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Alagbonsi AI, Salman TM, Sulaiman SO, Adedini KA, Kebu S. Possible mechanisms of the hypoglycaemic effect of artesunate: Gender implication. Metabol Open 2021; 10:100087. [PMID: 33778463 PMCID: PMC7985403 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the mechanism of artesunate’s glucose-modulating effect especially with gender implication. Methods Twenty-five (25) male and 25 female rats were separately and blindly allocated into five identical groups (n = 5/group). Group I (control) received 0.2 ml/kg distilled water. Groups II and III both received 2.90 mg/kg artesunate on day one, but 1.45 mg/kg from day two till day five and day fifteen respectively. Groups IV and V both received 8.70 mg/kg artesunate on day one, but 4.35 mg/kg artesunate from day two till day five and day fifteen respectively. Results In male rats, glucose was reduced by both doses of artesunate at 5 days but increased by high dose at 15 days. Artesunate increased glycogen concentration at short duration which normalised at long duration in both genders. Artesunate increased G6P concentration only in male rats at 15 days but reduced G6Pase activity in male and female rats (except in those that received low and high doses of artesunate for 15 days). Artesunate increased insulin only in male rats treated with low dose artesunate for 5 days. Artesunate increased cortisol concentration in male but reduced it in female rats. Artesunate decreased glucagon concentration except in female rats treated with high dose for 5 days. Artesunate increased oestrogen concentration in male rats that received low dose artesunate for 5 days but reduced it in female rats that received high dose for 15 days. Conclusions Artesunate reduces plasma glucose by reducing plasma glucagon concentrations and inhibiting liver glycogenolysis via inhibition of G6Pase activity in both sexes. Increase in insulin concentration contributed to the reduction in blood glucose caused by artesunate in male but not female rats; and artesunate-induced increase in G6P, a substrate for G6PD, could enhance NADPH generation and antioxidant enzyme activation in male rats. Reducing glucagon concentration and inhibiting G6Pase activity in both genders. . Increasing plasma insulin in male but not in female. Increasing G6P, a substrate for G6PD, in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullateef Isiaka Alagbonsi
- Department of Clinical Biology (Physiology unit), School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Toyin Mohammad Salman
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Sheu Oluwadare Sulaiman
- Department of Physiology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka Bushenyi, Uganda.,Department of Cell Biology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kafayat Anike Adedini
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Susan Kebu
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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Hanboonkunupakarn B, White NJ. The threat of antimalarial drug resistance. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2016; 2:10. [PMID: 28883954 PMCID: PMC5530994 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-016-0027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The battle between man and malaria has continued for thousands of years. Antimalarial drugs are essential weapons to fight the disease, but their efficacy is threatened by drug resistance which continues to emerge creating a major obstacle to malaria control and jeopardizing renewed hopes for elimination. As 2016 is the first year under WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030, it is a good time to ponder the progress of both sides and plan for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Riley EM, Stewart VA. Immune mechanisms in malaria: new insights in vaccine development. Nat Med 2013; 19:168-78. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Isacchi B, Arrigucci S, Marca GL, Bergonzi MC, Vannucchi MG, Novelli A, Bilia AR. Conventional and long-circulating liposomes of artemisinin: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic profile in mice. J Liposome Res 2010; 21:237-44. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2010.539185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Baraldi R, Isacchi B, Predieri S, Marconi G, Vincieri FF, Bilia AR. Distribution of artemisinin and bioactive flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. during plant growth. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bilia AR, Melillo de Malgalhaes P, Bergonzi MC, Vincieri FF. Simultaneous analysis of artemisinin and flavonoids of several extracts of Artemisia annua L. obtained from a commercial sample and a selected cultivar. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:487-93. [PMID: 16488585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao) is a promising and potent antimalarial herbal drug. This activity has been ascribed to its component artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is very effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium species with a low toxicity. Our studies indicate that several flavonoids of A. annua can promote and enhance the reaction of artemisinin with hemin. These data are in good agreement with previous investigations on the in vitro potentiation of antimalarial activity of artemisinin by such flavonoids. As a consequence, in view of a possible use of the phytocomplex rather than pure artemisinin, an HPLC/DAD/MS method is proposed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of both flavonoids and artemisinin. Different extracts, obtained from two different herbal drugs, a commercial sample and a selected cultivar, were analyzed in order to determine which solvents provide the best yields of both artemisinin and flavonoids. Qualitative and quantitative results obtained using an HPLC method are described, which will be useful for developing highly effective herbal drug preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino-Florence, Italy.
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8
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Orion E, Matz H, Wolf R. Cutaneous diseases from protective measures in soldiers and civilians. Clin Dermatol 2002; 20:396-400. [PMID: 12208627 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(02)00240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Orion
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rechovot, Israel.
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Cooper KA, Adelekan DA, Esimai AO, Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI. Lack of influence of red palm oil on severity of malaria infection in pre-school Nigerian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96:216-23. [PMID: 12055820 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A supplements are reported to reduce febrile episodes of malaria and parasite counts, especially in children aged 12-36 months. Red palm oil (RPO) is a good source of vitamin A, is rich in alpha- and beta-carotene and is as effective as high-dose retinyl palmitate supplements in improving vitamin A status. In western Nigeria, where malaria is endemic, RPO is widely used and consumption can be measured using plasma alpha-carotene as a proxy biomarker since there are few other prominent sources of this carotene in the diet. The influence of RPO consumption on malaria was investigated in 207 children (aged 0-60 months) who presented with fever in August-October 1999 at several hospital clinics around Ile-Ife. Medical and anthropometric data, body temperature, parasitaemia and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols were measured in the children. Mothers were interviewed on usage of cooking oil and mosquito nets in the home, education and occupation. Most families used RPO and median plasma concentrations of both alpha-carotene (0.518 mumol/L) and beta-carotene (0.698 mumol/L) in the children were high. Using body temperature, parasite density and plasma CRP as markers of disease severity, multiple linear regression analysis was carried out on those for whom complete data were available (n = 138), separated into 3 age-groups of < 12 months (n = 37), 12-36 months (n = 68) and > 36 months (n = 33). In the absence of plasma retinol, plasma alpha-carotene explained 13.9% of the variance in parasite density (P = 0.013) but only in children aged > 36 months. The relationship with disease severity was negative, i.e., there was some evidence that RPO usage protected against malaria, and other dietary indices generally indicated that better nutritional status was associated with a lower severity of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Cooper
- Northern Ireland Centre for Diet & Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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Singh N, Shukla M. An assessment of the usefulness of a rapid immuno-chromatographic test, "Determine trade mark malaria pf" in evaluation of intervention measures in forest villages of central India. BMC Infect Dis 2001; 1:10. [PMID: 11532200 PMCID: PMC48149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2001] [Accepted: 08/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum malaria, is a major health problem in forested tribal belt of central India. Rapid and accurate methods are needed for the diagnosis of P. falciparum. We performed a blinded evaluation of the recently introduced Determine trade mark malaria pf test (Abbott, Laboratories, Japan) compared with microscopy and splenomegaly in children in epidemic prone areas of district Mandla to assess the impact of intervention measures. METHODS Children aged 2-10 yrs with and without fever were examined for spleen enlargement by medical specialist by establishing a mobile field clinic. From these children thick blood smears were prepared from finger prick and read by a technician. Simultaneously, rapid tests were performed by a field lab attendant. The figures for specificity, sensitivity and predictive values were calculated using microscopy as gold standard. RESULTS In all 349 children were examined. The sensitivity and specificity for Determine rapid diagnostic test were 91 and 80% respectively. The positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV) and accuracy of the test were respectively 79, 91 and 85%. On the contrary, the sensitivity and specificity of spleen in detecting malaria infection were 57 and 74 % respectively with PPV of 73%, NPV 59 % and an accuracy of 65%. CONCLUSIONS Determine trade mark malaria rapid diagnostic test is easier and quicker to perform and has other advantages over microscopy in not requiring prior training of personnel or quality control. Thus, highlighting the usefulness of a rapid antigen test in assessing prevailing malaria situation in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Singh
- Malaria Research Centre (Field Station) Medical College Building, Jabalpur (M.P), India
| | - Manmohan Shukla
- Malaria Research Centre (Field Station) Medical College Building, Jabalpur (M.P), India
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Labbé AC, Loutfy MR, Kain KC. Recent Advances in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Malaria. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2001; 3:68-76. [PMID: 11177733 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-001-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increases in international travel and escalating drug resistance are putting put a growing number of travelers at risk of contracting malaria. Resistance to chloroquine and proguanil and real and perceived intolerance to standard agents, such as mefloquine, has highlighted the need for new antimalarials to prevent and treat malaria. Promising new agents to prevent malaria include the combination of atovaquone and proguanil, primaquine, and a related 8-aminoquinoline, tafenoquine. These agents are active against the liver stage of the malaria parasite, and therefore can be discontinued shortly after the traveler leaves the malaria-endemic area; this offers a clear advantage, in terms of adherence to a treatment regimen. For treatment of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the combination of artemisinin derivatives plus mefloquine, or atovaquone plus proguanil, are the most active drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie-Claude Labbé
- Department of Medicine, Tropical Disease Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, EN G 224, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4.
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Akompong T, Eksi S, Williamson K, Haldar K. Gametocytocidal activity and synergistic interactions of riboflavin with standard antimalarial drugs against growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:3107-11. [PMID: 11036031 PMCID: PMC101611 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.11.3107-3111.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2000] [Accepted: 08/24/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that riboflavin has activity against Plasmodium falciparum asexual-stage parasites in vitro. In the present study we examine the gametocytocidal activity of riboflavin and the interaction of riboflavin with some commonly used antimalarial drugs against the asexual forms of P. falciparum in vitro. The addition of riboflavin to P. falciparum cultures killed gametocytes at all stages, even those at late stages (III to V), which are not affected by many of the commonly used antimalarials. Combinations of riboflavin with mefloquine, pyrimethamine, and quinine showed a marked potentiation of the activities of these drugs against asexual-stage parasites in vitro. The combination of riboflavin with artemisinin was additive, while that with chloroquine was mildly antagonistic. High doses of riboflavin are used clinically to treat several inborn errors of metabolism with no adverse side effects. Its efficacy in combination with standard antimalarial drugs in treating and preventing the transmission of P. falciparum malaria can therefore be evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akompong
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA.
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Brockman A, Price RN, van Vugt M, Heppner DG, Walsh D, Sookto P, Wimonwattrawatee T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F. Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the north-western border of Thailand during five years of extensive use of artesunate-mefloquine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94:537-44. [PMID: 11132385 PMCID: PMC4340572 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a marked decline in the efficacy in vivo of mefloquine between 1990 and 1994, a combination of artesunate (4 mg/kg/d for 3 d) and mefloquine (25 mg/kg) has been used as first line treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in camps for displaced persons located along the north-western border of Thailand. Antimalarial drug susceptibility of fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from this population was evaluated using a radioisotope microdilution assay between 1995 and 1999. In total, 268 isolates were collected, of which 189 were from primary infections and 79 from recrudescent infections. The geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values from primary infections were: dihydroartemisinin 1.2 ng/mL, artesunate 1.6 ng/mL, artemether 4.8 ng/mL, atovaquone 0.4 ng/mL, lumefantrine 32 ng/mL, chloroquine 149 ng/mL, quinine 354 ng/mL, mefloquine 27 ng/mL and halofantrine 4.1 ng/mL. A significant positive correlation was found between the susceptibility in vitro to artesunate and quinine (r = 0.43, P < 0.001), mefloquine (r = 0.46, P < 0.001), and halofantrine (r = 0.51, P < 0.001). These levels of resistance in vitro are among the highest reported and confirm continuing high level multidrug resistance in this area. Despite intensive use of the combination between 1995 and 1999 there has been a significant improvement in mefloquine sensitivity (P < 0.001) and artesunate sensitivity (P < 0.001). This supports observations in vivo that the combination of artesunate and mefloquine has reversed the previous decline in mefloquine sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brockman
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, PO Box 46, Mae Sot 63110, Tak, Thailand
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Wongsrichanalai C, Chuanak N, Tulyayon S, Thanoosingha N, Laoboonchai A, Thimasarn K, Brewer TG, Heppner DG. Comparison of a rapid field immunochromatographic test to expert microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum asexual parasitemia in Thailand. Acta Trop 1999; 73:263-73. [PMID: 10546844 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed a rapid, Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-based immunochromatographic test (ICT Malaria Pf Test), for detection of asexual P. falciparum parasitemia in 551 subjects in three groups: (1) symptomatic patients self-referring for diagnosis, (2) villagers in a screening survey, and (3) patients recently treated for P. falciparum malaria. Expert light microscopy was the reference standard. ICT test performance was similar for diagnostic and screening modes. Four findings emerged: (1) test sensitivity correlated directly with parasite density, (2) test band intensity correlated directly with parasite density, (3) persistent test positivity after parasite clearance precludes its use for monitoring early therapeutic responses, and (4) a false negative test at 18,000 parasites/microl is unexplained. We conclude that a strong positive ICT test is highly predictive of falciparum asexual parasitemia for the diagnosis of new cases of falciparum malaria in Thailand, but a negative test result is inadequate to exclude parasitemia < 300/microl, and in some instances, even a higher parasitemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wongsrichanalai
- Department of Immunology & Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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