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Kronstein-Wiedemann R, Thiel J, Sürün D, Teichert M, Künzel SR, Zimmermann S, Wagenführ L, Buchholz F, Tonn T. Characterization of immortalized bone marrow erythroid progenitor adult (imBMEP-A)-The first inducible immortalized red blood cell progenitor cell line derived from bone marrow CD71-positive cells. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:1362-1373. [PMID: 39001769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Ex vivo production of red blood cells (RBCs) represents a promising alternative for transfusion medicine. Several strategies have been described to generate erythroid cell lines from different sources, including embryonic, induced pluripotent, and hematopoietic stem cells. All these approaches have in common that they require elaborate differentiation cultures whereas the yield of enucleated RBCs is inefficient. METHODS We generated a human immortalized adult erythroid progenitor cell line derived from bone marrow CD71-positive erythroid progenitor cells (immortalized bone marrow erythroid progenitor adult, or imBMEP-A) by an inducible expression system, to shorten differentiation culture necessary for terminal erythroid differentiation. It is the first erythroid cell line that is generated from direct reticulocyte progenitors and demonstrates robust hemoglobin production in the immortalized state. RESULTS Morphologic analysis of the immortalized cells showed that the preferred cell type of the imBMEP-A line corresponds to hemoglobin-producing basophilic erythroblasts. In addition, we were able to generate a stable cell line from a single cell clone with the triple knockout of RhAG, RhDCE and KELL. After removal of doxycycline, part of the cells differentiated into normoblasts and reticulocytes within 5-7 days. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the imBMEP-A cell line can serve as a stable and straightforward modifiable platform for RBC engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Kronstein-Wiedemann
- Laboratory for Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jessica Thiel
- Laboratory for Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Duran Sürün
- UCC, Medical Systems Biology - Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Madeleine Teichert
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan R Künzel
- Laboratory for Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Wagenführ
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- UCC, Medical Systems Biology - Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Laboratory for Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Dresden, Germany.
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Lin S, Zheng Y, Chen M, Xu L, Huang H. The interactions between ineffective erythropoiesis and ferroptosis in β-thalassemia. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346173. [PMID: 38468700 PMCID: PMC10925657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In Guangxi, Hainan, and Fujian Province in southern China, β-thalassemia is a frequent monogenic hereditary disorder that is primarily defined by hemolytic anemia brought on by inefficient erythropoiesis. It has been found that ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia is closely associated with a high accumulation of Reactive oxygen species, a product of oxidative stress, in erythroid cells. During recent years, ferroptosis is an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation that involves abnormalities in lipid and iron metabolism as well as reactive oxygen species homeostasis. It is a recently identified kind of programmed cell death. β-thalassemia patients experience increased iron release from reticuloendothelial cells and intestinal absorption of iron, ultimately resulting in iron overload. Additionally, the secretion of Hepcidin is inhibited in these patients. What counts is both ineffective erythropoiesis and ferroptosis in β-thalassemia are intricately linked to the iron metabolism and Reactive oxygen species homeostasis. Consequently, to shed further light on the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia and propose fresh ideas for its therapy, this paper reviews ferroptosis, ineffective erythropoiesis, and the way they interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanping Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meihuan Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- National Key Obstetric Clinical Specialty Construction Institution of China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- National Key Obstetric Clinical Specialty Construction Institution of China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- National Key Obstetric Clinical Specialty Construction Institution of China, Fuzhou, China
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Du S, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Chi Y. Advances in the study of HSP70 inhibitors to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942828. [PMID: 36036010 PMCID: PMC9399644 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is one of the most conserved proteins and a ubiquitous molecular chaperone that plays a role in the folding, remodeling, and degradation of various proteins to maintain proteostasis. It has been shown that HSP70 is abundantly expressed in cancer and enhances tumor resistance to radiotherapy by inhibiting multiple apoptotic pathways, such as interfering with the cellular senescence program, promoting angiogenesis, and supporting metastasis. Thus, HSP70 provides an effective target for enhancing the effects of radiation therapy in the clinical management of cancer patients. Inhibition of HSP70 enhances the radiation-induced tumor-killing effect and thus improves the efficacy of radiotherapy. This article reviews the sensitivity of Hsp70 and its related inhibitors to radiotherapy of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Du
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuran Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Wang, ; Yuhua Chi,
| | - Yuhua Chi
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Wang, ; Yuhua Chi,
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4
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Steiner L. Helping GATA1 make complex decisions. Blood 2022; 139:3457-3459. [PMID: 35708726 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gao P, Hao JL, Xie QW, Han GQ, Xu BB, Hu H, Sa NE, Du XW, Tang HL, Yan J, Dong XM. PELO facilitates PLK1-induced the ubiquitination and degradation of Smad4 and promotes the progression of prostate cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:2945-2957. [PMID: 35437307 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PLK1 and Smad4 are two important factors in prostate cancer initiation and progression. They have been reported to play the opposite role in Pten-deleted mice, one is an oncogene, the other is a tumor suppressor. Moreover, they could reversely regulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the activation of MYC. However, the connections between PLK1 and Smad4 have never been studied. Here, we showed that PLK1 could interact with Smad4 and promote the ubiquitination and degradation of Smad4 in PCa cells. PLK1 and PELO could bind to different domains of Smad4 and formed a protein complex. PELO facilitated the degradation of Smad4 through cooperating with PLK1, thereby resulting in proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer cell. Changes in protein levels of Smad4 led to the alteration of biological function that caused by PLK1 in prostate cancer cells. Further studies showed that PELO upregulation was positively associated with high grade PCa and knockdown of PELO expression significantly decreased PCa cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and vivo. PELO knockdown in PCa cells could enhance the tumor suppressive role of PLK1 inhibitor. In addition, blocking the interaction between PELO and Smad4 by using specific peptide could effectively inhibit PCa cell metastasis ability in vitro and vivo. Overall, these findings identified a novel regulatory relationship among PLK1, Smad4 and PELO, and provided a potential therapeutic strategy for advanced PCa therapy by co-targeting PLK1 and PELO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Jing-Lan Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qian-Wen Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Gui-Qin Han
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Bin-Bing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Na-Er Sa
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Du
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hai-Long Tang
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian Yan
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Hemogen /BRG1 cooperativity modulates promoter and enhancer activation during erythropoiesis. Blood 2022; 139:3532-3545. [PMID: 35297980 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemogen, also known as EDAG, is a hematopoietic tissue-specific gene that regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. However, the mechanism underlying hemogen function in erythropoiesis is unknown. We found that depletion of hemogen in human CD34+ erythroid progenitor cells and HUDEP2 cells significantly reduced the expression of genes associated with heme and hemoglobin synthesis, supporting a positive role of hemogen in erythroid maturation. In human K562 cells, hemogen antagonized the occupancy of co-repressors NuRD complex and facilitated LDB1 complex-mediated chromatin looping. Hemogen recruited SWI/SNF complex ATPase BRG1 as a co-activator to regulate nucleosome accessibility and H3K27ac enrichment for promoter and enhancer activity. To ask if hemogen/BRG1 cooperativity is conserved in mammalian systems, we generated hemogen KO/KI mice and investigated hemogen/BRG1 function in murine erythropoiesis. Loss of hemogen in E12.5-E16.5 fetal liver cells impeded erythroid differentiation through reducing the production of mature erythroblasts. ChIP-seq in WT and hemogen KO animal revealed BRG1 is largely dependent on hemogen to regulate chromatin accessibility at erythroid gene promoters and enhancers. In summary, hemogen/BRG1 interaction in mammals is essential for fetal erythroid maturation and hemoglobin production through its active role in promoter and enhancer activity and chromatin organization.
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Zhao K, Liu J, Zhu Y, Dong X, Yin R, Liu X, Gao H, Xiao F, Gao R, Wang Q, Zhan Y, Yu M, Chen H, Ning H, Zhang C, Yang X, Li C. Hemgn Protects Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Against Transplantation Stress Through Negatively Regulating IFN-γ Signaling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103838. [PMID: 34923767 PMCID: PMC8844507 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) possess the remarkable ability to regenerate the whole blood system in response to ablated stress demands. Delineating the mechanisms that maintain HSPCs during regenerative stresses is increasingly important. Here, it is shown that Hemgn is significantly induced by hematopoietic stresses including irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Hemgn deficiency does not disturb steady-state hematopoiesis in young mice. Hemgn-/- HSPCs display defective engraftment activity during BMT with reduced homing and survival and increased apoptosis. Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals that upregulated genes in transplanted Hemgn-/- HSPCs are enriched for gene sets related to interferon gamma (IFN-γ) signaling. Hemgn-/- HSPCs show enhanced responses to IFN-γ treatment and increased aging over time. Blocking IFN-γ signaling in irradiated recipients either pharmacologically or genetically rescues Hemgn-/- HSPCs engraftment defect. Mechanistical studies reveal that Hemgn deficiency sustain nuclear Stat1 tyrosine phosphorylation via suppressing T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase TC45 activity. Spermidine, a selective activator of TC45, rescues exacerbated phenotype of HSPCs in IFN-γ-treated Hemgn-/- mice. Collectively, these results identify that Hemgn is a critical regulator for successful engraftment and reconstitution of HSPCs in mice through negatively regulating IFN-γ signaling. Targeted Hemgn may be used to improve conditioning regimens and engraftment during HSPCs transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Jin‐Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Ya‐Xin Zhu
- School of Life SciencesHebei UniversityNo. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Lian Chi DistrictBaoding CityHebei Province071000China
| | - Xiao‐Ming Dong
- College of Life SciencesShanxi Normal UniversityNo. 199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta DistrictXi'an710062China
| | - Rong‐Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Hui‐Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Feng‐Jun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology and BiochemistryBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijing100850China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Qi Wang
- An Hui Medical UniversitySchool of Basic Medical SciencesHefei230032China
| | - Yi‐Qun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Hong‐Mei Ning
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationThe Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100071China
| | - Cai‐Bo Zhang
- Department of Life SciencesQilu Normal UniversityNo. 2, Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu DistrictJinanShandong250013China
| | - Xiao‐Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
| | - Chang‐Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing)Beijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijing102206China
- School of Life SciencesHebei UniversityNo. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Lian Chi DistrictBaoding CityHebei Province071000China
- An Hui Medical UniversitySchool of Basic Medical SciencesHefei230032China
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Fu YH, Ou DL, Yang YR, Su KW, Chen CY, Tien HF, Lai ZS, Shen CKJ, Chien HF, Lin LI. Cabozantinib promotes erythroid differentiation in K562 erythroleukemia cells through global changes in gene expression and JNK activation. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 29:784-792. [PMID: 34117374 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cabozantinib is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor with multiple targets including MET, VEGFR2, RET, KIT, and FLT3. Cabozantinib is widely used for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer and renal cell carcinoma. We recently suggested cabozantinib as a potential therapeutic alternative for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD). Here, we report that cabozantinib can promote differentiation in erythroid leukemia cells. We found that K562 erythroid leukemia cells treated with 1 μM cabozantinib for 72 h underwent erythroid lineage differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that various pathways associated with heme biosynthesis, hemoglobin production, and GATA1 targets were upregulated, whereas cell survival pathways were downregulated. Further examination revealed that cabozantinib-induced erythroid differentiation is at least in part regulated by JNK activation and phosphorylation. Levels of phosphorylated BCR-ABL, AKT, STAT5, ERK, and p38 also decreased following cabozantinib treatment. Therefore, we indicate that cabozantinib has dual functions. First, it induces K562 cell differentiation toward the erythroid lineage by upregulating heme biosynthesis, globin synthesis, and erythroid-associated reactions. Second, cabozantinib inhibits K562 cell proliferation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of BCR-ABL and the downstream MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Liang Ou
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Wei Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Chen
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Fan Tien
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Sheng Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Kun James Shen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiung-Fei Chien
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-In Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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