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Staruschenko A, Alexander RT, Caplan MJ, Ilatovskaya DV. Calcium signalling and transport in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:541-555. [PMID: 38641658 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The kidney plays a pivotal role in regulating calcium levels within the body. Approximately 98% of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the nephron, and this process is tightly controlled to maintain calcium homeostasis, which is required to facilitate optimal bone mineralization, preserve serum calcium levels within a narrow range, and support intracellular signalling mechanisms. The maintenance of these functions is attributed to a delicate balance achieved by various calcium channels, transporters, and calcium-binding proteins in renal cells. Perturbation of this balance due to deficiency or dysfunction of calcium channels and calcium-binding proteins can lead to severe complications. For example, polycystic kidney disease is linked to aberrant calcium transport and signalling. Furthermore, dysregulation of calcium levels can promote the formation of kidney stones. This Review provides an updated description of the key aspects of calcium handling in the kidney, focusing on the function of various calcium channels and the physiological stimuli that control these channels or are communicated through them. A discussion of the role of calcium as an intracellular second messenger and the pathophysiology of renal calcium dysregulation, as well as a summary of gaps in knowledge and future prospects, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women's and Children's Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Dimke H. New insights into renal calcium-sensing receptor activation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:433-440. [PMID: 38690798 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) in the parathyroid gland suppresses the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Furthermore, activation of the renal CASR directly increases the urinary excretion of calcium, by inhibiting transepithelial calcium transport in the nephron. Gain-of-function mutations in the CASR gene lead to autosomal dominant hypocalcemia 1 (ADH1), with inappropriately low PTH levels and hypocalcemia, indicative of excessive activation of the parathyroid CASR. However, hypercalciuria is not always observed. The reason why the manifestation of hypercalciuria is not uniform among ADH1 patients is not well understood. RECENT FINDINGS Direct activation of the CASR in the kidney has been cumbersome to study, and an indirect measure to effectively estimate the degree of CASR activation following chronic hypercalcemia or genetic gain-of-function CASR activation has been lacking. Studies have shown that expression of the pore-blocking claudin-14 is strongly stimulated by the CASR in a dose-dependent manner. This stimulatory effect is abolished after renal Casr ablation in hypercalcemic mice, suggesting that claudin-14 abundance may gauge renal CASR activation. Using this marker has led to unexpected discoveries regarding renal CASR activation. SUMMARY These new studies have informed on renal CASR activation thresholds and the downstream CASR-regulated calcium transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Shi Q, Sun X, Zhang H, Yang L, Fu Y, Wang G, Su Y, Li W, Li W. PLC-CN-NFAT1 signaling-mediated Aβ and IL-1β crosstalk synergistically promotes hippocampal neuronal damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112259. [PMID: 38749336 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Neuronal calcium overload plays an important role in Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation, which are strongly associated with AD. However, the specific mechanisms by which calcium overload contributes to neuroinflammation and AD and the relationship between them have not been elucidated. Phospholipase C (PLC) is involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis, and CN-NFAT1 signaling is dependent on intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) to regulate transcription of genes. Therefore, we hypothesized that the PLC-CN-NFAT1 signaling might mediate the interaction between Aβ and inflammation to promote neuronal injury in AD. In this experiment, the results showed that the levels of Aβ, IL-1β and [Ca2+]i in the hippocampal primary neurons of APP/PS1 mice (APP neurons) were significantly increased. IL-1β exposure also significantly increased Aβ and [Ca2+]i in HT22 cells, suggesting a close association between Aβ and IL-1β in the development of AD. Furthermore, PLC activation induced significant calcium homeostasis imbalance, cell apoptosis, Aβ and ROS production, and significantly increased expressions of CN and NFAT1, while PLC inhibitor significantly reversed these changes in APP neurons and IL-1β-induced HT22 cells. Further results indicated that PLC activation significantly increased the expressions of NOX2, APP, BACE1, and NCSTN, which were inhibited by PLC inhibitor in APP neurons and IL-1β-induced HT22 cells. All indications point to a synergistic interaction between Aβ and IL-1β by activating the PLC-CN-NFAT1 signal, ultimately causing a vicious cycle, resulting in neuronal damage in AD. The study may provide a new idea and target for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yinglin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Guohang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yong Su
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Abstract
Sequential expression of claudins, a family of tight junction proteins, along the nephron mirrors the sequential expression of ion channels and transporters. Only by the interplay of transcellular and paracellular transport can the kidney efficiently maintain electrolyte and water homeostasis in an organism. Although channel and transporter defects have long been known to perturb homeostasis, the contribution of individual tight junction proteins has been less clear. Over the past two decades, the regulation and dysregulation of claudins have been intensively studied in the gastrointestinal tract. Claudin expression patterns have, for instance, been found to be affected in infection and inflammation, or in cancer. In the kidney, a deeper understanding of the causes as well as the effects of claudin expression alterations is only just emerging. Little is known about hormonal control of the paracellular pathway along the nephron, effects of cytokines on renal claudin expression or relevance of changes in paracellular permeability to the outcome in any of the major kidney diseases. By summarizing current findings on the role of specific claudins in maintaining electrolyte and water homeostasis, this Review aims to stimulate investigations on claudins as prognostic markers or as druggable targets in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Meoli
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Houillier P, Lievre L, Hureaux M, Prot-Bertoye C. Mechanisms of paracellular transport of magnesium in intestinal and renal epithelia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:14-31. [PMID: 36622354 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body. It plays a critical role in many biological processes, including the process of energy release. Paracellular transport of magnesium is mandatory for magnesium homeostasis. In addition to intestinal absorption that occurs in part across the paracellular pathway, magnesium is reabsorbed by the kidney tubule. The bulk of magnesium is reabsorbed through the paracellular pathway in the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The finding that rare genetic diseases due to pathogenic variants in genes encoding specific claudins (CLDNs), proteins located at the tight junction that determine the selectivity and the permeability of the paracellular pathway, led to an awareness of their importance in magnesium homeostasis. Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis is caused by a loss of function of CLDN16 or CLDN19. Pathogenic CLDN10 variants cause HELIX syndrome, which is associated with a severe renal loss of sodium chloride and hypermagnesemia. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms and factors involved in paracellular magnesium permeability. The review also highlights some of the unresolved questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Houillier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Lievre
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardio-vasculaire, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
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Gorvin CM. Recent advances in calcium-sensing receptor structures and signaling pathways. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:121-135. [PMID: 36707151 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C GPCR that has a fundamental role in extracellular calcium homeostasis by regulating parathyroid hormone release and urinary calcium excretion. Germline mutations in the receptor cause disorders of calcium homeostasis and studies of the functional effects of these mutations has facilitated understanding of CaSR signaling and how allosteric modulators affect these responses. In the past year, five cryo-EM structures of the near full-length CaSR have been published, demonstrating how agonist-binding transmits changes in the CaSR extracellular domain to the transmembrane region to activate G proteins, and how allosteric modulators affect these structural dynamics. Additionally, several recent studies have identified CaSR interacting proteins that regulate CaSR signaling and trafficking and contribute to understanding how the receptor achieves rapid and diverse physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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The importance of kidney calcium handling in the homeostasis of extracellular fluid calcium. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:885-900. [PMID: 35842482 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular fluid calcium concentration must be maintained within a narrow range in order to sustain many biological functions, encompassing muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and bone and tooth mineralization. Blood calcium value is critically dependent on the ability of the renal tubule to reabsorb the adequate amount of filtered calcium. Tubular calcium reabsorption is carried out by various and complex mechanisms in 3 distinct segments: the proximal tubule, the cortical thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and the late distal convoluted/connecting tubule. In addition, calcium reabsorption is tightly controlled by many endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors, as well as by non-hormonal factors, in order to adapt the tubular handling of calcium to the metabolic requirements. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms and factors involved in calcium handling by the kidney and, ultimately, in extracellular calcium homeostasis. The review also highlights some of our gaps in understanding that need to be addressed in the future.
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van Megen WH, Beggs MR, An SW, Ferreira PG, Lee JJ, Wolf MT, Alexander RT, Dimke H. Gentamicin Inhibits Ca 2+ Channel TRPV5 and Induces Calciuresis Independent of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor-Claudin-14 Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:547-564. [PMID: 35022312 PMCID: PMC8975070 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin can be associated with severe adverse effects, including renal Ca2+ wasting. The underlying mechanism is unknown but it has been proposed to involve activation of the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the thick ascending limb, which would increase expression of claudin-14 (CLDN14) and limit Ca2+ reabsorption. However, no direct evidence for this hypothesis has been presented. METHODS We studied the effect of gentamicin in vivo using mouse models with impaired Ca2+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb. We used a Cldn14 promoter luciferase reporter assay to study CaSR activation and investigated the effect of gentamicin on activity of the distal nephron Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5), as determined by patch clamp in HEK293 cells. RESULTS Gentamicin increased urinary Ca2+ excretion in wild-type mice after acute and chronic administration. This calciuretic effect was unaltered in mice with genetic CaSR overactivation and was present in furosemide-treated animals, whereas the calciuretic effect in Cldn14-/- mice and mice with impaired proximal tubular Ca2+ reabsorption (claudin-2 [CLDN2]-deficient Cldn2-/- mice) was equivalent to that of wild-type mice. In vitro, gentamicin failed to activate the CaSR. In contrast, patch clamp analysis revealed that gentamicin strongly inhibited rabbit and human TRPV5 activity and chronic gentamicin administration downregulated distal nephron Ca2+ transporters. CONCLUSIONS Gentamicin does not cause hypercalciuria via activation of the CaSR-CLDN14 pathway or by interfering with proximal tubular CLDN2-dependent Ca2+ reabsorption. Instead, gentamicin blocks distal Ca2+ reabsorption by direct inhibition of the Ca2+ channel TRPV5. These findings offer new insights into Ca2+ wasting in patients treated with gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter H. van Megen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Megan R. Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Canada,Women and Children's Health Institute, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sung-Wan An
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Patrícia G. Ferreira
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Justin J. Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthias T. Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - R. Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Canada,Women and Children's Health Institute, Alberta, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark .,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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