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Carr RA, Mesiano D, Heffron C, Radonic T, Wiggins J, Tso S, Agrawal R, Cheung E, Slater DN, Nichols L, Craig P. Aberrant p16, p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry staining patterns can distinguish solitary keratoacanthoma from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2023; 55:772-784. [PMID: 37573161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Keratoacanthoma (KA) is widely considered a benign, usually self-resolving, neoplasm distinct from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), while some consider KA to be indistinguishable from cSCC. Published studies indicate utility for p16, p53, Ki-67 immunostaining and elastic van Gieson (EVG) in the assessment of KA and cSCC. We compared clinical features and staining patterns for p16, p53, Ki-67 and EVG in fully excised KA, cSCC with KA-like features (cSCC-KAL) and other cSCC (cSCC-OTHER). Significant differences between KA, cSCC-KAL and cSCC-OTHER were found for head and neck location (20%, 86%, 84%), and duration <5 months (95%, 63%, 36%). KA shows both a mosaic pattern for p16 (>25-90% of neoplasm area) and peripheral graded pattern for p53 (up to 50% moderate and strong nuclear staining) in 92% compared with 0% of cSCC-KAL and 0% of cSCC-OTHER. In contrast, a highly aberrant pattern (usually null) for one or both p16 and p53, was present in 0% of KA, 83.8% of cSCC-KAL and 90.9% of cSCC-OTHER. Abnormal distribution of Ki-67 beyond the peripheral 1-3 cells was uncommon in KA (4.2%) and common in cSCC-KAL (67.6%) and cSCC-OTHER (88.4%). Moderate to striking entrapment of elastic and collagen fibres was present in the majority of KA (84%), cSCC-KAL (81%) and cSCC-OTHER (65%). KA are clinically distinct neoplasms typically of short duration occurring preferentially outside the head and neck and generally lacking aberrations of p16, p53 and Ki-67, compared with cSCC that have high rates of aberrant or highly aberrant p16, p53 and Ki-67, but EVG lacked specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Carr
- Cellular Pathology, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK.
| | - Domenico Mesiano
- Cellular Pathology, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK
| | - Cynthia Heffron
- Department of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Teodora Radonic
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - James Wiggins
- Cellular Pathology, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK
| | - Simon Tso
- Jephson Dermatology Centre, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK
| | - Rishi Agrawal
- Histopathology Department, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Elaine Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Linda Nichols
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Paul Craig
- Department of Histopathology, Cheltenham General Hospital, Gloucestershire, UK
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Castanheira A, Vieira MJ, Pinto M, Dias C, Prada L, Macedo S, Fernandes MS, Vieira F, Soares P, Mota A, Lopes JM, Boaventura P. TERTp mutations and p53 expression in head and neck cutaneous basal cell carcinomas with different aggressive features. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10395. [PMID: 34001963 PMCID: PMC8129122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (cBCC) is an economic burden to health services, due to its great morbidity and increasing incidence in old people. Infiltrative cBCCs and cBCCs with micronodular pattern are considered as more aggressive. The role of p53 expression and TERTp mutation on cBCC behavior remains to be clarified. We aimed to assess TERTp mutations and p53 expression in relation to the cBCC histological subtype in a cohort of patients referred to an ENT Department of a tertiary Hospital of Northern Portugal. We performed a retrospective clinicopathological and histological review of the head and neck cBCCs followed-up at the otorhinolaryngology department of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro hospital (January 2007–June 2018). We assessed TERTp mutations in 142 cBCCs and p53 protein expression, through immunohistochemistry, in 157 cBCCs. We detected TERTp mutations in 43.7% of cBCCs and p53 overexpression in 60.5% of cBCCs. We spotted association of p53 overexpression and TERTp mutation with necrosis. In the infitrative-growth pattern cBCCs, there was no significant association with the clinical and histological features evaluated, except for necrosis. In the indolent-growth cBCCs, we identified a significant association of TERTp mutation status with female sex, necrosis, multiple cBCCs, and p53 positive expression. Our results suggest that TERTp mutation may be useful to identify more aggressive features in the indolent-growth pattern cBCCs (nodular and superficial subtypes). Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to clarify the relevance of TERTp mutation in cBCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Castanheira
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Vieira
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Pinto
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Dias
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Prada
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Macedo
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Paula Soares
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Mota
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Dermatology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Boaventura
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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Prognostic Significance of RAS Mutations and P53 Expression in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070751. [PMID: 32640663 PMCID: PMC7397334 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 is considered the most commonly-altered gene in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Conversely, RAS mutations have been reported in a low percentage of cSCC. The objective of our study was to evaluate the frequency of p53 expression and RAS mutations in cSCC and correlate them with clinicopathological features and patient outcome. We performed immunohistochemistry for p53 and genetic profiling for RAS mutations in a retrospective series of cSCC. The predictive value of p53 expression, RAS mutations, and clinicopathological parameters was assessed using logistic regression models. The overall frequency of RAS mutations was 9.3% (15/162), and 82.1% of the cases (133/162) had p53 overexpression. RAS mutations rate was 3.2% (1/31) of in situ cSCCs and 10.7% (14/131) of invasive cSCCs. RAS mutations were more frequently associated with an infiltrative than an expansive pattern of invasion (p = 0.046). p53 overexpression was a predictor of recurrence in the univariate analysis. Our results indicate that RAS mutations associate with features of local aggressiveness. Larger studies with more recurrent and metastatic cSCCs are necessary to further address the prognostic significance of p53 overexpression in patients’ risk stratification.
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Piipponen M, Nissinen L, Riihilä P, Farshchian M, Kallajoki M, Peltonen J, Peltonen S, Kähäri VM. p53-Regulated Long Noncoding RNA PRECSIT Promotes Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via STAT3 Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:503-517. [PMID: 31837949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. The role of lncRNA LINC00346 in cutaneous squamous carcinoma (cSCC) was examined. The expression of LINC00346 was up-regulated in cSCC cells compared with normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Elevated expression of LINC00346 was noted in tumor cells in cSCC tissue sections in vivo, as compared with cSCC in situ, and actinic keratosis by RNA in situ hybridization; and the expression in seborrheic keratosis and normal skin was very low. Immunohistochemical analysis of cSCC tissue sections and functional assays of cSCC cells in culture showed that LINC00346 expression is down-regulated by p53. Knockdown of LINC00346 inhibited invasion of cSCC cells in culture and suppressed growth of human cSCC xenografts in vivo. Knockdown of LINC00346 inhibited expression of activated STAT3 and resulted in down-regulation of the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, MMP-10, and MMP-13. Based on these observations LINC00346 was named p53 regulated carcinoma-associated STAT3-activating long intergenic non-protein coding transcript (PRECSIT). These results identify PRECSIT as a new p53-regulated lncRNA, which promotes progression of cSCC via STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Cancer Research Laboratory, Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Cancer Research Laboratory, Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Cancer Research Laboratory, Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Cancer Research Laboratory, Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Bahrani E, Sitthinamsuwan P, McCalmont TH, Pincus LB. Ki-67 and p16 Immunostaining Differentiates Pagetoid Bowen Disease From "Microclonal" Seborrheic Keratosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 151:551-560. [PMID: 30852607 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We observed keratoses with "clonal" nests present as numerous tiny collections, in which cells in "pagetoid" array are found, a configuration we termed microclonal seborrheic keratosis (MSK). To better distinguish MSK from pagetoid Bowen disease (PBD), we investigated use of immunohistochemical staining. METHODS Biopsy specimens of 26 MSKs, 17 PBDs, and 11 borderline cases were reviewed for histopathology and stained with p53, Ki-67, and p16. RESULTS High expression of Ki-67 and p16 was observed in 12 (80%) of 15 PBDs and in one (4%) of 23 MSKs. Low expression of p16 and high expression of Ki-67 were observed in 16 (70%) of 23 MSKs and in two (13%) of 15 PBDs. Expression of p16 was elevated in 12 (80%) of 15 PBDs and in three (13%) of 23 MSKs (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS We describe a "microclonal" variant of seborrheic keratosis with morphology sometimes challenging to distinguish from PBD. High expression of p16 and Ki-67 or p16 alone favors the diagnosis of PBD over MSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Bahrani
- Department of Dermatology and University of California, San Francisco
| | - Panitta Sitthinamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Timothy H McCalmont
- Department of Dermatology and University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Laura B Pincus
- Department of Dermatology and University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco
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Batinac T, Zamolo G, Jonjić N, Gruber F, Petrovecki M. p53 Protein Expression and Cell Proliferation in Non-Neoplastic and Neoplastic Proliferative Skin Diseases. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 90:120-7. [PMID: 15143984 DOI: 10.1177/030089160409000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims and background The p53 protein is essential for the regulation of cell proliferation and its aberrant accumulation is usually seen in malignant tumors but also occurs in squamous epithelium of inflammatory skin diseases characterized by hyperproliferation. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the pathogenesis of different hyperproliferative, non-malignant and malignant skin diseases, and to determine the association between p53 overexpression and cell proliferation. We also investigated the influence of aging on p53 and Ki-67 protein expression. Methods One hundred and fifty skin specimens divided into 30 samples each of normal skin (NS), psoriatic skin (PS), keratoacanthomas (KA), basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) were examined immunohistochemically to assess p53 and Ki-67 protein expression. Results p53 immunostaining of NS, PS, KA, BCC and SCC was detected in 39.0%, 46.7%, 66.7%, 80% and 86.7% of cases, respectively. Median values and ranges of p53 protein expression were as follows: 0.0% (range, 0.0–1.8%) in NS, 0.0% (range, 0.0–6.5%) in PS, 9.2% (range, 0.0–24.0%) in KA, 19.3% (range, 0.0–48.1%) in BCC and 30.1% (range, 0.0–68.1%) in SCC. p53- and Ki-67-positive cells were present in basal (NS) and suprabasal layers (PS), and not only in cancer nests of KA, BCC and SCC but also in dysplastic and even morphologically normal epidermis adjoining cancers. The positivity of p53 and Ki-67 proteins differed significantly among the groups, with no differences in p53 expression between NS and PS and in Ki-67 expression between PS and KA. Within all groups there was a significant correlation between p53 and Ki-67 expression. Lesion location and patient age, with the exception of location in PS and age in BCC, were significantly related to p53 and Ki-67 expression in all groups. Conclusions Our findings suggest that p53 overexpression occurs mainly in neoplastic skin lesions, although it may also occur in squamous epithelium of inflammatory skin diseases such as PS, as well as in normal skin epithelium. It is associated with cell proliferation in normal as well as altered epithelium. p53 protein overexpression is an age-related process and significantly associated with sun exposure, especially in NS and PS but also in KA and SCC. Our findings suggest that Ki-67 rate and p53 protein expression reflect the degree of malignancy in the examined cutaneous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Batinac
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Clinical Hospital Center, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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Seborrheic keratosis with bowenoid transformation: the immunohistochemical features and its association with human papillomavirus infection. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 37:462-8. [PMID: 25747812 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bowenoid transformation of seborrheic keratosis (SK) has rarely been reported. The purpose of this study is to identify their diagnostic immunohistochemical features and association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Skin biopsy specimens of the phenomenon were retrieved from 2001 to 2010. Benign SK, Bowen disease, bowenoid papulosis, and squamous cell carcinoma were included as controls. All specimens were stained for hematoxylin and eosin, Ki-67, p21, p16, p53, and cyclin D1. Polymerase chain reaction-amplified HPV DNA was analyzed. Seventeen cases of SK with bowenoid transformation were identified. The immunohistochemical pattern of bowenoid transformation was similar to that of Bowen disease and bowenoid papulosis. The malignant cells exhibited increased expressions of p16, p21, and ki-67 and a decreased expression of cyclin D1 (P < 0.01). HPV DNA was detected in 5 cases of bowenoid transformation. In conclusion, a portion of the cases of SK with bowenoid transformation were associated with HPV infection. Selective immunohistochemical stains were helpful in the diagnosis of malignant change in these cases.
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p53 immunoexpression in stepwise progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and correlation with angiogenesis and cellular proliferation. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:782-8. [PMID: 26296918 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multistep carcinogenesis involves loss of function of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53 and induction of angiogenesis. Such mechanisms contribute to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression and may be interconnected. We aimed to explore p53 immunoexpression in spectral stages of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and correlate expression to both neovascularization and cellular proliferation. We estimated the percentages of immunostained cells for p53 and Ki67 (proliferation marker) in three groups: 23 solar keratoses, 28 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 28 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The Chalkley method was used to quantify the microvascular area by neoangiogenesis (CD105) immunomarker in each group. There was no significant difference for rate of p53- and Ki67-positive cells between groups. Significant positive correlation was found between the CD105 microvascular area and the rate of p53 positive cells in superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma as well as between the rate of p53- and Ki67-positive cells in invasive squamous cell carcinoma. p53 and Ki67 immunoexpression did not increase with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression. Neovascularization in the initial stage of invasion and proliferative activity in the frankly invasive stage were both associated with p53 immunoexpression. Loss of p53 tumor suppressor function through progressive steps may be directly involved in skin carcinogenesis.
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Ibusuki A, Higashi Y, Kanekura T. Increased glucose uptake by seborrheic keratosis detected by positron emission tomography. J Dermatol 2010; 38:104-5. [PMID: 21175767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Karakok M, Turkmen A, Bekerecioglu M, Emrah Koçer N. Immunohistochemical prognostic criteria in xeroderma pigmentosum. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49:1266-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Meulener MC, Ayli EE, Elenitsas R, Seykora JT. Decreased Srcasm expression in hyperproliferative cutaneous lesions. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:291-5. [PMID: 19220627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are signaling proteins that regulate keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Src-activating and signaling molecule (Srcasm) is a recently identified molecule that downregulates SFK activity and promotes keratinocyte differentiation. To determine if Srcasm expression correlates with keratinocyte differentiation, we characterized the level of Srcasm expression in some cutaneous lesions that exhibit increased keratinocyte proliferation. METHODS Formalin-fixed sections of randomly selected seborrheic keratoses (SKs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) were analyzed for Srcasm and Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining. Anti-Srcasm and anti-Ki-67 stainings were performed in parallel. RESULTS All SKs displayed decreased Srcasm staining in areas comprised of basaloid keratinocytes that exhibited an increased Ki-67 index. Higher Srcasm staining levels were detected near pseudohorn cysts where keratinocytes exhibited a lower Ki-67 index. All multicentric and nodular BCCs displayed a prominent loss of Srcasm staining in association with a marked increase in Ki-67 staining. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that Srcasm protein levels are decreased in the hyperproliferative keratinocytes found in SKs and BCCs. Increased Srcasm protein levels are detected in keratinocytes undergoing differentiation. Decreased Srcasm levels may be part of the pathophysiologic mechanism in cutaneous lesions, exhibiting keratinocyte hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Meulener
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bukhari MH, Niazi S, Khaleel ME, Sharif MA, Ghani R, Mehmood MT, Tahseen M, Chaudhry NA, Hasan M. Elevated frequency of p53 genetic mutations and AgNOR values in squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:220-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Immunohistochemical Staining of Palisading Basal Cells in Bowen's Disease and Basal Involvement in Actinic Keratosis: Contrasting Staining Patterns Suggest Different Cells of Origin. Am J Dermatopathol 2008; 30:123-6. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181658062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Barzilai A, Lyakhovitsky A, Trau H, Fogel M, Huszar M. Expression of p53 in the evolution of squamous cell carcinoma: Correlation with the histology of the lesion. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:669-76. [PMID: 17870432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on sun-exposed areas is a multistep process triggered by ultraviolet radiation (UVR), in which precursor lesions exist. However, the exact classification of the various lesions in this process, mainly solar keratosis (SK), is still disputed, and its pathogenesis requires further clarification. OBJECTIVE To further elucidate the evolution of SCC on sun-damaged skin by correlating the levels of p53 protein expression, a parameter that reflects UVR damage to cells, and the morphology of the lesions that develop on sun-exposed areas. METHODS Biopsy specimens from normal skin (n = 4), normal skin with various degrees of solar elastosis (SE) (n = 16), various degrees of SK (n = 17) and SCCs from sun-exposed (n = 12) and sun-protected (n = 7) areas were stained with anti-p53 antibodies. A semiquantitative evaluation of the degree of staining was performed and correlated with the histological features. RESULTS Nuclear staining in keratinocytes was observed already in normal skin with mild SE and was increased gradually to its highest level of expression in advanced SK. It was also expressed in SCCs, but to a lesser degree. Statistical analysis revealed association between the morphology of the lesion and the level of p53 expression (P < .01); it also showed that in general the level of p53 is correlated with the histology of the lesion (P < .001). Furthermore, with regard to p53 expression, two groups of lesions exist: one showing a low level of expression of p53 that includes normal skin, skin with various degrees of SE and SCC from sun-protected areas, and a second group showing a high level of expression that includes SK and SCC occurring on sun-damaged skin. LIMITATION This is an immunohistochemical study of relatively few cases and in which the antibody detects all types of p53 protein. CONCLUSIONS This study furnishes further evidence that the development of SCC on sun-damaged skin is a gradual process not only morphologically but also on the molecular level. The process starts already in normal-appearing epidermis with SE. In that respect, SK should be regarded as a part of the continuum in the development of SCC, analogous to the situation in other epithelia. The molecular events involved in the development of SCC on sun-exposed areas may be different from those involving the development of SCC on sun-protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Barzilai
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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Kim AL, Athar M, Bickers DR, Gautier J. Stage-specific Alterations of Cyclin Expression During UVB-induced Murine Skin Tumor Development¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750058ssaoce2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aydogan K, Ozbek S, Balaban Adim S, Tokgöz N. Irritated seborrhoeic keratosis presenting as a cutaneous horn. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:626-8. [PMID: 16684308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Tomas D, Kruslin B, Cupic H, Stanimirovic A, Bosnjak B, Lovricevic I, Belicza M. Correlation between Bcl-2 and Bax in atrophic and hypertrophic type of actinic keratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:51-7. [PMID: 16405608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations consider actinic keratosis (AK) as an earliest visible pattern of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We have analysed the expression of apoptosis-related proteins TP53, Bcl-2 and Bax in 30 atrophic and 30 hypertrophic AK cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed following microwave streptavidin immunoperoxidase protocol on DAKO TechMate Horizon automated immunostainer (DAKO, Copenhagen, Denmark). Monoclonal antibody for TP53 and Bcl-2 and polyclonal antibody for Bax (DAKO, Copenhagen, Denmark) were used. RESULTS Expression of TP53 showed no significant differences between two analysed groups (chi2-test, P = 0.35636) whereas expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein was significantly higher in atrophic compared to hypertrophic AK (chi2-test, P = 0.01458 and P = 0.00358, respectively). Comparison of Bcl-2 : Bax ratio in two analysed AK showed significantly higher value in hypertrophic compared to atrophic AK (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.02272). Statistical analysis did not show any correlation between patient's sex and age, localization and size of the lesion with expression of investigated oncoproteins (anova, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results may indicate higher resistance of keratinocytes on apoptotic stimuli in hypertrophic compared to atrophic AK. Thus, we suppose that keratinocytes in hypertrophic AK live longer and probably have higher propensity for additional mutations and conversion to overt SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tomas
- Ljudevit Jurak Department of Pathology, Sestr milsrdnice University Hospital, Vinogradska 29, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
Every living organism on the surface of the earth is exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) fraction of the sunlight. This electromagnetic energy has both life-giving and life-endangering effects. UV radiation can damage DNA and thus mutagenize several genes involved in the development of the skin cancer. The presence of typical signature of UV-induced mutations on these genes indicates that the ultraviolet-B part of sunlight is responsible for the evolution of cutaneous carcinogenesis. During this process, variable alterations of the oncogenic, tumor-suppressive, and cell-cycle control signaling pathways occur. These pathways include (a) mutated PTCH (in the mitogenic Sonic Hedgehog pathway) and mutated p53 tumor-suppressor gene in basal cell carcinomas, (b) an activated mitogenic ras pathway and mutated p53 in squamous cell carcinomas, and (c) an activated ras pathway, inactive p16, and p53 tumor suppressors in melanomas. This review presents background information about the skin optics, UV radiation, and molecular events involved in photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Pathology department, Assuit University Hospitals, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt.
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Hussein MR, Al-Badaiwy ZH, Guirguis MN. Analysis of p53 and bcl-2 protein expression in the non-tumorigenic, pretumorigenic, and tumorigenic keratinocytic hyperproliferative lesions. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 31:643-51. [PMID: 15491323 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperproliferative keratinocytic lesions encompass a wide range of non-tumorigenic, pretumorigenic, and tumorigenic conditions. The aim of this work was to examine the expression patterns of apoptosis-linked molecules (bcl-2 and p53) in these lesions. METHODS Immunoperoxidase staining methods were applied to analyze p53 and bcl-2 protein expression in a total of 66 cases, including 12 squamous cell carcinomas (both in situ and invasive SCC), 11 actinic keratoses (AK), 13 psoriasis vulgaris (PV), eight verruca vulgaris (VV), six chronic dermatitis (CD), five seborrheic keratosis (SK), four lichen planus (LP), three epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EDV), two condyloma acuminata (CA), two lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), and 10 specimens from normal skin. RESULTS As compared to normal skin (0.70 +/- 0.26), the bcl-2 average weighted scores in the non-tumorigenic (0.76 +/- 0.16), pretumorigenic (1.45 +/- 0.28), and tumorigenic lesions (2.83 +/- 0.50 and 2.92 +/- 0.50 for in situ and invasive SCC, respectively) showed significant up-regulation (p = 0.001). In the non-tumorigenic lesions, the bcl-2 expression values decreased in the following order: SK > EDV > CD > LP > CA > PV > VV (1.40 +/- 0.24 > 1.33 +/- 0.67 > 0.83 +/- 0.40 > 0.67 +/- 0.21 > 0.50 +/- 0.20 > 0.46 +/- 0.22 > 0.13 +/- 0.01, respectively). As compared to normal skin (1.10 +/- 0.23), the p53 average weighted scores in the non-tumorigenic (1.86 +/- 0.18), pretumorigenic (3.64 +/- 0.53), and tumorigenic lesions (5.00 +/- 1.00 and 5.08 +/- 0.86 for in situ and invasive SCC, respectively) showed significant up-regulation (p = 0.021). In the non-tumorigenic lesions, p53 average weighted scores decreased in the following order: SK > PV > CA > LP > CD > VV > EDV (3.20 +/- 0.49 > 2.38 +/- 0.27 > 2.0 +/- 0.0 > 1.83 +/- 0.48 > 1.0 +/- 0.37 > 1.0 +/- 0.33 > 1.0 +/- 0.0, respectively). There was a positive correlation between bcl-2 and p53 protein expression in normal skin (r = 0.966, p = 0.0001), non-tumorigenic (r = 0.775, p = 0.0001), pretumorigenic (r = 0.830, p = 0.001), and tumorigenic lesions (r = 0.757, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 and p53 proteins are altered in the keratinocytic hyperproliferative lesions. Determination of whether these alterations reflect underlying gene mutations will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Faculties of Medicine, Assuit and South Valley Universities, Assuit, Egypt.
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21
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Friess M, Engelhardt P, Dobbelaere D, Zurbriggen A, Gröne A. Reduced Nuclear Translocation of Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB p65 in the Footpad Epidermis of Dogs Infected with Distemper Virus. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:82-9. [PMID: 15629482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection of canine footpads with the canine distemper virus (CDV) can cause massive epidermal thickening (hard pad disease), as a consequence of increased proliferation of keratinocytes and hyperkeratosis. Keratinocytes of canine footpad epidermis containing detectable CDV nucleoprotein antigen and CDV mRNA were shown previously to have increased proliferation indices. Because various proteins that play a role in the proliferation of epidermal cells are viral targets, the potential participation of such proteins in CDV-associated keratinocyte proliferation was investigated. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), cell cycle regulatory proteins p21, p27 and p53, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factor components p50 and p65 were studied in the footpad epidermis from the following groups of dogs inoculated with CDV: group 1, consisting of seven dogs with clinical distemper and CDV in the footpad epidermis; group 2, consisting of four dogs with clinical distemper but no CDV in the footpad epidermis; group 3, consisting of eight dogs with neither clinical distemper nor CDV in the footpad epithelium. Group 4 consisted of two uninoculated control dogs. The expression of TGF-alpha, p21, p27 and p53, and p50 in the basal layer, lower and upper spinous layers, and in the granular layer did not differ statistically between CDV-positive (group 1) and CDV-negative (groups 2-4) footpad epidermis. However, there were differences in the levels of nuclear and cytoplasmic p65 expression between group 1 dogs and the other three groups. Thus, footpads from group 1 dogs had more keratinocytes containing p65 in the cytoplasm and, conversely, fewer nuclei that were positive for p65. These findings indicate that p65 translocation into the nucleus is reduced in CDV-infected footpad epidermis. Such decreased translocation of p65 may help to explain increased keratinocyte proliferation in hard pad disease and suggests interference of CDV with the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friess
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Universität Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Decraene D, Van Laethem A, Agostinis P, De Peuter L, Degreef H, Bouillon R, Garmyn M. AKT status controls susceptibility of malignant keratinocytes to the early-activated and UVB-induced apoptotic pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:207-12. [PMID: 15191562 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous work, we have described an early-activated and ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced apoptotic pathway in human keratinocytes, which can be completely inhibited by AKT activation. We now compared this response of primary human keratinocytes with the response of two p53-mutated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-derived cell lines (A431 and A253) to an apoptotic UVB dose. In these cell lines, both the basal AKT phosphorylation status and the apoptotic response to UVB diverged strongly from the response of healthy primary keratinocytes. Even more, a remarkable correlation was found between the two. Although a constitutive dual phosphorylation of AKT rendered the A253 SCC cell line completely resistant to the early-activated and UVB-induced apoptotic pathway, deficient T308 phosphorylation of AKT in the SCC cell line A431 led to a greatly augmented sensitivity to the early-activated, UVB-induced apoptotic pathway. These results indicate that the preservation of a healthy AKT pathway is essential for a wild-type UVB-induced apoptotic response in skin, and suggest that AKT-mediated dysregulation of the early-activated apoptotic response to UVB is an important event in the oncogenic transformation of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Decraene
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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Konishi E, Nakashima Y, Manabe T, Mazaki T, Wada Y. Irritated seborrheic keratosis of the external ear canal. Pathol Int 2004; 53:622-6. [PMID: 14507320 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although a seborrheic keratosis is not rare on the skin of the trunk, extremities, head and neck of an elderly person, it is uncommon to originate in the external ear canal. Even rarer, an irritated subtype may arise in this location. We report the case of a 63-year-old man with an irritated seborrheic keratosis arising in the right external ear canal, who first presented with a bloody discharge from his right ear canal 3 years and 10 months before the subsequent operation. Macroscopically, a dome-like, black elevation was found at the anterior wall of the right external ear canal. A biopsy showed an exophytic papillomatous, hyperkeratotic growth of basaloid cells which revealed some nuclear atypism and mitosis. Squamous eddies and moderate inflammatory infiltrate were noted. Some cellular atypism made us suspect an irritated seborrheic keratosis. Because the patient hated the extirpation, he remained untreated for 3 years and 3 months following his first presentation. The biopsy and a surgical resection of his second presentation confirmed the diagnosis of irritated seborrheic keratosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67, p53 and papillomavirus was performed to elucidate its character. We emphasize that irritated seborrheic keratosis does occur in the external ear canal and may cause some diagnostic difficulty. Pathologists should be aware of this fact and avoid overdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Saiseikai Kyoto Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
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Stanimirović A, Cupić H, Bosnjak B, Tomas D, Balicević D, Kruslin B, Belicza M. Expression of p53, bcl-2 and growth hormone receptor in atrophic type of actinic keratosis. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 34:49-53. [PMID: 14757281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Smit JV, de Sévaux RGL, Blokx WAM, van de Kerkhof PCM, Hoitsma AJ, de Jong EMGJ. Acitretin treatment in (pre)malignant skin disorders of renal transplant recipients: histologic and immunohistochemical effects. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:189-96. [PMID: 14726871 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(03)01837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of (pre)malignant skin lesions after renal transplantation is high. Acitretin treatment appears to decrease the number of new squamous cell carcinomas and ameliorates the aspect and reduces the number of actinic keratoses. However, no histologic and immunohistochemical studies have been performed to further substantiate these observations. METHODS In 33 renal transplant recipients, biopsies were taken before and after 3 months of treatment with acitretin in doses up to 0.4 mg/kg/day. Histologic and immunohistochemical parameters for dysplasia, epidermal thickness, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and dermal inflammation were analyzed. RESULTS Following acitretin treatment, a significant reduction in epidermal thickness (P =.002) and a significant increase in normal differentiation parameter K10 (P =.02) was observed. Epidermal proliferation did not change, nor did apoptosis, inflammation, keratinocytic epidermal neoplasia score, or transglutaminase staining. At baseline, in 8 actinic keratoses, a single cell expression pattern of K13 and/or K19 was found. This was associated with high levels of parameters indicative of high-risk lesions (P <.05). After acitretin treatment, an increase in K13 (P =.006) and K19 (P =.05) was found, together with a change in expression towards a focal or band-like staining pattern. CONCLUSION Acitretin improves the aspect of actinic keratoses via alteration of keratinization, resulting in peeling of the stratum corneum. No significant change in proliferation was found, which may explain the rapid recurrence of actinic keratoses seen after cessation of acitretin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen V Smit
- Departments of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Feinmesser M, Tsabari C, Fichman S, Hodak E, Sulkes J, Okon E. Differential expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-related markers in lentigo maligna and solar keratosis keratinocytes. Am J Dermatopathol 2003; 25:300-7. [PMID: 12876487 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200308000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocytes influence the number, morphology, and proliferation of melanocytes. An interference in the melanocyte-keratinocyte relationship may contribute to melanoma development. This study examined the expression of apoptotic and proliferative markers in keratinocytes in lentigo maligna to characterize the epidermis permissive to these lesions. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 25 samples of lentigo maligna, 20 samples of solar keratoses, and 5 samples each of normal sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed skin (controls) were immunostained with antibodies directed against the proapoptotic markers bax and p53, the antiapoptotic marker bcl-2, and the proliferation marker ki-67. Eight percent of the lentigo maligna samples were positive for keratinocyte expression of bcl-2, 24% were positive for p53, and 76% were positive for bax; respective findings for solar keratoses were 35%, 85%, and 90%. Comparison with normal sun-exposed skin yielded lower rates of keratinocyte proliferation in 56% of the lentigo maligna samples, similar rates in 36%, and higher rates in 8%; for solar keratoses, proliferation was higher than controls in 60% of samples, similar in 35%, and lower in 5%. All these differences were statistically significant. These findings indicate that there are variable patterns of epidermal reaction to chronic sun exposure. The epidermis in lentigo maligna shows overall low proliferation and an apparently low apoptotic tendency. The dysfunctional epidermis may be permissive to aberrant melanocyte proliferation in the early stages of melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meora Feinmesser
- Department of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus of the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tivka, Israel
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27
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Stanimirović A, Cupić H, Bosnjak B, Kruslin B, Belicza M. Expression of p53, bcl-2 and growth hormone receptor in actinic keratosis, hypertrophic type. Arch Dermatol Res 2003; 295:102-8. [PMID: 12756585 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-003-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2002] [Revised: 01/29/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to novel investigations, actinic keratosis (AK) is not a premalignant lesion but is a malignant lesion in the evolution to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Thus, we analyzed p53, bcl-2 and growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression in hypertrophic-type AK (HAK) to determine the relative importance of these protooncogenes in the biological behavior of HAK. Expression of p53, bcl-2 and GHR was determined by immunohistochemistry in 33 HAK specimens and surrounding perilesional normal skin (PNS). The relative proportions of immunoreactive cells were determined. Of the 33 HAK specimens, 30 (91%) showed immunopositive staining for p53, 33 (100%) for bcl-2, and 12 (36%) for GHR. Highly positive p53 expression in HAK lesions could indicate that p53 mutation is an early and crucial event in lesion development. The detected pattern of the p53/ bcl-2 ratio in HAK suggests an important role for another gene: the proapoptotic gene bax. Our findings indicate that GHR expression could be a biological marker of progression of HAK to SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrija Stanimirović
- Ljudevit Jurak University, Department of Pathology, Sisters of Charity University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
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28
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Kim AL, Athar M, Bickers DR, Gautier J. Stage-specific alterations of cyclin expression during UVB-induced murine skin tumor development. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 75:58-67. [PMID: 11837328 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0058:ssaoce>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the in vivo correlation between the expression of cell cycle markers and skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mice in a complete photocarcinogenesis protocol. Irradiated mice developed an average of 16 tumors per animal by week 23 with the average number of carcinomas per mouse being 2.1. The expression of p53 and cyclins A and D1 was confined initially to sporadic single cells and gradually developed into foci of patchy intense staining in the basal and granular layers of UVB-exposed epidermis. p53 was expressed in all the papilloma sections examined, whereas cyclins D1 and A were expressed in 68 and 71% of these lesions, respectively. In UVB-induced squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), p53 was expressed in >90% of the tumors, whereas cyclin D1 was detected in 55% of the lesions, and cyclin A staining was limited to 27%. These immunohistochemical observations were confirmed by Western blotting and protein kinase assays. We observed an early wave of cyclin A overexpression and cyclin A protein kinase activity preceding the appearance of detectable tumors. Cyclin D1 and p53 overexpression were coupled with the development of tumors, and these changes are likely to be relevant to the pathogenesis of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna L Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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29
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Tuccari G, Giuffrè G, Catalano A, Lentini M, Batolo D. Standardized AgNOR analysis in actinic keratosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2001; 23:407-12. [PMID: 11801772 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200110000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To assess if the quantity of silver-stained nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) proteins predicts the behavior of actinic keratosis (AK), we performed a standardized AgNOR analysis on 51 cases of AK; in addition, 10 cases of squamous cell (SCC) and 10 cases of basal cell (BCC) carcinomas and 10 normal skin samples were also studied. AgNOR analysis was performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections according to the guidelines of the Committee on AgNOR Quantification (1995), evaluating the mean area (microm(2)) of AgNORs per nucleus (NORA). A highly significant P value (< 0.001) was found in the comparison among NORA values of normal skin (1.869 microm(2); SD + 0.332), AK (3.988 microm(2); SD + 0.914), BCC (3.044 microm(2); SD + 0.254), and SCC (5.286 microm(2); SD + 0.920). In AK, a progressive increase of mean NORA values was observed moving from Stage I (3.161 microm(2); SD + 0.600) to Stage II (3.455 microm(2); SD + 0.562), Stage III (4.360 microm(2); SD + 0.295), and Stage IV (5.168 microm(2); SD + 0.694); highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were noted when Stages I or II were compared with Stage III or Stage IV or between these latter stages. The AgNOR quantity may identify AKs with high proliferative activity and increased tendency to develop into invasive SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology, Polyclinic Pad. D, University of Messina, Italy.
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30
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Demirkan NC, Colakoglu N, Düzcan E. Value of p53 protein in biological behavior of basal cell carcinoma and in normal epithelia adjacent to carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2001; 6:272-4. [PMID: 11173659 DOI: 10.1007/bf03187330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in p53 gene are the most frequent gene alterations in human cancer. In this study, we have used the monoclonal antibody (DO7) to evaluate the role of the p53 gene mutation in the progression of basal cell carcinomas towards invasion. We tested the positivity for p53 protein in tumor cells in six cases of basosquamous cell carcinoma (BSCC), in twelve cases of infiltrative basal cell carcinoma (IBCC) and twenty-four cases of non-infiltrative basal cell carcinoma (NIBCC) in order to evaluate its potential prognostic significance. We also tested the expression of p53 protein in normal epithelia adjacent to carcinomas in order to determine its role in tumor progression. p53 protein staining with some peripheral accentuation was identified in 42,9% of all groups. No correlation was found between the immunreactivity of p53 protein and recurrence, pattern of tumor, diameter of the tumors and sex. However, there were statistically significant differences in positivity of p53 protein in normal epithelia adjacent to carcinomas and age of patients (t value: 2,21; p: 0,034). Results of the study suggest that the increasein p53 mutation frequency of morphologically normal epidermis was related to age and was independent of the degree of differentiation of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Demirkan
- Department of Pathology, Pamukkale University, 269 sok. No: 46-8 Ucyol, Izmir, 35280, Turkey.
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31
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Murphy M, Carlson JA. Can we reliably use markers of cell cycle regulation (e.g. Ki-67, p21, p27, p53) to differentiate between benign and malignant skin tumors? J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:219-21. [PMID: 11426830 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028004219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Verdolini R, Amerio P, Goteri G, Bugatti L, Lucarini G, Mannello B, Filosa G, Offidani A, Brancorsini D, Biagini G, Giangiacomi M. Cutaneous carcinomas and preinvasive neoplastic lesions. Role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 metalloproteinases in neoplastic invasion and their relationship with proliferative activity and p53 expression. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:120-6. [PMID: 11168762 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028003120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to be involved in the process of destruction of basement membranes and stromal invasion by neoplastic epithelial cells. AIMS In order to investigate the role of MMPs in cutaneous oncogenesis we studied the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in 34 cases of epidermal preinvasive neoplastic lesions and invasive carcinomas. We also studied their relationship with the expression of tissue inhibitors of MMPs and with proliferative activity and p53 expression in neoplastic epithelial cells. RESULTS MMP-9 was found to be focally expressed by neoplastic epithelial cells at the infiltrative edges in microinvasive carcinomas and in dyskeratotic foci in Bowen's disease and widely invasive carcinomas. Gradation of Mib-1 positivity and p53 expression was found with increasing abnormality in the spectrum of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Our results seem to suggest the involvement of MMPs in microinvasive carcinomas, which show also low proliferative activity and p53 expression, whether other factors seem to be more important in widely invasive carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Verdolini
- Department of Dermatology, A. Murri Hospital, Jesi, Italy
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Shimizu T, Oga A, Murakami T, Muto M. Overexpression of p53 protein associated with proliferative activity and histological degree of malignancy in solar keratosis. Dermatology 1999; 199:113-8. [PMID: 10559575 DOI: 10.1159/000018216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of p53 protein has frequently been demonstrated in human epithelial neoplasms including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and solar keratosis (SK). SK is a precursor lesion of SCC. In SCC of the skin, we have already reported that overexpression of p53 protein is associated with the proliferative activity, which is indicated by the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells. In SK, however, the significance of p53 overexpression is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between p53 overexpression and proliferative activity, and between p53 overexpression and histological degree of malignancy in SK. METHODS Sixty-eight cases of SK were divided into four grades according to the proportion of atypical cells in the epidermis (in grade I, up to 25% of the epidermal cells are atypical, in grade II 25-50%, in grade III 50-75%, in grade IV more than 75%) and were immunohistochemically analyzed for the expression of p53 protein and Ki-67 antigen. RESULTS p53 overexpression was detected in 58 out of the 68 cases of SK. The percentage of p53-protein-positive cells (DO-7 index) ranged from 0 to 78.8 (mean +/- SD = 20.6 +/- 21.6). Mean DO-7 indices were 7.9 in grade I, 26.7 in grade II and 38.3 in grade III. The differences in mean DO-7 index between grades I and II and between grades I and III were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The percentage of Ki-67-antigen-positive cells (MIB-1 index) ranged from 0.8 to 38.2 (mean +/- SD = 10.5 +/- 9.0). Mean MIB-1 indices were 5.9 in grade I, 10.7 in grade II and 20.5 in grade III. The differences in the mean MIB-1 index between grades I and II and between grades II and III were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Cases with higher DO-7 indices tended to show higher MIB-1 indices, and the relation was statistically significant [y = 0.272x + 4.8; correlation coefficient r = 0.59 > r (n - 2, 0.01) = 0.31]. CONCLUSION Overexpression of p53 protein was related to cell proliferation as well as histological degree of malignancy in SK. Dysfunction of p53 protein might be implicated in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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