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Cornaby C, Tanner A, Stutz EW, Poole BD, Berges BK. Piracy on the molecular level: human herpesviruses manipulate cellular chemotaxis. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:543-560. [PMID: 26669819 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular chemotaxis is important to tissue homeostasis and proper development. Human herpesvirus species influence cellular chemotaxis by regulating cellular chemokines and chemokine receptors. Herpesviruses also express various viral chemokines and chemokine receptors during infection. These changes to chemokine concentrations and receptor availability assist in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses and contribute to a variety of diseases and malignancies. By interfering with the positioning of host cells during herpesvirus infection, viral spread is assisted, latency can be established and the immune system is prevented from eradicating viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Cornaby
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Anne Tanner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Eric W Stutz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brian D Poole
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Bradford K Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Minhas V, Wood C. Epidemiology and transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Viruses 2014; 6:4178-94. [PMID: 25375883 PMCID: PMC4246215 DOI: 10.3390/v6114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. Since the identification of KSHV twenty years ago, it is now known to be associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. Some geographical areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Xinjiang region of China, are endemic areas, but Western Europe and United States have a low prevalence in the general population. This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the sources of transmission to young children. Additionally, lack of animal models to study transmission, gold standard serological assay and the lack of emphasis on endemic KS research has hampered the efforts to further delineate KSHV transmission in order to design effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Minhas
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Morrison Center, 4240 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Morrison Center, 4240 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Kalil JA, Jovino MAC, Papaiordanou F, Arriaga M, Ribeiro Jr MAF. Sarcoma de Kaposi em membros inferiores: relato de caso. J Vasc Bras 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-54492010000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O sarcoma de Kaposi é uma neoplasia angioproliferativa maligna que na maioria das vezes se restringe à pele e ao tecido subcutâneo; porém, pode aparecer de forma mais agressiva, atingindo a cavidade oral, o trato gastrointestinal e os pulmões (sarcoma de Kaposi visceral). É classificado com quatro variantes clínco-epidemiológicas: clássica, endêmica, iatrogênica e epidêmica, todas associadas ao herpes vírus humano tipo 8. O objetivo desta publicação foi relatar um caso raro de sarcoma de Kaposi em paciente idosa imunossuprimida, não relacionado à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, que evoluiu de forma desfavorável em um período de cinco meses a partir do aparecimento de lesões bolhosas hemáticas e necróticas que, posteriormente, progrediram com intensa exsudação local, desidratação, insuficiência renal e piora do estado geral, evoluindo então a óbito, tendo como causa mortis a falência de múltiplos órgãos.
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Bihl F, Mosam A, Henry LN, Chisholm JV, Dollard S, Gumbi P, Cassol E, Page T, Mueller N, Kiepiela P, Martin JN, Coovadia HM, Scadden DT, Brander C. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-specific immune reconstitution and antiviral effect of combined HAART/chemotherapy in HIV clade C-infected individuals with Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS 2007; 21:1245-52. [PMID: 17545700 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328182df03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is endemic in South Africa and the clinical manifestation of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) represents a significant clinical problem. Whereas the positive effects of HAART on the regression of KS have been well established, less is known about the role of herpesvirus-specific cellular immunity in disease improvement. DESIGN Thirty-three treatment-naive HIV clade C-infected individuals with KS were randomly assigned into two treatment arms (HAART plus systemic chemotherapy versus HAART alone). KSHV-specific cellular immune responses, viral loads and clinical outcome were evaluated. METHODS KSHV, Epstein-Barr virus and HIV-specific cellular immunity was measured using an IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay in samples obtained at baseline and up to 11 months after treatment initiation. Cell-associated KSHV viremia was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Robust increases in CD4 cell counts and suppressed HIV viral loads were seen in parallel with significant increases in the KSHV-specific cellular immune responses over time. Although slowly increasing after 5 months, KSHV-specific T-cell responses were significantly elevated only after 11 months, with both lytic and latent antigens being more frequently targeted. A trend towards better clinical outcome with HAART plus chemotherapy treatment was observed compared with HAART alone, and was accompanied by a significant reduction in cellular KSHV viral load in the HAART plus chemotherapy-treated subjects but not those treated with HAART alone after 11 months of treatment. CONCLUSION The data show a temporal association between the clinical improvement of KS and the re-appearance of KSHV-specific cellular immunity, and demonstrate an effective suppression of KSHV viral replication using combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bihl
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Stebbing J, Mazhar D, Lewis R, Palmieri C, Hatzimichael E, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Bower M. The presentation and survival of patients with non-cutaneous AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:503-6. [PMID: 16311274 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immune deficiency syndrome related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. We describe for the first time a proportion of patients with AIDS-KS who presented with no evidence of cutaneous disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS From our cohort of 5932 individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) treated in the HAART era, 319 were identified with KS. Of these, 11 patients (5.4%) were diagnosed with KS without the presence of any cutaneous disease. We compared their survival, clinical, immunological and virological characteristics to other individuals with KS. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in survival, CD4 count or HIV viral load at KS presentation. We observed that tumour-associated oedema (P = 0.046) and non-oral gastrointestinal KS (P = 0.042) were significantly more common in patients with non-cutaneous KS. Only one case of non-cutaneous KS was observed prior to the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). CONCLUSIONS Non-cutaneous KS is a recognisable condition; patients should be treated with the standard of care as their prognosis is not inferior. This is likely to reflect a strong immune response, in the era of HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, UK
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Luz JG, Yu M, Su Y, Wu Z, Zhou Z, Sun R, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of viral macrophage inflammatory protein I encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus at 1.7A. J Mol Biol 2005; 352:1019-28. [PMID: 16140327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral macrophage inflammatory protein I (vMIP-I) is a chemokine encoded by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) that selectively activates the CC chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8), for which the endogenous ligand is CCL1. The crystal structure of vMIP-I was determined at 1.7A for comparison with other chemokines, especially those that bind CCR8, such as vMIP-II from KSHV, a CCR8 antagonist and the closest homolog (40% identical). vMIP-I has a typical chemokine fold consisting of an extended N-terminal loop, followed by a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and a C-terminal alpha-helix. The four molecules in the asymmetric unit comprise two MIP-1beta-like dimers. Electrostatic surface representations of CCR8-binding chemokines reveal only minor areas of correlating surface potential, which must be reconciled with promiscuity in receptor and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding. In addition, the biological relevance of chemokine oligomerization is examined by comparing the oligomeric states of all chemokine structures deposited to date in the RCSB PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Luz
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Firoozan A, Hosseini Moghaddam SMM, Einollahi B, Pour-Reza-Gholi F, Nafar M, Basiri A, Ebrahimi-Rad R. Outcome of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Graft Following Discontinuation of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3061-4. [PMID: 16213305 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Owing to the use of immunosuppressive drugs, renal transplant recipients are at risk for malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Following the diagnosis, physicians tend to decrease the doses of immunosuppressive drugs to lower tumor progression rate. On the other hand, those who receive lower doses of immunosuppressive drugs are at a higher risk for acute rejection. In this study, we evaluated the outcome of KS on renal allografts following discontinuation or decrease in the doses of drugs. METHODS Since 1984, 14 (nine men and five women) among 2000 cases of renal transplantation have been diagnosed as KS. In 11 patients, cyclosporine was completely discontinued, the dosage was decreased to half of the initial dose in other cases. Except one case, we discontinued either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil. RESULTS During 57 months of follow-up on average, the serum creatinine level remained normal in 10 but increased in four cases. Kidney function deteriorated in two of these four patients at the beginning of study. Three patients died with normal serum creatinine levels. Discontinuation of immunosuppressive drugs caused complete remission of KS in all patients except one who received chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Discontinuation of immunosuppressants following the diagnosis of KS caused complete remission of this cancer in almost all patients and seemed to be relatively safe for kidney graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Firoozan
- Urology Nephrology Research Center, Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Unit, Tehran, Iran.
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Bower M, Nelson M, Young AM, Thirlwell C, Newsom-Davis T, Mandalia S, Dhillon T, Holmes P, Gazzard BG, Stebbing J. Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With Kaposi's Sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:5224-8. [PMID: 16051964 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.14.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A proportion of patients with HIV infection who subsequently receive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) exhibit a deterioration in their clinical status, despite control of virologic and immunologic parameters. This clinical response, known as the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), occurs secondary to an immune response against previously diagnosed pathogens. Patients and Methods From our cohort of 5,832 patients treated in the HAART era, we identified 150 therapy-naive patients with a first presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Their clinicopathologic features and progress were recorded prospectively. Results After commencing HAART, ten patients (6.6%) developed progressive KS, which we identify as IRIS-associated KS. In a comparison of these individuals with those whose KS did not progress, we found that IRIS-KS occurred in patients with higher CD4 counts (P = .03), KS-associated edema (P = .01), and therapy with both protease inhibitors and non-nucleosides together (P = .03). Time to treatment failure was similar for both groups, although the CD4 count declined more rapidly at first, in those patients with IRIS-associated KS. Despite this initial decline, in our clinical experience HAART could be successfully continued in those with IRIS-associated KS. Conclusion We have identified IRIS-KS in a cohort of HIV patients with KS who start HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bower
- Department of Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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Zhang X, Wang JF, Chandran B, Persaud K, Pytowski B, Fingeroth J, Groopman JE. Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus Activation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3 Alters Endothelial Function and Enhances Infection. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:26216-24. [PMID: 15878864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411392200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, an endothelial neoplasm. This gamma-herpesvirus encodes for several unique proteins that alter target cell function, including the virion envelope-associated glycoprotein B (gB). Glycoprotein B has an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif at the extracellular amino terminus region and binds to the alpha3beta1 surface integrin, which enhances virus entry. We now report that gB can activate the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of microvascular endothelial cells and trigger receptor signaling, which can modulate endothelial migration and proliferation. Furthermore, we observed that VEGFR-3 expression and activation enhance KSHV infection and participate in KSHV-mediated transformation. These functional changes in the endothelium may contribute to the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma and suggest that interventions that inhibit gB activation of VEGFR-3 could be useful in the treatment of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hammock L, Reisenauer A, Wang W, Cohen C, Birdsong G, Folpe AL. Latency-associated nuclear antigen expression and human herpesvirus-8 polymerase chain reaction in the evaluation of Kaposi sarcoma and other vascular tumors in HIV-positive patients. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:463-8. [PMID: 15578080 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is expressed in endothelial and spindle cells of nearly all Kaposi sarcomas, and the presence of this antigen in serum is strongly correlated with the risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma in immunocompromised individuals. Studies of vascular tumors occurring in the general population show LANA expression to be specific for Kaposi sarcoma. No study to date, however, has examined whether non-Kaposi sarcoma vascular tumors arising in immunocompromised patients may express LANA, possibly reflecting origin from an HHV-8-infected endothelial progenitor cell. The objective of this study was to evaluate the specificity of LANA expression for Kaposi sarcoma in immunocompromised patients by LANA immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HHV-8. A total of 13 cases of non-Kaposi sarcoma vascular tumors (12 hemangiomas and one epithelioid hemangioendothelioma) and 24 cases of Kaposi sarcoma, all from known HIV-positive patients, were immunostained for LANA and evaluated for the presence of HHV-8 DNA by real-time PCR. LANA expression was seen in 22 of 24 (92%) of Kaposi sarcoma cases and in 0 of 13 non-Kaposi sarcoma cases. Real-time PCR detected HHV-8 in all of the Kaposi sarcoma cases and in four of the non-Kaposi sarcoma cases (all hemangiomas). LANA expression appears to be a highly sensitive and specific marker of Kaposi sarcoma in both the general population and in HIV-positive patients. This is in contrast to HHV-8 PCR, which is positive in a small subset of non-Kaposi sarcoma vascular tumors, most likely due to detection of HHV-8 within intratumoral blood mononuclear cells by the highly sensitive real-time PCR technique. For this reason, LANA immunohistochemistry is preferable to HHV-8 PCR for the evaluation of problematic vascular proliferations in HIV-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hammock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Waters L, Stebbing J, Mandalia S, Young AM, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Bower M. Hepatitis C infection is not associated with systemic HIV-associated non-hodgkin's lymphoma: A cohort study. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:161-3. [PMID: 15756687 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppression induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). As the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been implicated in the development of B cell lymphomas, we compared the incidence of systemic NHL during HIV infection compared to HIV and HCV co-infection. Of 5,832 individuals studied during the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), 102 patients were diagnosed with systemic NHL. The incidence of systemic NHL was 6.9 of 10(4) patient years during HIV infection compared to 7.1 of 10(4) patient years during HIV alone (p = 0.9). In this immunocompromised patient population, there was no association between HCV infection and an increased risk of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Waters
- Department of HIV Medicine, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Stebbing J, Gazzard B, Mandalia S, Teague A, Waterston A, Marvin V, Nelson M, Bower M. Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens and Immune Parameters in the Prevention of Systemic AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:2177-83. [PMID: 15169806 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Immunosuppression induced by HIV-1 increases the risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We measured the influence of immunologic factors and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on this risk. As there are no data demonstrating that specific antiretroviral regimens are effective at protecting from NHL, we compared different HAART regimens. Patients and Methods The protective effect of HAART regimens, containing protease inhibitors (PI) and/or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) on the development of NHL was examined in a prospectively recorded cohort of 9,621 HIV-infected individuals. Lymphocyte and natural killer subset data were also entered in univariate and multivariate analyses to establish and stratify the risk of NHL. Results From this cohort of 9,621 patients, 102 have been diagnosed with systemic AIDS-related NHL since 1996, when HAART became freely available here. By univariate analysis, increased age, higher nadir CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts, CD19 B-cell count, CD16/56 natural killer count and exposure to NNRTI or PI containing HAART conferred significant protection against NHL (P < .05). In a multivariate analysis, age, nadir CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts, and exposure to HAART were independent predictors of risk of NHL (P < .02). NNRTI-based HAART (adjusted rate ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.5) was as protective as PI-based HAART, and these were significantly more protective than nucleoside analogues alone (rate ratio, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4 to 0.7) or no antiretrovirals (P < .001). Conclusion Effective HAART-induced maintenance of CD4 and CD8 counts protects from systemic AIDS-related NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- Department of Oncology, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Rd, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Physicians have, for over a century, attempted to harness the potential therapeutic power of the immune system to treat patients with cancer. The discovery that cancer regression can be achieved by immune rejection of tumour antigens theoretically allows the eradication of neoplastic cells without toxicity to normal tissues. An understanding of the mode of presentation of tumour antigens, including those complexed to heat shock proteins by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, and their recognition by CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, respectively, has further delineated the potential cancer rejection pathways involved. This also enables the sustained induction and expansion of specific anti-tumour T cells with cytolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- The Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK SW10 9NH
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Greenspan G, Geiger D, Gotch F, Bower M, Patterson S, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Stebbing J. Model-Based Inference of Recombination Hotspots in a Highly, Variable Oncogene. J Mol Evol 2004; 58:239-51. [PMID: 15045480 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-003-2543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Accepted: 08/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An emergent problem in the study of pathogen evolution is our ability to determine the extent to which their rapidly evolving genomes recombine. Such information is necessary and essential for locating pathogenicity loci using association studies, and it also directs future screening, therapeutic and vaccination strategies. Recombination also complicates the use of phylogenetic approaches to infer evolutionary parameters including selection pressures. Reliable methods that identify the presence of regions of recombination are therefore vital. We illustrate the use of an integrated model-based approach to inferring recombination structure using all available sequences of the highly variable, transforming Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesviral gene, ORF-K1. This technique learns the parameters of a statistical model that takes recombination hotspots, population genetic effects, and variable rates of mutation into account. As there are no known mechanisms to explain the high mutation rate in this DNA viral gene, recombination may account for some of the variability observed. We infer recombination hotspots in conserved sites such as the tyrosine kinase signaling motif, referred to here as recombination drift, as well as in nonconserved sites, a process described as recombination shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Greenspan
- Computer Science Department, Technion, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Lynch HT, Deters CA, Hogg D, Lynch JF, Kinarsky Y, Gatalica Z. Familial sarcoma: challenging pedigrees. Cancer 2003; 98:1947-57. [PMID: 14584079 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partially due to the rare occurrence of soft tissue and osteogenic sarcomas in the general population, scant attention has been given to their hereditary etiology. Their overall poor prognosis might be ameliorated through an understanding of their environmental and hereditary causal factors, and/or their interactions, thereby contributing to earlier diagnosis and even the development of molecularly based targeted therapy. METHODS The authors selected 10 sarcoma-prone families from their extensive hereditary cancer-prone family resource and focused on their challenging diagnostic, surveillance, and management features. The family study protocol included the compilation of a detailed family history of malignant disease of all anatomic sites and the collection of all available primary medical and pathology documents for verification. Genetic counseling was provided before DNA collection and at disclosure of results. RESULTS These families displayed marked phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. In one of these families, 16 relatives had sarcomas, with 2 of the 16 each having 2 metachronous sarcomas; to our knowledge, this represents the greatest number of sarcomas reported in any family described to date. Two familial atypical multiple-mole melanoma syndrome kindreds with the CDKN2A mutation showed the association of sarcoma with malignant melanoma, whereas one family had several pancreatic carcinomas. Other families with sarcoma had hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma with MSH2 mutation, hereditary breast carcinoma with BRCA1 mutation, and p53 mutation in a Li-Fraumeni syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Sarcoma-prone families reported in the current study were selected carefully to depict clinicopathology and compliance features, the understanding of which could elucidate the etiologic role of genetic factors in concert with the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity encountered in such families. The lack of a population-based data set for these families posed a limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
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Stebbing J, Portsmouth S, Nelson M, Mandalia S, Kandil H, Alexander N, Davies L, Brock C, Bower M, Gazzard B. The efficacy of ritonavir in the prevention of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Int J Cancer 2003; 108:631-3. [PMID: 14696132 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is thought to play a major role in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), considered by many to be a hyperplastic disorder caused in part by local production of inflammatory cytokines. The antiangiogenic effects of protease inhibitors, in particular ritonavir, have been suggested in laboratory work to lead to regression of KS, and recent data have shown the importance of ritonavir as a model of pharmaceutical development. As our clinical cohort data has shown that non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens are not inferior to protease inhibitor-based therapy in the prevention of KS, we investigated the specific contribution of ritonavir to chemoprevention of this AIDS-defining illness. In a logistic regression analysis, we found that ritonavir-based therapy confers no advantages compared to other regimens in the prevention of KS. This is consistent with data suggesting that regression of KS is mediated by an overall improvement in immune function and not by the effects of specific antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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