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Ao Q, Hu H, Huang Y. Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1438803. [PMID: 39076977 PMCID: PMC11284608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1438803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent mode of cell death distinct from apoptosis and necrosis. Its mechanisms mainly involve disordered iron metabolism, lipid peroxide deposition, and an imbalance of the antioxidant system. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle responsible for protein folding, lipid metabolism, and Ca2+ regulation in cells. It can be induced to undergo endoplasmic reticulum stress in response to inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, thereby regulating intracellular environmental homeostasis through unfolded protein responses. It has been reported that ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) have an interaction pathway and jointly regulate cell survival and death. Both have also been reported separately in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mechanism studies. However, studies on the correlation between ferroptosis and ERS in RA have not been reported so far. Therefore, this paper reviews the current status of studies and the potential correlation between ferroptosis and ERS in RA, aiming to provide a research reference for developing treatments for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ao
- Guizhou Universisity of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical Universisity, Guiyang, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Guizhou Universisity of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical Universisity, Guiyang, China
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Zhang T, Zhao F, Hu Y, Wei J, Cui F, Lin Y, Jin Y, Sheng X. Environmental monobutyl phthalate exposure promotes liver cancer via reprogrammed cholesterol metabolism and activation of the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway. Oncogene 2024; 43:2355-2370. [PMID: 38879588 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Humans are widely exposed to phthalates, a major chemical plasticizer that accumulates in the liver. However, little is known about the impact of chronic phthalate exposure on liver cancer development. In this study, we applied a long-term cell culture model by treating the liver cancer cell HepG2 and normal hepatocyte L02 to environmental dosage of monobutyl phthalate (MBP), the main metabolite of phthalates. Interestingly, we found that long-term MBP exposure significantly accelerated the growth of HepG2 cells in vitro and in vivo, but barely altered the function of L02 cells. MBP exposure triggered reprogramming of lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells, where cholesterol accumulation subsequently activated the IRE1α-XBP1s axis of the unfolded protein response. As a result, the XBP1s-regulated gene sets and pathways contributed to the increased aggressiveness of HepG2 cells. In addition, we also showed that MBP-induced cholesterol accumulation fostered an immunosuppressive microenvironment by promoting tumor-associated macrophage polarization toward the M2 type. Together, these results suggest that environmental phthalates exposure may facilitate liver cancer progression, and alerts phthalates exposure to patients who already harbor liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jinlan Wei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fengzhen Cui
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yahang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xia Sheng
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Desai TA, Hedman ÅK, Dimitriou M, Koprulu M, Figiel S, Yin W, Johansson M, Watts EL, Atkins JR, Sokolov AV, Schiöth HB, Gunter MJ, Tsilidis KK, Martin RM, Pietzner M, Langenberg C, Mills IG, Lamb AD, Mälarstig A, Key TJ, Travis RC, Smith-Byrne K. Identifying proteomic risk factors for overall, aggressive, and early onset prostate cancer using Mendelian Randomisation and tumour spatial transcriptomics. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105168. [PMID: 38878676 PMCID: PMC11233900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the role of circulating proteins in prostate cancer risk can reveal key biological pathways and identify novel targets for cancer prevention. METHODS We investigated the association of 2002 genetically predicted circulating protein levels with risk of prostate cancer overall, and of aggressive and early onset disease, using cis-pQTL Mendelian randomisation (MR) and colocalisation. Findings for proteins with support from both MR, after correction for multiple-testing, and colocalisation were replicated using two independent cancer GWAS, one of European and one of African ancestry. Proteins with evidence of prostate-specific tissue expression were additionally investigated using spatial transcriptomic data in prostate tumour tissue to assess their role in tumour aggressiveness. Finally, we mapped risk proteins to drug and ongoing clinical trials targets. FINDINGS We identified 20 proteins genetically linked to prostate cancer risk (14 for overall [8 specific], 7 for aggressive [3 specific], and 8 for early onset disease [2 specific]), of which the majority replicated where data were available. Among these were proteins associated with aggressive disease, such as PPA2 [Odds Ratio (OR) per 1 SD increment = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.54-2.93], PYY [OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.43-2.44] and PRSS3 [OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.89], and those associated with early onset disease, including EHPB1 [OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.99-4.21], POGLUT3 [OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67-0.86] and TPM3 [OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.34-0.64]. We confirmed an inverse association of MSMB with prostate cancer overall [OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.80-0.82], and also found an inverse association with both aggressive [OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.82-0.86] and early onset disease [OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.68-0.74]. Using spatial transcriptomics data, we identified MSMB as the genome-wide top-most predictive gene to distinguish benign regions from high grade cancer regions that comparatively had five-fold lower MSMB expression. Additionally, ten proteins that were associated with prostate cancer risk also mapped to existing therapeutic interventions. INTERPRETATION Our findings emphasise the importance of proteomics for improving our understanding of prostate cancer aetiology and of opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. Additionally, we demonstrate the added benefit of in-depth functional analyses to triangulate the role of risk proteins in the clinical aggressiveness of prostate tumours. Using these integrated methods, we identify a subset of risk proteins associated with aggressive and early onset disease as priorities for investigation for the future prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. FUNDING This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (grant no. C8221/A29017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishna A Desai
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Åsa K Hedman
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marios Dimitriou
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mine Koprulu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy Figiel
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wencheng Yin
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mattias Johansson
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Eleanor L Watts
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Richard M Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of HealthHealth (BIH) at Charité - Univeritätsmedizin- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of HealthHealth (BIH) at Charité - Univeritätsmedizin- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G Mills
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Smith-Byrne
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zhang T, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Shi JH, Cui F, Ma W, Wang K, Xu C, Zeng Q, Zhong R, Li N, Liu Y, Jin Y, Sheng X. Targeting the IRE1α-XBP1s axis confers selective vulnerability in hepatocellular carcinoma with activated Wnt signaling. Oncogene 2024; 43:1233-1248. [PMID: 38418544 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Liver-specific Ern1 knockout impairs tumor progression in mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanistic role of IRE1α in human HCC remains unclear. In this study, we show that XBP1s, the major downstream effector of IRE1α, is required for HCC cell survival both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, XBP1s transactivates LEF1, a key co-factor of β-catenin, by binding to its promoter. Moreover, XBP1s physically interacts with LEF1, forming a transcriptional complex that enhances classical Wnt signaling. Consistently, the activities of XBP1s and LEF1 are strongly correlated in human HCC and with disease prognosis. Notably, selective inhibition of XBP1 splicing using an IRE1α inhibitor significantly repressed the viability of tumor explants as well as the growth of tumor xenografts derived from patients with distinct Wnt/LEF1 activities. Finally, machine learning algorithms developed a powerful prognostic signature based on the activities of XBP1s/LEF1. In summary, our study uncovers a key mechanistic role for the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway in human HCC. Targeting this axis could provide a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC with hyperactivated Wnt/LEF1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ji-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Fengzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Weixiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chuanrui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qingping Zeng
- Fosun Orinove PharmaTech Inc., Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Kern J, Schilling D, Schneeweis C, Schmid RM, Schneider G, Combs SE, Dobiasch S. Identification of the unfolded protein response pathway as target for radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer. Radiother Oncol 2024; 191:110059. [PMID: 38135186 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Due to the high intrinsic radioresistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), radiotherapy (RT) is only beneficial in 30% of patients. Therefore, this study aimed to identify targets to improve the efficacy of RT in PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alamar Blue proliferation and colony formation assay (CFA) were used to determine the radioresponse of a cohort of 38 murine PDAC cell lines. A gene set enrichment analysis was performed to reveal differentially expressed pathways. CFA, cell cycle distribution, γH2AX FACS analysis, and Caspase 3/7 SYTOX assay were used to examine the effect of a combination treatment using KIRA8 as an IRE1α-inhibitor and Ceapin-A7 as an inhibitor against ATF6. RESULTS The unfolded protein response (UPR) was identified as a pathway highly expressed in radioresistant cell lines. Using the IRE1α-inhibitor KIRA8 or the ATF6-inhibitor Ceapin-A7 in combination with radiation, a radiosensitizing effect was observed in radioresistant cell lines, but no substantial alteration of the radioresponse in radiosensitive cell lines. Mechanistically, increased apoptosis by KIRA8 in combination with radiation and a cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase after ATF6 inhibition and radiation have been observed in radioresistant cell lines. CONCLUSION So, our data show evidence that the UPR is involved in radioresistance of PDAC. Increased apoptosis and a G1 cell cycle arrest seem to be responsible for the radiosensitizing effect of UPR inhibition. These findings are supportive for developing novel combination treatment concepts in PDAC to overcome radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kern
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Schilling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneeweis
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Department of General Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Dobiasch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Desai TA, Hedman ÅK, Dimitriou M, Koprulu M, Figiel S, Yin W, Johansson M, Watts EL, Atkins JR, Sokolov AV, Schiöth HB, Gunter MJ, Tsilidis KK, Martin RM, Pietzner M, Langenberg C, Mills IG, Lamb AD, Mälarstig A, Key TJ, Travis RC, Smith-Byrne K. Identifying proteomic risk factors for overall, aggressive and early onset prostate cancer using Mendelian randomization and tumor spatial transcriptomics. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.21.23295864. [PMID: 37790472 PMCID: PMC10543057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.23295864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the role of circulating proteins in prostate cancer risk can reveal key biological pathways and identify novel targets for cancer prevention. Methods We investigated the association of 2,002 genetically predicted circulating protein levels with risk of prostate cancer overall, and of aggressive and early onset disease, using cis-pQTL Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization. Findings for proteins with support from both MR, after correction for multiple-testing, and colocalization were replicated using two independent cancer GWAS, one of European and one of African ancestry. Proteins with evidence of prostate-specific tissue expression were additionally investigated using spatial transcriptomic data in prostate tumor tissue to assess their role in tumor aggressiveness. Finally, we mapped risk proteins to drug and ongoing clinical trials targets. Results We identified 20 proteins genetically linked to prostate cancer risk (14 for overall [8 specific], 7 for aggressive [3 specific], and 8 for early onset disease [2 specific]), of which a majority were novel and replicated. Among these were proteins associated with aggressive disease, such as PPA2 [Odds Ratio (OR) per 1 SD increment = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.54-2.93], PYY [OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.43-2.44] and PRSS3 [OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.89], and those associated with early onset disease, including EHPB1 [OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.99-4.21], POGLUT3 [OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67-0.86] and TPM3 [OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.34-0.64]. We confirm an inverse association of MSMB with prostate cancer overall [OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.80-0.82], and also find an inverse association with both aggressive [OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.82-0.86] and early onset disease [OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.68-0.74]. Using spatial transcriptomics data, we identified MSMB as the genome-wide top-most predictive gene to distinguish benign regions from high grade cancer regions that had five-fold lower MSMB expression. Additionally, ten proteins that were associated with prostate cancer risk mapped to existing therapeutic interventions. Conclusion Our findings emphasize the importance of proteomics for improving our understanding of prostate cancer etiology and of opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. Additionally, we demonstrate the added benefit of in-depth functional analyses to triangulate the role of risk proteins in the clinical aggressiveness of prostate tumors. Using these integrated methods, we identify a subset of risk proteins associated with aggressive and early onset disease as priorities for investigation for the future prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishna A Desai
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Åsa K Hedman
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marios Dimitriou
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mine Koprulu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy Figiel
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wencheng Yin
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mattias Johansson
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Eleanor L Watts
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Richard M Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of HealthHealth (BIH) at Charité - Univeritätsmedizin- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of HealthHealth (BIH) at Charité - Univeritätsmedizin- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G Mills
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- External Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Smith-Byrne
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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