A neurosteroid anesthetic, alphaxalone, inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells

Brain distribution and behavioral effects of progesterone and pregnenolone after intranasal or intravenous administration

Neurosteroids hold great promise for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). We compared the uptake by 11 brain regions and appearance in blood of tritium-labeled pregnenolone and progesterone after intranasal and intravenous (IV) injection. Both neurosteroids appeared in blood and brain after either method of administration, but with important differences in uptake. Bioavailability based on appearance in arterial serum showed that about 23% and 14% of the intranasal administered doses of pregnenolone and progesterone, respectively, entered the blood. Brain levels were about two fold lower after intranasal administration for the two neurosteroids. With intranasal administration, brain levels of the two steroids did not vary over time (2-120 min), whereas brain levels were higher early (10 min or less) after i.v. administration. With i.v. administration, uptake by brain regions did not vary, whereas the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and hypothalamus had high uptake rates after intranasal administration. Intranasal administration of prenenolone improved memory, whereas progesterone decreased anxiety, thus demonstrating that therapeutic levels of neurosteroids can be delivered to the brain by intranasal administration. The neurosteroids were rapidly degraded after i.v. or intranasal delivery, but pregnenolone was more resistant to degradation in the brain after intranasal administration and in serum after i.v. administration. These results show that either the i.v. or intranasal routes of administration can deliver neurosteroids to blood and brain, but that the two routes have significant differences with intranasal administration favoring some brain regions.

Dexmedetomidine inhibits muscarinic type 3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and muscarine-induced intracellular Ca2+ elevation in cultured rat dorsal root ganglia cells

Dexmedetomidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, has been approved for clinical use, although the mechanism of dexmedetomidine action has not been fully elucidated. Several studies have shown that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are recognized as targets for anesthetics and analgesics. Therefore, it is of interest to determine whether dexmedetomidine affects the function of GPCRs other than the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. We examined the effects of dexmedetomidine on M(1), M(3), 5-HT(2C), substance P, and orexin 1 receptors in Xenopus oocytes expressing individual receptors. In addition, we investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine on muscarinic receptor-mediated changes in [Ca(2+)](i) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of 3-week-old Wister rats. Dexmedetomidine did not affect the 5-HT(2C)-, or substance P-induced Cl(-) currents and had little inhibition on the orexin A-induced current in oocytes expressing the respective receptors. The compound also had little effect on the acetylcholine (ACh, 1 microM)-induced Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing M(1) receptors. In contrast, dexmedetomidine inhibited the ACh-induced currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing M(3) receptors; 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, and 1 microM dexmedetomidine reduced the current to 66.5 +/- 4.8, 51.3 +/- 12, 34.6 +/- 11, and 26.8 +/- 6.4% of the control value, respectively (EC(50) = 3.5 +/- 0.7 nM). Dexmedetomidine reduced the ACh-induced Cl(-) currents after treatment with the selective protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Moreover, the compound inhibited the muscarinic receptor-mediated increases in [Ca(2+)](i) in cultured DRG cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Dexmedetomidine inhibits the function of M(3) receptors, in addition to its agonistic effects on alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, which provides further insight into the pharmacological properties of dexmedetomidine.

Neuroactive steroids reduce neuronal excitability by selectively enhancing tonic inhibition mediated by delta subunit-containing GABAA receptors

Neuroactive steroids are potent modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs), and their behavioral effects are generally viewed in terms of altered inhibitory synaptic transmission. Here we report that, at concentrations known to occur in vivo, neuroactive steroids specifically enhance a tonic inhibitory conductance in central neurons that is mediated by extrasynaptic delta subunit-containing GABAARs. The neurosteroid-induced augmentation of this tonic conductance decreases neuronal excitability. Fluctuations in the circulating concentrations of endogenous neuroactive steroids have been implicated in the genesis of premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, and other anxiety disorders. Recognition that delta subunit-containing GABAARs responsible for a tonic conductance are a preferential target for neuroactive steroids may lead to novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of these common conditions.