were utilized to investigate the effect of FCN3 on the development of HCC in vivo. A metabonomic analysis was conducted to assess alterations in intracellular and HCC intrahepatic lipid levels. RESULTS Our study elucidates a substantial decrease in the expression of FCN3, a component of the complement system, leads to MUFA accumulation in human HCC specimens and thereby significantly promotes ferroptosis resistance. Overexpression of FCN3 efficiently sensitizes HCC cells to ferroptosis, resulting in the inhibition of the oncogenesis and progression of both primary HCC and subcutaneous HCC xenograft. Mechanistically, FCN3 directly binds to the insulin receptor β (IR-β) and its pro-form (pro-IR), inhibiting pro-IR cleavage and IR-β phosphorylation, ultimately resulting in IR-β inactivation. This inactivation of IR-β suppresses the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), which subsequently suppresses the transcription of genes related to de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and lipid desaturation, and consequently downregulates intracellular MUFA levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings uncover a novel regulatory mechanism by which FCN3 enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to ferroptosis, indicating that targeting FCN3-induced ferroptosis is a promising strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yuan
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Junting Xu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Quanxin Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chuanxin Yang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xianjing Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Liu Han
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jiabin Cai
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Suzhen Chen
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Junli Liu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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8
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Yang X, Gu C, Cai J, Li F, He X, Luo L, Xiao W, Hu B, Hu J, Qian H, Ren S, Zhang L, Zhu X, Yang L, Yang J, Yang Z, Zheng Y, Huang X, Wang Z. Excessive SOX8 reprograms energy and iron metabolism to prime hepatocellular carcinoma for ferroptosis. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103002. [PMID: 38142583 PMCID: PMC10788634 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation and redox imbalance are hallmarks of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation in glycolipid metabolism and iron homeostasis substantially contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the specific transcription factors that are capable of coordinating glycolipid and redox homeostasis to initiate the onset of ferroptosis. We discovered that overexpression of SOX8 leads to impaired mitochondria integrate, increased oxidative stress, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. These effects can be attributed to the inhibitory impact of SOX8 on de novo lipogenesis, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Additionally, upregulation of SOX8 results in reduced synthesis of NADPH, disturbance of redox homeostasis, disruption of mitochondrial structure, and impairment of the electron transport chain. Furthermore, the overexpression of SOX8 enhances the process of ferroptosis by upregulating the expression of genes associated with ferroptosis and elevating intracellular levels of ferrous ion. Importantly, the overexpressing of SOX8 has been observed to inhibit the proliferation of HCC in immunodeficient animal models. In conclusion, the findings suggest that SOX8 has the ability to alter glycolipid and iron metabolism of HCC cells, hence triggering the process of ferroptosis. The results of our study present a novel strategy for targeting ferroptosis in the therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Chun Gu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Jingshu Cai
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Feiyang Li
- Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Xing He
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Lunan Luo
- Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Wengan Xiao
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Boyan Hu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Jing Hu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Hao Qian
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Shangqing Ren
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; Robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.
| | - Xiang Huang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene, Study Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; Laboratory of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.
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9
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Huang X, Wang M, Zhang D, Zhang C, Liu P. Advances in Targeted Drug Resistance Associated with Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:113-129. [PMID: 38250308 PMCID: PMC10799627 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s447578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the prevailing malignant neoplasm affecting the liver, often diagnosed at an advanced stage and associated with an unfavorable overall prognosis. Sorafenib and Lenvatinib have emerged as first-line therapeutic drugs for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, improving the prognosis for these patients. Nevertheless, the issue of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance poses a substantial obstacle in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis and advancement of hepatocellular carcinoma exhibit a close association with metabolic reprogramming, yet the attention given to lipid metabolism dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma development remains relatively restricted. This review summarizes the potential significance and research progress of lipid metabolism dysfunction in Sorafenib and Lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Targeting hepatocellular carcinoma lipid metabolism holds promising potential as an effective strategy to overcome hepatocellular carcinoma drug resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Liver Transplant Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pian Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Liu M, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Feng T, Zhou Q, Tian X. Circadian clock and lipid metabolism disorders: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1292011. [PMID: 38189049 PMCID: PMC10770836 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1292011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has emphasized the interaction between the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, particularly in relation to tumors. This review aims to explore how the circadian clock regulates lipid metabolism and its impact on carcinogenesis. Specifically, targeting key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis (SREBP, ACLY, ACC, FASN, and SCD) has been identified as a potential strategy for cancer therapy. By disrupting these enzymes, it may be possible to inhibit tumor growth by interfering with lipid metabolism. Transcription factors, like SREBP play a significant role in regulating fatty acid synthesis which is influenced by circadian clock genes such as BMAL1, REV-ERB and DEC. This suggests a strong connection between fatty acid synthesis and the circadian clock. Therefore, successful combination therapy should target fatty acid synthesis in addition to considering the timing and duration of drug use. Ultimately, personalized chronotherapy can enhance drug efficacy in cancer treatment and achieve treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Liu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Feng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Oncology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mechanism of Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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11
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Li N, Li X, Ding Y, Liu X, Diggle K, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. SREBP Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in Liver Disease, and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3280. [PMID: 38137501 PMCID: PMC10740981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are master transcription factors that play a crucial role in regulating genes involved in the biogenesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and triglycerides. As such, they are implicated in several serious liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SREBPs are subject to regulation by multiple cofactors and critical signaling pathways, making them an important target for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we first introduce the structure and activation of SREBPs, before focusing on their function in liver disease. We examine the mechanisms by which SREBPs regulate lipogenesis, explore how alterations in these processes are associated with liver disease, and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies using small molecules, natural products, or herb extracts that target these pathways. Through this analysis, we provide new insights into the versatility and multitargets of SREBPs as factors in the modulation of different physiological stages of liver disease, highlighting their potential targets for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yifu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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12
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Guo Z, Huo X, Li X, Jiang C, Xue L. Advances in regulation and function of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in cancer, from bench to bed. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2773-2785. [PMID: 37450239 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) converts saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids. The expression of SCD1 is increased in many cancers, and the altered expression contributes to the proliferation, invasion, sternness and chemoresistance of cancer cells. Recently, more evidence has been reported to further support the important role of SCD1 in cancer, and the regulation mechanism of SCD1 has also been focused. Multiple factors are involved in the regulation of SCD1, including metabolism, diet, tumor microenvironment, transcription factors, non-coding RNAs, and epigenetics modification. Moreover, SCD1 is found to be involved in regulating ferroptosis resistance. Based on these findings, SCD1 has been considered as a potential target for cancer treatment. However, the resistance of SCD1 inhibition may occur in certain tumors due to tumor heterogeneity and metabolic plasticity. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulation and function of SCD1 in tumors and discusses the potential clinical application of targeting SCD1 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Guo
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao Huo
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianlong Li
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking University Third Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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13
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Xiao Q, Lan Z, Zhang S, Ren H, Wang S, Wang P, Feng L, Li D, Wang C, Bai X, Zhang J. Overexpression of ZNF488 supports pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through inhibition of ferroptosis via regulating SCD1-mediated unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Biol Direct 2023; 18:77. [PMID: 37986084 PMCID: PMC10658979 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy with high mortality. Once diagnosed, effective treatment strategies are limited and the five-year survival is extremely poor. Recent studies have shown that zinc finger proteins play important roles in tumorigenesis, including pancreatic cancer. However, it remains unknown on the clinical significance, function and underlying mechanisms of zinc finger protein 488 (ZNF488) during the development of pancreatic cancer. METHODS The clinical relevance of ZNF488 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) was examined by analyzing the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and immunohistochemical staining of the tissue microarray. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed by transfecting the cells with overexpressing lentivirus and siRNAs or shRNA lentivirus, respectively. The function of ZNF488 in pancreatic cancer was assessed by CCK8, colony formation, EdU staining, PI/Annexin V staining and xenografted tumorigenesis. Chip-qPCR assay was conducted to examine the interaction between ZNF488 and the promoter sequence of SCD1. Transcription activity was measured by dual luciferase reporter assay. mRNA and protein expression was detected by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting experiment, respectively. Fatty acid was quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS ZNF488 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer samples compared with normal tissues. High expression of ZNF488 predicted the poor prognosis of the patients. In vitro, ZNF488 upregulation contributed to the EuU cooperation, proliferation and colony formation of MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. Based on PI/Annexin V and trypan blue staining results, we showed that ZNF488 suppressed the ferroptosis and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, ZNF488 directly interacted with the promoter sequence of SCD1 gene and promoted its transcription activity, which resulted in enhanced palmitoleic and oleic acid production, as well as the peroxidation of fatty acid. In vivo, ZNF488 overexpression promoted the xenograted tumorigenesis of PANC-1, which was reversed by SCD1 knockdown. Importantly, combination of erastin and SCD1 inhibitors A939572 completely blunted the growth of ZNF488 overexpressed MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. Usage of A939572 or erastin recovered the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to the treatment of gemcitabine. Lastly, we found a positive correlation between ZNF488 and SCD1 in pancreatic cancer patients based on TCGA and immunohistochemical staining results. CONCLUSION Overexpression of ZNF488 suppresses the ferroptosis and apoptosis to support the growth and tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer through augmentation of SCD1-mediated unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Combination of SCD1 inhibitors, ferroptosis inducers or gemcitabine could be applied for the treatment of pancreatic cancer with overexpression of ZNF488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Xiao
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhongmin Lan
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shuisheng Zhang
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hu Ren
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shunda Wang
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bai
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Pancreatic and gastric surgery department, National Cancer Center/National clinical research center for cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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14
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Zhao Y, Tan H, Zhang X, Zhu J. Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 28:e18042. [PMID: 37987033 PMCID: PMC10902579 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main pathological type of liver cancer, is linked to risk factors such as viral hepatitis, alcohol intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding that NAFLD is playing a major risk factor for HCC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of transcription factors divided into three subtypes: PPARα (PPARA), PPARδ/β (PPARD) and PPARγ (PPARG). As important nuclear receptors, PPARs are involved in many physiological processes, and PPARs can improve NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism, accelerating fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting inflammation. In recent years, some studies have shown that PPARs can participate in the occurrence and development of HCC by regulating metabolic pathways. In addition, PPAR modulators have been reported to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells and can enhance the curative effect of conventional treatments. This article reviews the role of PPARs in the occurrence and development of HCC, as well as its value in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of HCC, in order to provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Disease Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
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15
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Huo A, Xiong X. PAICS as a potential target for cancer therapy linking purine biosynthesis to cancer progression. Life Sci 2023; 331:122070. [PMID: 37673296 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells are required to undergo metabolic reprogramming for rapid development and progression, and one of the metabolic characteristics of cancer cells is the excessive synthesis and utilization of nucleotides. Abnormally increased nucleotides and their metabolites not only directly accelerate tumor cell progression but also indirectly act on stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) via a paracrine manner to regulate tumor progression. Purine nucleotides are mainly produced via de novo nucleotide synthesis in tumor cells; therefore, intervening in their synthesis has emerged as a promising strategy in anti-tumor therapy. De novo purine synthesis is a 10-step reaction catalyzed by six enzymes to synthesize inosine 5-monophosphate (IMP) and subsequently synthesize AMP and GMP. Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphori-bosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (PAICS) is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes de novo purine synthesis. Aberrantly elevated PAICS expression in various tumors is associated with poor prognosis. Evidence suggests that PAICS and its catalytic product, N-succinylcarboxamide-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (SAICAR), could inhibit tumor cell apoptosis and promote the growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis by regulating signaling pathways such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and so on. This review summarizes the structure, biological functions and the molecular mechanisms of PAICS in cancer development and discusses its potential to be a target for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Huo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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16
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Jia L, Zhang L, Liu M, Ji H, Wen Z, Wang C. Mitochondrial Control for Healthy and Autoimmune T Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1800. [PMID: 37443834 PMCID: PMC10340733 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical players in adaptive immunity, driving the tissue injury and organ damage of patients with autoimmune diseases. Consequently, investigations on T cell activation, differentiation, and function are valuable in uncovering the disease pathogenesis, thus exploring promising therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. In recent decades, accumulating studies have pinpointed immunometabolism as the fundamental determinant in controlling T cell fate. Specifically, mitochondria, as a hub of intracellular metabolism, connect glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolic pathways. Herein, we summarize metabolic adaptations of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the relevant glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism during T cell activation, differentiation, and function. Further, we focused on current updates of the molecular bases for metabolic reprogramming in autoimmune T cells and advances in exploring metabolic-targeted therapeutics against autoimmune diseases. This might facilitate the in-depth understanding of autoimmune pathogeneses and the clinical management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huiyan Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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17
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Fernández-García P, Malet-Engra G, Torres M, Hanson D, Rosselló CA, Román R, Lladó V, Escribá PV. Evolving Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Pediatric CNS Tumors: The Impact of Lipid Metabolism. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051365. [PMID: 37239036 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neurological tumors are a heterogeneous group of cancers, many of which carry a poor prognosis and lack a "standard of care" therapy. While they have similar anatomic locations, pediatric neurological tumors harbor specific molecular signatures that distinguish them from adult brain and other neurological cancers. Recent advances through the application of genetics and imaging tools have reshaped the molecular classification and treatment of pediatric neurological tumors, specifically considering the molecular alterations involved. A multidisciplinary effort is ongoing to develop new therapeutic strategies for these tumors, employing innovative and established approaches. Strikingly, there is increasing evidence that lipid metabolism is altered during the development of these types of tumors. Thus, in addition to targeted therapies focusing on classical oncogenes, new treatments are being developed based on a broad spectrum of strategies, ranging from vaccines to viral vectors, and melitherapy. This work reviews the current therapeutic landscape for pediatric brain tumors, considering new emerging treatments and ongoing clinical trials. In addition, the role of lipid metabolism in these neoplasms and its relevance for the development of novel therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Gema Malet-Engra
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Torres
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Derek Hanson
- Hackensack Meridian Health, 343 Thornall Street, Edison, NJ 08837, USA
| | - Catalina A Rosselló
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ramón Román
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Victoria Lladó
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pablo V Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Laminar Pharmaceuticals, Isaac Newton, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Zhang L, Li XM, Shi XH, Ye K, Fu XL, Wang X, Guo SM, Ma JQ, Xu FF, Sun HM, Li QQ, Zhang WY, Ye LH. Sorafenib triggers ferroptosis via inhibition of HBXIP/SCD axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:622-634. [PMID: 36109580 PMCID: PMC9958095 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib, which inhibits multiple kinases, is an effective frontline therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ferroptosis is a form of iron-dependent programmed cell death regulated by lipid peroxidation, which can be induced by sorafenib treatment. Oncoprotein hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) participates in multiple biological pro-tumor processes, including growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and metabolic reprogramming. However, the role of HBXIP in sorafenib-induced ferroptotic cell death remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that HBXIP prevents sorafenib-induced ferroptosis in HCC cells. Sorafenib decreased HBXIP expression, and overexpression of HBXIP blocked sorafenib-induced HCC cell death. Interestingly, suppression of HBXIP increased malondialdehyde (MDA) production and glutathione (GSH) depletion to promote sorafenib-mediated ferroptosis and cell death. Ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, reversed the enhanced anticancer effect of sorafenib caused by HBXIP silencing in HCC cells. Regarding the molecular mechanism, HBXIP transcriptionally induced the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) via coactivating the transcriptional factor ZNF263, resulting in the accumulation of free fatty acids and suppression of ferroptosis. Functionally, activation of the HBXIP/SCD axis reduced the anticancer activity of sorafenib and suppressed ferroptotic cell death in vivo and in vitro. HBXIP/SCD axis-mediated ferroptosis can serve as a novel downstream effector of sorafenib. Our results provide new evidence for clinical decisions in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xian-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xu-He Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xue-Li Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shi-Man Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jia-Qi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fei-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hui-Min Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qian-Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wei-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Li-Hong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Gao X, Xu M, Wang H, Xia Z, Sun H, Liu M, Zhao S, Yang F, Niu Z, Gao H, Zhu H, Lu J, Zhou X. Development and validation of a mitochondrial energy metabolism-related risk model in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2023; 855:147133. [PMID: 36565797 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and ranks third inmortality. Mitochondria are the energy manufacturers of cells. Disruption of mitochondrial energy metabolism pathways is strongly correlated with the onset and progression of HCC. Aberrant genes in mitochondrial energy metabolism pathways may represent a unique diagnostic and therapeutic targets that act as indicators for HCC. METHODS Gene expression data from 374 HCC patients and 50 controls were acquired from TCGA database. A total of 188 mitochondrial energy metabolism-related genes (MMRGs) were obtained from KEGG PATHWAY database. A total of 368 patients with survival data were randomly split into training and validation groups in a 7: 3 ratio. Prognosis-related MMRGs were selected by univariate Cox and LASSO analyses. Kaplan-Meier and ROC curves were employed to analyze the model precision, whereas the validation set was used for model verification. Furthermore, clinical examinations, immune infiltration analysis, GSVA, and immunotherapy analysis were conducted in the high- and low-risk groups. Finally, the risk model was combined with the clinical variables of HCC patients to perform univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to obtain independent risk indicators and draw a nomogram. Therefore, we evaluated the accuracy of the predictions using calibration curves. RESULTS A total of 6032 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the HCC and control samples. After overlapping DEGs with 188 MMRGs, 42 mitochondrial energy metabolism-related DEGs (DEMMRGs) were identified. A 17 specific genes-based risk score model of HCC was created, which revealed effectiveness in each TCGA training and validation dataset. Moreover, patients categorized by risk scores exhibited distinct immune infiltration status, immunotherapy responsiveness, and functional properties. Finally, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that risk score and stage T were independent predictive variables. Based on the T stage and risk score, a nomogram for estimating the survival of HCC patients was created. The calibration curves demonstrated that the prediction model had a high level of accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Our study constructed a mitochondrial energy metabolism-related risk model, that may be utilized to anticipate HCC prognosis and represent the immunological microenvironment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Zhaozhi Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Hongrui Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Shuchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Faji Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Zheyu Niu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Hengjun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021 Jinan, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Huaqiang Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021 Jinan, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021 Jinan, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 250021 Jinan, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021 Jinan, China.
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20
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Chen W, Xu Z, You W, Zhou Y, Wang L, Huang Y, Shan T. Cold exposure alters lipid metabolism of skeletal muscle through HIF-1α-induced mitophagy. BMC Biol 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36750818 PMCID: PMC9906913 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to its contractile properties and role in movement, skeletal muscle plays an important function in regulating whole-body glucose and lipid metabolism. A central component of such regulation is mitochondria, whose quality and function are essential in maintaining proper metabolic homeostasis, with defects in processes such as autophagy and mitophagy involved in mitochondria quality control impairing skeletal muscle mass and function, and potentially leading to a number of associated diseases. Cold exposure has been reported to markedly induce metabolic remodeling and enhance insulin sensitivity in the whole body by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. However, changes in lipid metabolism and lipidomic profiles in skeletal muscle in response to cold exposure are unclear. Here, we generated lipidomic or transcriptome profiles of mouse skeletal muscle following cold induction, to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism upon acute cold treatment. RESULTS Our results indicated that short-term cold exposure (3 days) can lead to a significant increase in intramuscular fat deposition. Lipidomic analyses revealed that a cold challenge altered the overall lipid composition by increasing the content of triglyceride (TG), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), while decreasing sphingomyelin (SM), validating lipid remodeling during the cold environment. In addition, RNA-seq and qPCR analysis showed that cold exposure promoted the expression of genes related to lipolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. These marked changes in metabolic effects were associated with mitophagy and muscle signaling pathways, which were accompanied by increased TG deposition and impaired fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, HIF-1α signaling was highly activated in response to the cold challenge, which may contribute to intramuscular fat deposition and enhanced mitophagy in a cold environment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data revealed the adaptive changes of skeletal muscle associated with lipidomic and transcriptomic profiles upon cold exposure. We described the significant alterations in the composition of specific lipid species and expression of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Cold-mediated mitophagy may play a critical role in modulating lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, which is precisely regulated by HIF-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Huang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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PLGA Nanoparticles Loaded with Sorafenib Combined with Thermosensitive Hydrogel System and Microwave Hyperthermia for Multiple Sensitized Radiotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020487. [PMID: 36839808 PMCID: PMC9965455 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is typically the leading cause of radiotherapy (RT) resistance in solid tumors, and glutathione (GSH) overexpression in tumor cells is a potent antioxidant mechanism that protects tumor cells from radiation damage. Herein, we developed a sorafenib (SFN) loaded-PLGA hydrogel system (SPH) in combination with microwave (MW) hyperthermia for RT sensitization. SPH with stable properties was produced by combining SFN and PLGA in a specific ratio and encapsulating the mixture in agarose hydrogel. Intratumoral injection of SPH to mice combined with MW hyperthermia can not only directly cause thermal damage to tumor cells, but also increase blood oxygen delivery to the tumor site, thus overcoming the problem of intratumoral hypoxia and achieving "first layer" RT sensitization. Moreover, high temperatures can cause the hydrogel to disintegrate and release SFN. Not only can SFN inhibit tumor growth, but it can also achieve the "second layer" of RT sensitization by inhibiting glutathione (GSH) synthesis in cells and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Experiments, both in vitro and in vivo, have indicated that SPH and MW hyperthermia can achieve a double RT sensitization effect and a significant tumor inhibition effect. In conclusion, combining our SPH nanosystem and thermoradiotherapy is a promising anti-tumor treatment.
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since the concept of ferroptosis was put forward and research focusing on ferroptosis has been increasing continuously. Ferroptosis is driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, which can be antagonized by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferroptosis inhibitory protein 1 (FSP1), dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1). Various cellular metabolic events, including lipid metabolism, can modulate ferroptosis sensitivity. It is worth noting that the reprogramming of lipid metabolism in cancer cells can promote the occurrence and development of tumors. The metabolic flexibility of cancer cells opens the possibility for the coordinated targeting of multiple lipid metabolic pathways to trigger cancer cells ferroptosis. In addition, cancer cells must obtain immortality, escape from programmed cell death including ferroptosis, to promote cancer progression, which provides new perspectives for improving cancer therapy. Targeting the vulnerability of ferroptosis has received attention as one of the significant possible strategies to treat cancer given its role in regulating tumor cell survival. We review the impact of iron and lipid metabolism on ferroptosis and the potential role of the crosstalk of lipid metabolism reprogramming and ferroptosis in antitumor immunity and sum up agents targeting lipid metabolism and ferroptosis for cancer therapy.
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Varlamova EG, Khabatova VV, Gudkov SV, Turovsky EA. Ca 2+-Dependent Effects of the Selenium-Sorafenib Nanocomplex on Glioblastoma Cells and Astrocytes of the Cerebral Cortex: Anticancer Agent and Cytoprotector. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032411. [PMID: 36768736 PMCID: PMC9917080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that sorafenib is recommended for the treatment of oncological diseases of the liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland, and recently it has been used for combination therapy of brain cancer of various genesis, there are still significant problems for its widespread and effective use. Among these problems, the presence of the blood-brain barrier of the brain and the need to use high doses of sorafenib, the existence of mechanisms for the redistribution of sorafenib and its release in the brain tissue, as well as the high resistance of gliomas and glioblastomas to therapy should be considered the main ones. Therefore, there is a need to create new methods for delivering sorafenib to brain tumors, enhancing the therapeutic potential of sorafenib and reducing the cytotoxic effects of active compounds on the healthy environment of tumors, and ideally, increasing the survival of healthy cells during therapy. Using vitality tests, fluorescence microscopy, and molecular biology methods, we showed that the selenium-sorafenib (SeSo) nanocomplex, at relatively low concentrations, is able to bypass the mechanisms of glioblastoma cell chemoresistance and to induce apoptosis through Ca2+-dependent induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, changes in the expression of selenoproteins and selenium-containing proteins, as well as key kinases-regulators of oncogenicity and cell death. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) also have a high anticancer efficacy in glioblastomas, but are less selective, since SeSo in cortical astrocytes causes a more pronounced activation of the cytoprotective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Varlamova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Venera V. Khabatova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilove st., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilove st., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Egor A. Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Luo C, Li N, Wang Q, Li C. Sodium acetate promotes fat synthesis by suppressing TATA element modulatory factor 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:126-136. [PMID: 37123620 PMCID: PMC10130354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids are important nutrients that regulate milk fat synthesis. They regulate milk synthesis via the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) pathway; however, the details are still unknown. Here, the regulation and mechanism of sodium acetate (SA) in milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were assessed. BMECs were treated with SA supplementation (SA+) or without SA supplementation (SA-), and milk fat synthesis and activation of the SREBP1 pathway were increased (P = 0.0045; P = 0.0042) by SA+ and decreased (P = 0.0068; P = 0.0031) by SA-, respectively. Overexpression or inhibition of SREBP1 demonstrated that SA promoted milk fat synthesis (P = 0.0045) via the SREBP1 pathway. Overexpression or inhibition of TATA element modulatory factor 1 (TMF1) demonstrated that TMF1 suppressed activation of the SREBP1 pathway (P = 0.0001) and milk fat synthesis (P = 0.0022) activated by SA+. Overexpression or inhibition of TMF1 and SREBP1 showed that TMF1 suppressed milk fat synthesis (P = 0.0073) through the SREBP1 pathway. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that TMF1 interacted with SREBP1 in the cytoplasm and suppressed the nuclear localization of SREBP1 (P = 0.0066). The absence or presence of SA demonstrated that SA inhibited the expression of TMF1 (P = 0.0002) and the interaction between TMF1 and SREBP1 (P = 0.0001). Collectively, our research suggested that TMF1 was a new negative regulator of milk fat synthesis. In BMECs, SA promoted the SREBP1 pathway and milk fat synthesis by suppressing TMF1. This study enhances the current understanding of the regulation of milk fat synthesis and provides new scientific data for the regulation of milk fat synthesis.
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Zhou Z, Liang S, Zhou Z, Liu J, Zhang J, Meng X, Zou F, Zhao H, Yu C, Cai S. TGF-β1 promotes SCD1 expression via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR-SREBP1 signaling pathway in lung fibroblasts. Respir Res 2023; 24:8. [PMID: 36627645 PMCID: PMC9832654 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung fibroblast activation is associated with airway remodeling during asthma progression. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) plays an important role in the response of fibroblasts to growth factors. This study aimed to explore the effects of SCD1 on fibroblast activation induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the role of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-AKT serine-threonine protein kinase-mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) pathway on the regulation of SCD1 expression in airway remodeling. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with house dust mites to generate a chronic asthma model. The inhibitor of SCD1 was injected i.g. before each challenge. The airway hyper-responsiveness to methacholine was evaluated, and airway remodeling and airway inflammation were assessed by histology. The effects of SCD1 on fibroblast activation were evaluated in vitro using an SCD1 inhibitor and oleic acid and via the knockdown of SCD1. The involvement of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) pathway in lung fibroblasts was investigated using relevant inhibitors. RESULTS The expression of SCD1 was increased in fibroblasts exposed to TGF-β1. The inhibition of SCD1 markedly ameliorated airway remodeling and lung fibroblast activation in peripheral airways. The knockdown or inhibition of SCD1 resulted in significantly reduced extracellular matrix production in TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts, but this effect was reversed by the addition of exogenous oleic acid. The PI3K-Akt-mTOR-SREBP1 pathway was found to be involved in the regulation of SCD1 expression and lung fibroblast activation. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in this study indicate that SCD1 expression contributes to fibroblast activation and airway remodeling and that the inhibition of SCD1 may be a therapeutic strategy for airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhou
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Shixiu Liang
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Zicong Zhou
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jieyi Liu
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Fei Zou
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Haijin Zhao
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Changhui Yu
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
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Meng SS, Gu HW, Zhang T, Li YS, Tang HB. Gradual deterioration of fatty liver disease to liver cancer via inhibition of AMPK signaling pathways involved in energy-dependent disorders, cellular aging, and chronic inflammation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1099624. [PMID: 36937390 PMCID: PMC10018212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1099624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer kind. According to recent research, a fatty liver increases the risk of hepatocellular cancer. Nevertheless, the AMPK signaling pathway is crucial. In addition, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is strongly linked to alterations in the tumor microenvironment, such as inflammation, hypoxia, and aging. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the AMPK signaling pathway on the progression of fatty liver to HCC. Methods In this study, we established a mouse liver cancer model using high-fat diets and nano-nitrosamines (nano-DEN). In addition, we employed a transcriptomic technique to identify all mRNAs detected in liver samples at the 25th weekexpression of proteins linked with the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, inflammation, aging, and hypoxia was studied in microarrays of liver cancer tissues from mice and humans. These proteins included p-AMPK, LKB1, mTOR, COX-2, β-catenin, HMGB1, p16, and HIF-1α. Results Data were collected at different times in the liver as well as in cancerous and paracancerous regions and analyzed by a multispectral imaging system. The results showed that most of the genes in the AMPK signaling pathway were downregulated. Prakk1 expression was upregulated compared to control group but downregulated in the cancerous regions compared to the paracancerous regions. Stk11 expression was downregulated in the cancerous regions. Mtor expression was upregulated in the cancerous regions. During liver cancer formation, deletion of LKB1 in the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway reduces phosphorylation of AMPK. It contributed to the upregulation of mTOR, which further led to the upregulation of HIF1α. In addition, the expression of β-catenin, COX-2, and HMGB1 were upregulated, as well as the expression of p16 was downregulated. Discussion These findings suggest that changes in the AMPK signaling pathway exacerbate the deterioration of disrupted energy metabolism, chronic inflammation, hypoxia, and cellular aging in the tumor microenvironment, promoting the development of fatty liver into liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Meng
- Laboratory of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Wei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Laboratory of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Sang Li
- Laboratory of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Sang Li, ; He-Bin Tang,
| | - He-Bin Tang
- Laboratory of Hepatopharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Sang Li, ; He-Bin Tang,
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Zhu Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Zheng T, Di S, Wang Y, Fei W, Liang W, Wang L. Ameliorative Effect of Ethanolic Echinacea purpurea against Hyperthyroidism-Induced Oxidative Stress via AMRK and PPAR Signal Pathway Using Transcriptomics and Network Pharmacology Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010187. [PMID: 36613632 PMCID: PMC9820381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP) is a well-known botanical supplement with antioxidant characteristics. However, the effects of EP on oxidative stress induced by hyperthyroidism have not yet been studied. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidative effect of ethanolic Echinacea Purpurea (EEP) on hyperthyroidism-induced oxidative stress mice using an integrated strategy combining transcriptomics with network pharmacology analysis. Firstly, a hyperthyroidism mice model was induced via thyroxine (160 mg/kg) and EEP (1, 2, or 4 g/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Body weight, thyroid-stimulating hormones, and oxidative stress markers were tested. Secondly, EEP regulating the potential genes at transcript level were analyzed. Thirdly, a network pharmacology based on the constituents of EEP identified using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis was adopted. Finally, a joint analysis was performed to identify the key pathway. The results showed that EEP significantly changed the thyroid-stimulating hormones and oxidative stress markers. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR and Western Blotting demonstrated that the mechanism of the antioxidant effect of EEP reversed the mRNA expression of EHHADH, HMGCR and SLC27A2 and the protein expression of FABP and HMGCR in AMPK and PPAR signaling pathways. This study integrates transcriptomics with network pharmacology to reveal the mechanism of ameliorative effect of EEP on hyperthyroidism-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Chun Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Songrui Di
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yinyin Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenting Fei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weican Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linyuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (L.W.)
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The Ameliorative Effect and Mechanisms of Ruditapes philippinarum Bioactive Peptides on Obesity and Hyperlipidemia Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235066. [PMID: 36501096 PMCID: PMC9737393 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, bioactive peptides (RBPs) from Ruditapes philippinarum were prepared by fermentation with Bacillus natto and the effect and mechanisms of RBPs on obesity and hyperlipidemia were explored in mice. We found that RBPs significantly reduced body weight, adipose tissue weight, accumulation of hepatic lipids, and serum levels of total cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Mechanistic studies showed that RBPs up-regulated the hepatic expression of genes related to lipolysis, such as hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPARα), and down-regulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) which is related to lipid synthesis. In addition, RBPs could attenuate obesity and hyperlipidemia by regulating disordered gut microbiota composition, such as increasing the abundance of microflora related to the synthesis of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceas_UCG_001, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and Odoribacter) and controlling those related to intestinal inflammation (reduced abundance of Deferribacteres and increased abundance of Alistipes and ASF356) to exert anti-obesity and lipid-lowering activities. Our findings laid the foundation for the development and utilization of RBPs as a functional food to ameliorate obesity and hyperlipidemia.
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Modulating p-AMPK/mTOR Pathway of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by MTERF1 Abnormal Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012354. [PMID: 36293209 PMCID: PMC9604058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial transcription termination factor 1 (MTERF1) has been demonstrated to play an important role in mitochondrial gene expression regulation. However, the molecular mechanism of MTERF1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains largely unknown. Here, we found that MTERF1 expression was significantly increased in colon cancer tissues compared with normal colorectal tissue by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and tissue microarrays (TMA). Overexpression of MTERF1 in the HT29 cell promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor formation, whereas knockdown of MTERF1 in HCT116 cells appeared to be the opposite phenotype to HT29 cells. Furthermore, MTERF1 can increase mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication, transcription, and protein synthesis in colorectal cancer cells; increase ATP levels, the mitochondrial crista density, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxygen consumption rate (OCR); and reduce the ROS production in colorectal cancer cells, thereby enhancing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity. Mechanistically, we revealed that MTERF1 regulates the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in cancerous cell lines, and we also confirmed the involvement of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in both xenograft tumor tissues and colorectal cancer tissues. In summary, our data reveal an oncogenic role of MTERF1 in CRC progression, indicating that MTERF1 may represent a new therapeutic target in the future.
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Tang S, Shen Y, Wei X, Shen Z, Lu W, Xu J. Olaparib synergizes with arsenic trioxide by promoting apoptosis and ferroptosis in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:826. [PMID: 36163324 PMCID: PMC9513087 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are efficacious in treating platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (OC), but demonstrate limited efficiency in patients with platinum-resistant OC. Thus, further investigations into combined strategies that enhance the response to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in platinum-resistant OC are required. The present study aimed to investigate the combined therapy of arsenic trioxide (ATO) with olaparib, a common PARPi, and determine how this synergistic cytotoxicity works in platinum-resistant OC cells. Functional assays demonstrated that the combined treatment of olaparib with ATO significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation, and enhanced DNA damage as well as cell apoptosis in A2780-CIS and SKOV3-CIS cell lines. Results of the present study also demonstrated that a combination of olaparib with ATO increased lipid peroxidation and eventually triggered ferroptosis. Consistently, the combined treatment synergistically suppressed tumor growth in mice xenograft models. Mechanistically, ATO in combination with olaparib activated the AMPK α pathway and suppressed the expression levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). Collectively, results of the present study demonstrated that treatment with ATO enhanced the effects of olaparib in platinum-resistant OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsang Tang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XWomen’s Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yuanming Shen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XWomen’s Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Zhangjin Shen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XWomen’s Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCancer center, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Junfen Xu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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Li H, Xi Y, Liu H, Xin X. Gypenosides ameliorate high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via farnesoid X receptor activation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:914079. [PMID: 36091227 PMCID: PMC9449333 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.914079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gypenosides (Gyps), the major botanical component of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, was found to up-regulate the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the exact role of FXR and underlying mechanisms in Gyps-mediated effects on NASH remain to be elucidated. Purpose This study investigated whether Gyps attenuates NASH through directly activating FXR in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH, and delineated the molecular pathways involved. Study design A mouse model of HFD-induced NSAH was used to examine effects of Gyps on NASH with obeticholic acid (OCA) as a positive control, and the role of FXR in its mechanism of action was investigated in wild-type (WT) and FXR knockout (KO) mice. Methods WT or FXR KO mice were randomly assigned into four groups: normal diet (ND) group as negative control, HFD group, HFD + Gyps group, or HFD + OCA group. Results Treatment with Gyps and OCA significantly improved liver histopathological abnormalities in HFD-induced NASH, reduced the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS), and lowered hepatic triglyceride (TG) content compared with the HFD group. In agreement with these liver tissue changes, biochemical tests of blood samples revealed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), TG, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and fasting insulin (FINS) levels were significantly lower in the HFD + Gyps vs. HFD group. Furthermore, Gyps and OCA treatment significantly up-regulated hepatic FXR, small heterodimer partner (SHP), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, and significantly down-regulated sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthetase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) protein levels compared with the HFD group in WT mice but not in FXR KO mice. Notably, Gyps- and OCA-mediated pharmacological effects were significantly abrogated by depletion of the FXR gene in FXR KO mice. Conclusion Gyps ameliorated HFD-induced NASH through the direct activation of FXR and FXR-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Li
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Hongshan Li,
| | - Yingfei Xi
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Liver Disease Department of Integrative Medicine, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Shuguang Hospital, Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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The role of liver kinase B1 in tumor progression through regulation of lipid metabolism. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 24:2045-2054. [PMID: 35896782 PMCID: PMC9522762 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
The somatic mutation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) has been implicated in various tumors, which is reflected in the survival, proliferation, and metastasis of tumor cells. However, the regulation of LKB1 in lipid metabolism, a process that is involved in tumor progression is not completely clear. We conclude that LKB1 deficiency results in abnormal expression and activation of multiple molecules related to lipid metabolism which locate downstream of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or salt-induced kinase (SIK). Abnormal lipid metabolism induced by LKB1 deficiency contributes to the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells through energy regulation.
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Zhao Q, Lin X, Wang G. Targeting SREBP-1-Mediated Lipogenesis as Potential Strategies for Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:952371. [PMID: 35912181 PMCID: PMC9330218 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.952371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a transcription factor with a basic helix–loop–helix leucine zipper, has two isoforms, SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c, derived from the same gene for regulating the genes of lipogenesis, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Importantly, SREBP-1 participates in metabolic reprogramming of various cancers and has been a biomarker for the prognosis or drug efficacy for the patients with cancer. In this review, we first introduced the structure, activation, and key upstream signaling pathway of SREBP-1. Then, the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of SREBP-1-regulated lipogenesis in various types of cancer, such as colorectal, prostate, breast, and hepatocellular cancer, were summarized. We also discussed potential therapies targeting the SREBP-1-regulated pathway by small molecules, natural products, or the extracts of herbs against tumor progression. This review could provide new insights in understanding advanced findings about SREBP-1-mediated lipogenesis in cancer and its potential as a target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyu Lin, ; Guan Wang,
| | - Guan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyu Lin, ; Guan Wang,
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Liu T, Yu J, Ge C, Zhao F, Chen J, Miao C, Jin W, Zhou Q, Geng Q, Lin H, Tian H, Chen T, Xie H, Cui Y, Yao M, Xiao X, Li J, Li H. Sperm associated antigen 4 promotes SREBP1-mediated de novo lipogenesis via interaction with lamin A/C and contributes to tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215642. [PMID: 35307486 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor and its progression is associated with altered lipid metabolism in precancerous lesions, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we identified sperm associated antigen 4 (SPAG4), and explored its oncogenic role in HCC progression. Database analysis and immunohistochemistry indicated increased level of SPAG4 in HCC tissues which was of prognostic value. Gain/loss-of-function experiments showed that SPAG4 exerted oncogenic roles in HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing revealed activation of a lipogenic state and SREBP1-mediated pathway following SPAG4 overexpression. Mechanistically, the N-terminal region of SPAG4 bound to lamin A/C, which increased SREBP1 expression, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity. Treatment with orlistat, a lipid synthesis inhibitor, reversed SPAG4-mediated oncogenic effects, and its efficacy varied with SPAG4 level. The effect of orlistat was further amplified when combined with sorafenib in tumor xenograft mouse models. Our study provides evidence that SPAG4 mediates HCC progression by affecting lipid metabolism. Administration of orlistat combined with sorafenib reverses SPAG4-mediated oncogenesis in HCC cells and ectopic xenograft tumors in mice, suggesting that this pathway represents a potential target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Junming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunxiao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Rui jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Qin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hechun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Taoyang Chen
- Qi Dong Liver Cancer Institute, Qi Dong, 226200, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Cancer Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, 530027, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Orlistat Resensitizes Sorafenib-Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells through Modulating Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126501. [PMID: 35742944 PMCID: PMC9223797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is one of the options for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treatment and has been shown to extend median overall survival. However, sorafenib resistance often develops a few months after treatment. Hence, developing various strategies to overcome sorafenib resistance and understand the possible mechanisms is urgently needed. We first established sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Then, we found that sorafenib-resistant Huh7 cells (Huh7/SR) exhibit higher glucose uptakes and express elevated fatty acid synthesis and glucose metabolism-related proteins than their parental counterparts (Huh7). The current study investigated whether sorafenib resistance could be reversed by suppressing fatty acid synthesis, using a fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor, orlistat, in HCC cells. FASN inhibition-caused changes in protein expressions and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by Western blot and flow cytometry, and changes in glucose uptakes were also evaluated by 18F-FDG uptake. Orlistat remarkably enhanced the cytotoxicity of sorafenib in both Huh7 and Huh7/SR cells, and flow cytometry showed that combination treatment significantly increased the sub-G1 population in both cell lines. Western blot revealed that the combination treatment effectively increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and decreased expressions of pERK; additionally, the combination treatment also strongly suppressed fatty acid synthesis-related proteins (e.g., FASN and SCD) in both cell lines. Lastly, the 18F-FDG uptake was repressed by the combination treatment in both cell lines. Our results indicated that orlistat-mediated FASN inhibition could overcome sorafenib resistance and enhance cell killing in HCC by changing cell metabolism.
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PI(18:1/18:1) is a SCD1-derived lipokine that limits stress signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2982. [PMID: 35624087 PMCID: PMC9142606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic stress activates stress-activated kinases, initiates adaptive mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, and induces programmed cell death. Fatty acid unsaturation, controlled by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1, prevents cytotoxic stress but the mechanisms are diffuse. Here, we show that 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-myo-inositol) [PI(18:1/18:1)] is a SCD1-derived signaling lipid, which inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, counteracts UPR, endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation, and apoptosis, regulates autophagy, and maintains cell morphology and proliferation. SCD1 expression and the cellular PI(18:1/18:1) proportion decrease during the onset of cell death, thereby repressing protein phosphatase 2 A and enhancing stress signaling. This counter-regulation applies to mechanistically diverse death-inducing conditions and is found in multiple human and mouse cell lines and tissues of Scd1-defective mice. PI(18:1/18:1) ratios reflect stress tolerance in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, infection, high-fat diet, and immune aging. Together, PI(18:1/18:1) is a lipokine that links fatty acid unsaturation with stress responses, and its depletion evokes stress signaling. Fatty acid unsaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) protects against cellular stress through unclear mechanisms. Here the authors show 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-myo-inositol) is an SCD1-derived signaling lipid that regulates stress-adaption, protects against cell death and promotes proliferation.
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Cheng H, Wang M, Su J, Li Y, Long J, Chu J, Wan X, Cao Y, Li Q. Lipid Metabolism and Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060784. [PMID: 35743814 PMCID: PMC9224822 DOI: 10.3390/life12060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, inflammation, movement, membrane homeostasis, chemotherapy response, and drug resistance. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism is a typical feature of malignant tumors. In a variety of cancers, fat uptake, storage and fat production are up-regulated, which in turn promotes the rapid growth, invasion, and migration of tumors. This paper systematically summarizes the key signal transduction pathways and molecules of lipid metabolism regulating tumors, and the role of lipid metabolism in programmed cell death. In conclusion, understanding the potential molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism and the functions of different lipid molecules may facilitate elucidating the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of cancer in order to discover new potential targets for the development of effective antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qinglin Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0551-65169051
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Wang G, Wang JJ, Xu XN, Shi F, Fu XL. Targeting cellular energy metabolism- mediated ferroptosis by small molecule compounds for colorectal cancer therapy. J Drug Target 2022; 30:819-832. [PMID: 35481396 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2071909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cellular energy metabolism, including glycolysis, glutamine and lipid metabolism that affects ferroptosis in the tumour microenvironment (TME), play a critical role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and offer evolutionary advantages to tumour cells and even enhance their aggressive phenotype. This review summarises the findings on the dysregulated energy metabolism pathways, including lipid and fatty acid metabolism especially for regulating the ferroptosis in TME. Moreover, the cellular energy metabolism and tumour ferroptosis to be regulated by small molecule compounds, which targeting the different aspects of metabolic pathways of energy production as well as metabolic enzymes that connect with the tumour cell growth and ferroptosis in CRC are also discussed. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive summary on small molecule compounds regulatory function of different energy metabolic routes on ferroptosis in tumour cells and discuss those metabolic vulnerabilities for the development of potential ferroptosis-based tumour therapies for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Na Xu
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, China
| | - Xing-Li Fu
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, China
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Distinct AMPK-Mediated FAS/HSL Pathway Is Implicated in the Alleviating Effect of Nuciferine on Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in HFD-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091898. [PMID: 35565866 PMCID: PMC9101490 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuciferine (Nuci), the main aporphine alkaloid component in lotus leaf, was reported to reduce lipid accumulation in vitro. Herein we investigated whether Nuci prevents obesity in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and the underlying mechanism in liver/HepG2 hepatocytes and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) /adipocytes. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD supplemented with Nuci (0.10%) for 12 weeks. We found that Nuci significantly reduced body weight and fat mass, improved glycolipid profiles, and enhanced energy expenditure in HFD-fed mice. Nuci also ameliorated hepatic steatosis and decreased the size of adipocytes. Furthermore, Nuci remarkably promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK, suppressed lipogenesis (SREBP1, FAS, ACC), promoted lipolysis (HSL, ATGL), and increased the expressions of adipokines (FGF21, ZAG) in liver and eWAT. Besides, fatty acid oxidation in liver and thermogenesis in eWAT were also activated by Nuci. Similar results were further observed at cellular level, and these beneficial effects of Nuci in cells were abolished by an effective AMPK inhibitor compound C. In conclusion, Nuci supplementation prevented HFD-induced obesity, attenuated hepatic steatosis, and reduced lipid accumulation in liver/hepatocytes and eWAT/adipocytes through regulating AMPK-mediated FAS/HSL pathway. Our findings provide novel insight into the clinical application of Nuci in treating obesity and related complications.
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Tian H, Niu H, Luo J, Yao W, Chen X, Wu J, Geng Y, Gao W, Lei A, Gao Z, Tian X, Zhao X, Shi H, Li C, Hua J. Knockout of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Decreased Milk Fat and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Contents of the Goat Model Generated by CRISPR/Cas9. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4030-4043. [PMID: 35343224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk contains a rich source of nutrients, especially unsaturated fatty acids. However, the regulatory mechanism of milk fat and fatty acid synthesis remains unclear. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is the key enzyme catalyzing monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis and is essential for milk lipid metabolism. To explore milk lipid synthesis mechanism in vivo, SCD1-knockout goats were generated through CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the first time. SCD1 deficiency did not influence goat growth or serum biochemistry. Plasma phosphatidylcholines increased by lipidomics after SCD1 knockout in goats. Whole-blood RNA-seq indicated alterations in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, cAMP, ATPase activity, and Wnt signaling pathways. In SCD1-knockout goats, milk fat percentage and unsaturated fatty acid levels were reduced but other milk components were unchanged. Milk lipidomics revealed decreased triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols levels, and the differential abundance of lipids were enriched in glycerolipid, glycerophospholipids, and thermogenesis metabolism pathways. In milk fat globules, the expression levels of genes related to fatty acid and TAG synthesis including SREBP1 were reduced. ATP content and AMPK activity were promoted, and p-p70S6K protein level was suppressed in SCD1-knockout goat mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that SCD1 affected milk lipid metabolism by influencing AMPK-mTORC1/p70S6K-SREBP1 pathway. The integrative analysis of gene expression levels and lipidomics of milk revealed a crucial role of SCD1 in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids metabolism pathways. Our observations indicated that SCD1 regulated the synthesis of milk fat and unsaturated fatty acid in goat by affecting lipid metabolism gene expression and lipid metabolic pathways. These findings would be essential for improving goat milk nutritional value which is beneficial to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huimin Niu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weiwei Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanan Geng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenchang Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Anmin Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiue Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huaiping Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Zou X, Tang XY, Qu ZY, Sun ZW, Ji CF, Li YJ, Guo SD. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway for cancer therapy: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:539-557. [PMID: 35074329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) are expressed in a variety of tumors. Activation of the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway is associated with cancer proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis through modulating multiple downstream pathways, including phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Therefore, targeting PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for cancer therapy, and accordingly, some great progress has been made in this field in the past few decades. This review will focus on the PDGF isoforms and their binding with the related PDGFRs, the PDGF/PDGFR signaling and regulation, and especially present strategies and inhibitors developed for cancer therapy, and the related clinical benefits and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Xi-Yu Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Chen-Feng Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, 150076, China; School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China; Institute of lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Paul B, Lewinska M, Andersen JB. Lipid alterations in chronic liver disease and liver cancer. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100479. [PMID: 35469167 PMCID: PMC9034302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a complex and diverse group of molecules with crucial roles in many physiological processes, as well as in the onset, progression, and maintenance of cancers. Fatty acids and cholesterol are the building blocks of lipids, orchestrating these crucial metabolic processes. In the liver, lipid alterations are prevalent as a cause and consequence of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections, alcoholic hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Recent developments in lipidomics have also revealed that dynamic changes in triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol are involved in the development and progression of primary liver cancer. Accordingly, the transcriptional landscape of lipid metabolism suggests a carcinogenic role of increasing fatty acids and sterol synthesis. However, limited mechanistic insights into the complex nature of the hepatic lipidome have so far hindered the development of effective therapies.
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Wang SY, Hu QC, Wu T, Xia J, Tao XA, Cheng B. Abnormal lipid synthesis as a therapeutic target for cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:146-162. [PMID: 35432735 PMCID: PMC8963380 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) comprise a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell properties, which exhibit the characteristics of high tumorigenicity, self-renewal, and tumor initiation and are associated with the occurrence, metastasis, therapy resistance, and relapse of cancer. Compared with differentiated cells, CSCs have unique metabolic characteristics, and metabolic reprogramming contributes to the self-renewal and maintenance of stem cells. It has been reported that CSCs are highly dependent on lipid metabolism to maintain stemness and satisfy the requirements of biosynthesis and energy metabolism. In this review, we demonstrate that lipid anabolism alterations promote the survival of CSCs, including de novo lipogenesis, lipid desaturation, and cholesterol synthesis. In addition, we also emphasize the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between lipid synthesis and stem cell survival, the signal trans-duction pathways involved, and the application prospect of lipid synthesis reprogramming in CSC therapy. It is demonstrated that the dependence on lipid synthesis makes targeting of lipid synthesis metabolism a promising therapeutic strategy for eliminating CSCs. Targeting key molecules in lipid synthesis will play an important role in anti-CSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qin-Chao Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-An Tao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
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Contreras L, Rodríguez-Gil A, Muntané J, de la Cruz J. Broad Transcriptomic Impact of Sorafenib and Its Relation to the Antitumoral Properties in Liver Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051204. [PMID: 35267509 PMCID: PMC8909169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. While ablation, resection and orthotopic liver transplantation are indicated at an early stage of the disease, Sorafenib (Sfb) is the current most administrated first-line treatment for advanced HCC, even though its therapeutic benefit is limited due to the appearance of resistance. Deep knowledge on the molecular consequences of Sfb-treatment is essentially required for optimizing novel therapeutic strategies to improve the outcomes for patients with advanced HCC. In this study, we analyzed differential gene expression changes in two well characterized liver cancer cell lines upon a Sfb-treatment, demonstrating that both lines responded similarly to the treatment. Our results provide valuable information on the molecular action of Sfb on diverse cellular fundamental processes such as DNA repair, translation and proteostasis and identify rationalization issues that could provide a different therapeutic perspective to Sfb. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent and essentially incurable cancers in its advanced stages. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib (Sfb) remains the globally accepted treatment for advanced HCC. However, the extent of its therapeutic benefit is limited. Sfb exerts antitumor activity through its cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic roles in HCC cells. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, we used RNA sequencing to generate comprehensive transcriptome profiles of HepG2 and SNU423, hepatoblastoma- (HB) and HCC-derived cell lines, respectively, following a Sfb treatment at a pharmacological dose. This resulted in similar alterations of gene expression in both cell lines. Genes functionally related to membrane trafficking, stress-responsible and unfolded protein responses, circadian clock and activation of apoptosis were predominantly upregulated, while genes involved in cell growth and cycle, DNA replication and repair, ribosome biogenesis, translation initiation and proteostasis were downregulated. Our results suggest that Sfb causes primary effects on cellular stress that lead to upregulation of selective responses to compensate for its negative effect and restore homeostasis. No significant differences were found specifically affecting each cell line, indicating the robustness of the Sfb mechanism of action despite the heterogeneity of liver cancer. We discuss our results on terms of providing rationalization for possible strategies to improve Sfb clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Contreras
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez-Gil
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.d.l.C.); Tel.: +34-955-923-122 (J.M.); +34-923-126 (J.d.l.C.)
| | - Jesús de la Cruz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.d.l.C.); Tel.: +34-955-923-122 (J.M.); +34-923-126 (J.d.l.C.)
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Shi XJ, Li JX, Wang LH, Xie CE, Wang YL. Chenodeoxycholic Acid Enhances the Effect of Sorafenib in Inhibiting HepG2 Cell Growth Through EGFR/Stat3 Pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836333. [PMID: 35252007 PMCID: PMC8891169 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly invasive disease with a high mortality rate. Our previous study found that Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) as an endogenous metabolite can enhance the anti-tumor effect. Sorafenib has limited overall efficacy as a first-line agent in HCC, and combined with CDCA may improve its efficacy.MethodsHepG2 cells and Balb/c nude mice were used respectively for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Flow cytometry, Western blotting, HE and immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence were used to study the effects of CDCA combined with sorafenib on HepG2 cell growth and apoptosis-related proteins. Magnetic bead coupling, protein profiling and magnetic bead immunoprecipitation were used to find the targets of CDCA action. The effect of CDCA on EGFR/Stat3 signaling pathway was further verified by knocking down Stat3 and EGFR. Finally, fluorescence confocal, and molecular docking were used to study the binding site of CDCA to EGFR.ResultsIn this study, we found that CDCA enhanced the effect of sorafenib in inhibiting the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. Magnetic bead immunoprecipitation and protein profiling revealed that CDCA may enhance the effect of sorafenib by affecting the EGFR/Stat3 signaling pathway. Further results from in vitro and in vivo gene knockdown experiments, confocal experiments and molecular docking showed that CDCA enhances the efficacy of sorafenib by binding to the extracellular structural domain of EGFR.ConclusionThis study reveals the mechanism that CDCA enhances the inhibitory effect of sorafenib on HepG2 cell growth in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential new combination strategy for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Heng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-E Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dong Fang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun-Liang Wang,
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Du D, Liu C, Qin M, Zhang X, Xi T, Yuan S, Hao H, Xiong J. Metabolic dysregulation and emerging therapeutical targets for hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:558-580. [PMID: 35256934 PMCID: PMC8897153 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive human cancer with increasing incidence worldwide. Multiple efforts have been made to explore pharmaceutical therapies to treat HCC, such as targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune based therapies and combination of chemotherapy. However, limitations exist in current strategies including chemoresistance for instance. Tumor initiation and progression is driven by reprogramming of metabolism, in particular during HCC development. Recently, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a reappraisal of new nomenclature for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), indicates growing appreciation of metabolism in the pathogenesis of liver disease, including HCC, thereby suggesting new strategies by targeting abnormal metabolism for HCC treatment. In this review, we introduce directions by highlighting the metabolic targets in glucose, fatty acid, amino acid and glutamine metabolism, which are suitable for HCC pharmaceutical intervention. We also summarize and discuss current pharmaceutical agents and studies targeting deregulated metabolism during HCC treatment. Furthermore, opportunities and challenges in the discovery and development of HCC therapy targeting metabolism are discussed.
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Key Words
- 1,3-BPG, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- 2-DG, 2-deoxy-d-glucose
- 3-BrPA, 3-bromopyruvic acid
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- ACLY, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) citrate lyase
- ACS, acyl-CoA synthease
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AML, acute myeloblastic leukemia
- AMPK, adenosine mono-phosphate-activated protein kinase
- ASS1, argininosuccinate synthase 1
- ATGL, adipose triacylglycerol lipase
- CANA, canagliflozin
- CPT, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase
- CYP4, cytochrome P450s (CYPs) 4 family
- Cancer therapy
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular-signal regulated kinase
- FABP1, fatty acid binding protein 1
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- FBP1, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Fatty acid β-oxidation
- G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GLS1, renal-type glutaminase
- GLS2, liver-type glutaminase
- GLUT1, glucose transporter 1
- GOT1, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1
- Glutamine metabolism
- Glycolysis
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha
- HK, hexokinase
- HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- IDH2, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2
- LCAD, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LPL, lipid lipase
- LXR, liver X receptor
- MAFLD, metabolic associated fatty liver disease
- MAGL, monoacyglycerol lipase
- MCAD, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- MEs, malic enzymes
- MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
- Metabolic dysregulation
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- OTC, ornithine transcarbamylase
- PCK1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1
- PFK1, phosphofructokinase 1
- PGAM1, phosphoglycerate mutase 1
- PGK1, phosphoglycerate kinase 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- Pentose phosphate pathway
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCD1, stearoyl-CoA-desaturase 1
- SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
- SLC1A5/ASCT2, solute carrier family 1 member 5/alanine serine cysteine preferring transporter 2
- SLC7A5/LAT1, solute carrier family 7 member 5/L-type amino acid transporter 1
- SREBP1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- TAGs, triacylglycerols
- TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- TKT, transketolase
- Tricarboxylic acid cycle
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WD-fed MC4R-KO, Western diet (WD)-fed melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient (MC4R-KO)
- WNT, wingless-type MMTV integration site family
- mIDH, mutant IDH
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengyao Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tao Xi
- Research Center of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors.
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47
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Su D. The transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with targeted nanoparticle delivering sorafenib system for the treatment of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11124-11135. [PMID: 34923912 PMCID: PMC8810100 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
to explore the value of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with targeted nanoparticle delivery system for sorafenib (SFB) to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with microvascular invasion. 42 HCC patients with microvascular invasion after liver cancer surgery were selected from our hospital from December 2020 and February 2021. Patients were divided into experimental group and control group based on their willingness. Patients in experimental group (18 cases) were treated with combination therapy of TACE and Ab-SFB-NP system; while patients in control group (24 cases) took TACE and non-nano drug delivery system. There was no obvious difference in liver function and blood test results between two groups of patients before treatment and one month after treatment (P > 0.05). Three months after treatment, differences of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were statistically significant (P < 0.05); while differences of other test results were not (P > 0.05). The disease control rate (DCR) of patients in experimental group was higher slightly (P > 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions of patients in experimental group was lower than the control group and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). After three months of TACE, the DCR in the experimental group was significantly higher compared to control group. The toxic reactions of taking SFB with Ab-SFB-NP nano-drug delivery system mainly included hand-foot syndrome, diarrhea, and bleeding, the toxic reactions were mainly at level 1 ~ 2. After symptomatic treatment, the toxicity was effectively controlled, so the security was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongna Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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48
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Chen YC, Chen RJ, Peng SY, Yu WCY, Chang VHS. Therapeutic Targeting of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Downregulating SREBP-1C Expression via AMPK-KLF10 Axis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:751938. [PMID: 34869587 PMCID: PMC8633436 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.751938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 10 (KLF10) is a phospho-regulated transcriptional factor involved in many biological processes including lipogenesis; however, the transcriptional regulation on lipogenesis by KLF10 remains largely unclear. Lipogenesis is important in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which was known regulated mainly by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP-1C). Interesting, our previous study using phosphorylated site prediction suggested a regulation of AMPK on KLF10. Therefore, we aimed to study the protein–protein interactions of AMPK on the regulation of KLF10, and to delineate the mechanisms of phosphorylated KLF10 in the regulation of NAFLD through SREBP-1C. We performed in vitro and in vivo assays that identified AMPK phosphorylates KLF10 at Thr189 and subsequently modulates the steady state level of KLF10. Meanwhile, a chromatin immunoprecipitation–chip assay revealed the novel target genes and signaling cascades of corresponding to phosphorylated KLF10. SREBP-1C was identified as a target gene suppressed by phosphorylated KLF10 through promoter binding. We further performed high-fat-diet-induced NAFLD models using hepatic-specific KLF10 knockout mice and wild-type mice and revealed that KLF10 knockout markedly led to more severe NAFLD than that in wild-type mice. Taken together, our findings revealed for the first time that AMPK activates and stabilizes the KLF10 protein via phosphorylation at Thr189, thereby repressing the expression of SREBP-1C and subsequent lipogenesis pathways along with metabolic disorders. We suggested that the targeted manipulation of liver metabolism, particularly through increased KLF10 expression, is a potential alternative solution for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Peng
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston C Y Yu
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Wang T, Liu X, Qu X, Li Y, Liang X, Wu J. Lipid response of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to anticancer drug detected on nanostructure-assisted LDI-MS platform. Talanta 2021; 235:122817. [PMID: 34517673 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor has become an obstacle to select effective therapy for the treatment of HCC patients. Methods that can guide the decision on therapy choice for HCC treatment are highly demanded. Evaluating the drug response of heterogeneous tumor cells at the molecular level can help to reveal the toxicity mechanism of anticancer drugs and provide more information than current cell-based chemosensitivity assays. In the present work, nanostructure-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (NALDI-MS) was used to investigate the lipid response of HCC cells to anticancer drugs. Three types of HCC cells (LM3, Hep G2, Huh7) were treated with sorafenib, doxorubicin hydro-chloride, and cisplatin. We found that the lipid profiles of HCC cells changed a lot after the drug treatment, and the degree of lipid changes was related to the cell viability. Two pairs of fatty acids C16:1/C16:0 and C18:1/C18:0 were found to be strongly related to the viability of HCC cells after drug treatment, and were more sensitive than Methyl-thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Accordingly, they can act as sensitive and comprehensive indexes to evaluate the drug susceptibility of HCC cells. In addition, the peak ratio of several neighboring phospholipids displayed high correlation with drug response of specific cell subtype to specific drug. The ratio of neighboring lipids may be traced back to the activity of enzyme and gene expression which regulate the lipidomic pathway. This method provides drug response of heterogenous tumor cells at molecular level and could be a potential candidate to precise tumor chemosensitivity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institution of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Institution of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuetong Qu
- Institution of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuexin Li
- Institution of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Institution of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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50
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Gao M, Deng C, Dang F. Synergistic antitumor effect of resveratrol and sorafenib on hepatocellular carcinoma through PKA/AMPK/eEF2K pathway. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:3602. [PMID: 34776832 PMCID: PMC8559449 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sorafenib (Sor) is the only effective drug for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its therapeutic potential to date is mainly limited to the low tumor response. This study was designed to explore whether resveratrol (Res) could potentiate the anticancerous activity of Sor. We used HepG2 and Huh7 HCC cell lines and BALB/c nude mice for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. The cultured cell lines and tumor induction in the mice were treated with different concentrations of Res and Sor alone, and the combination of Res and Sor to observe the antitumor effects. Significant inhibitory effects were observed in the combined treatment of Res and Sor compared to Res and Sor alone treatments both in vitro and in vivo as demonstrated by significantly high number of S phase cells and apoptotic cells. Moreover, these findings were accompanied by the reduction of CDK2, CDC25A, PKA, p-AMPK, and eEF2K protein levels and the increment of cyclin A, cleavage caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 protein levels. The combinational treatment exhibited more significant anticancerous effect than the Res and Sor alone treatments in mice-bearing HepG2 xenograft. Overall, our results suggest that PKA/AMPK/eEF2K pathway is involved in the synergistic anticancerous activity of Res and Sor combination treatment in HCC cells. Thus, Res and Sor combination therapy may be promising in increasing the tumor response of Sor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Gao
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun Deng
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Dang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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