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O'Sullivan JDB, Nicu C, Picard M, Chéret J, Bedogni B, Tobin DJ, Paus R. The biology of human hair greying. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:107-128. [PMID: 32965076 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hair greying (canities) is one of the earliest, most visible ageing-associated phenomena, whose modulation by genetic, psychoemotional, oxidative, senescence-associated, metabolic and nutritional factors has long attracted skin biologists, dermatologists, and industry. Greying is of profound psychological and commercial relevance in increasingly ageing populations. In addition, the onset and perpetuation of defective melanin production in the human anagen hair follicle pigmentary unit (HFPU) provides a superb model for interrogating the molecular mechanisms of ageing in a complex human mini-organ, and greying-associated defects in bulge melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) represent an intriguing system of neural crest-derived stem cell senescence. Here, we emphasize that human greying invariably begins with the gradual decline in melanogenesis, including reduced tyrosinase activity, defective melanosome transfer and apoptosis of HFPU melanocytes, and is thus a primary event of the anagen hair bulb, not the bulge. Eventually, the bulge MSC pool becomes depleted as well, at which stage greying becomes largely irreversible. There is still no universally accepted model of human hair greying, and the extent of genetic contributions to greying remains unclear. However, oxidative damage likely is a crucial driver of greying via its disruption of HFPU melanocyte survival, MSC maintenance, and of the enzymatic apparatus of melanogenesis itself. While neuroendocrine factors [e.g. alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ß-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)], and micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are well-known regulators of human hair follicle melanocytes and melanogenesis, how exactly these and other factors [e.g. thyroid hormones, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), P-cadherin, peripheral clock activity] modulate greying requires more detailed study. Other important open questions include how HFPU melanocytes age intrinsically, how psychoemotional stress impacts this process, and how current insights into the gerontobiology of the human HFPU can best be translated into retardation or reversal of greying.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D B O'Sullivan
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Carina Nicu
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Martin Picard
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168th Street, PH1540N, New York, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Barbara Bedogni
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A.,Monasterium Laboratory, Skin & Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, D-48149, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
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Non-Specific Onset of Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2019; 44:381-386. [PMID: 31123616 PMCID: PMC6421485 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.44.04.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin metastases are rarely found in lung cancer compared to other types of neoplasia. Of the types of lung cancer that can have skin metastases, the most common one is adenocarcinoma. Pulmonary cancer metastasizing to the skin has poor prognosis, usually the survival rate of the patients is 4-6 months. We present the case of a 59-year-old woman, smoker, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, with two skin ertitemato-nodular lesions, incompletely delimited, with a diameter of 4-5cm, in the left arm (1/3 medio-external) and left latero-thoracic (near IV intercostal space) area, discovered during a regular medical examination at her family doctor’s practice. After multiple clinical and paraclinical investigations, almost 3 months after the initial presentation, the patient was diagnosed with stage IV pulmonary adenocarcinoma with supra and subdiaphragmatic lymph-node metastases, soft tissue metastases, liver metastases and breast metastases. Oncological treatment was initiated, but the patient's progression was unfavorable, her passing occurring 6 months after being diagnosed.
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Forrester DM. Self-assembled multi-ring formations of glutamine and a possible link to erythema gyratum repens. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:10-6. [PMID: 25804239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the body L-glutamine is abundant and required for the proliferation of cells. Indeed human physiology is dependent upon having and maintaining the correct glutamine levels for a range of functions including neurological signalling and a healthy immune system. However, during tumourigenesis cell proliferation demands elevated levels of glutamine, which can ultimately lead to muscle atrophy. In some cases the skin provides the first indications of the underlying disease and erupts in a wave of complicated pattern formations. One such skin marker is erythema gyratum repens. We investigated the pattern formations associated with concentrations of glutamine in aqueous solutions at levels higher than that of a normal biological functionality. We find remarkable similarities between the patterns of erythema gyratum repens and the unusual self-assembled patterns of glutamine. The findings may lead to new therapeutics and understanding for those working in oncology and toxicology. Utilising the formations associated with glutamine could also assist in bio-functionalising micro and nanoparticles for high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Michael Forrester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Ramos-E-Silva
- Sector of Dermatology and Post Graduation Course of Dermatology, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho andSchool of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 22280-020 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Richmond HM, Duvic M, Macfarlane DF. Primary and metastatic malignant tumors of the scalp: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010; 11:233-46. [PMID: 20509718 DOI: 10.2165/11533260-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there have been a number of interesting advances in several topics relating to the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous lesions with particular applicability to primary and metastatic malignancies of the scalp. In this article we provide a general update of advances in this field, and cover the more salient points relating to a variety of malignant tumors that have been reported to appear on the scalp as primary or metastatic lesions. A search and review of the literature on PubMed was made to identify and discuss relevant points relating to diagnosis and treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the scalp. We describe the anatomy of the scalp, epidemiology of scalp tumors, theories of field cancerization and field therapy, photodynamic therapy, excisional surgical techniques and reconstruction, lymphoscintigraphy, chemoprevention, as well as details relating to atypical fibroxanthoma, Brooke-Spiegler syndrome, nevus sebaceus, cutaneous lymphoma, and metastatic disease. There is a very broad differential diagnosis for scalp nodules, which includes many different benign and malignant diseases, and treatment should be tailored accordingly. Given the potential for poor prognosis with some of the more aggressive malignancies that can be found in this anatomic area, the importance of a thorough physical examination cannot be emphasized enough, and early detection is critical to provide patients with the best chance for a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Acanthosis nigricans in a patient with lung cancer: a case report. Case Rep Med 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20811563 PMCID: PMC2929622 DOI: 10.1155/2010/412159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some skin lesions may accompany malignancies. Acanthosis nigricans, one such lesion, is a paraneoplastic dermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented and velvety verrucose plaques observed as symetric eruptions. With this report, we aim to present a rare case of concomitant lung cancer and acanthosis nigricans. Malignant acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with intra-abdominal malignancies. A 65-year-old patient who had hyperpigmented, hypertrophic and symmetric verrucose lesions at the flexor surfaces of the lower and upper extremities, face, palms and the axillary region. Thoracic computed tomography demonstrated a hypodense mass lesion with a dimension of 5 × 5.5 cm at the center of basal segment bronchi of the left pulmonary lobe. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed that the access to the lower left lobe was almost completely obstructed by the endobronchial lesion. The result of the histopathologic examination of the endobronchial tissue biopsy was reported as non-small cell (adenocarcinoma) lung cancer. Result of the histopathologic analysis of the punch biopsy of the skin lesions was reported as acanthosis nigricans .There are no pathognomonic dermatological findings for lung cancer. In conclusion, there are skin lesions that accompany lung cancer and we believe that these should be considered for differential diagnosis.
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Artigues Barceló A, Sánchez Pérez I, Casañ Plaza JJ. [Acanthosis nigricans in 43 year old woman]. Rev Clin Esp 2009; 209:447-8. [PMID: 19852916 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2565(09)72519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Artigues Barceló
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Manacor, Manacor, Mallorca, Spain
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ur Rehman H. Carcinoid syndrome. CMAJ 2009; 180:1329. [PMID: 19546458 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.081214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Habib ur Rehman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Regina General Hospital, Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, Regina, Sask
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Ivan D, Prieto VG. Histopathology of inflammatory skin disease in oncological patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Background: The sudden appearance of acanthosis nigricans on
the skin of an individual is highly suggestive of an underlying
clinical disease. However, there is no information on its possible
association with head and neck disease in our environment. Objective:
To determine the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans
and identifying the underlying associated medical and oncologic
factor in an Otorhinolaryngologic, head and neck practice. Method:
This was a 12-month prospective study of patients seen
at Otorhinolaryngology department of University College
Hospital, Ibadan. Relevant clinical, anthropometric and
biochemical information were obtained with an interviewer assisted
questionnaire and data analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results:
Of 764 patients, 85(11.13%) had head and neck
malignancies, 15(1.96%) had diabetes mellitus in addition to the
Otorhinolaryngologic, head and neck diseases. The body mass
index values for male and female ranged from 18.26 – 25.68kg/m2 and 17.94 – 30.25kg/m2 respectively. Only two patients, one with
nasopharyngeal cancer and the other with obesity in addition to
chronic rhinosinusitis had acanthosis nigricans. Conclusion:
Acanthosis nigricans is not common among
Otorhinolaryngologic patients in our clinical setting with a
prevalence of 0.003. Nevertheless, its presence should herald the
suspicion of an underlying metabolic or oncologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fasunla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital, Ibadan
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Addeo R, Montella L, Baldi A, Cennamo G, Guarrasi R, Faiola V, Caraglia M, Del Prete S. Atypical cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia induced by chemotherapy in a patient with advanced colon carcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2008; 6:728-30. [PMID: 18039427 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2007.n.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some conditions are predisposed to excessive lymphocyte responses, which can progress to a benign condition, ie, atypical cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (ACLH), or a malignant lymphoma. Clinical diagnosis of drug-associated pseudolymphoma can be based on a temporal association between drug ingestion and lesion onset followed by resolution without recurrence after discontinuation of drug administration. Herein, we report the case of a 66-year-old man with advanced colon carcinoma with ACLH developed while receiving chemotherapy regimen with oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. The authors postulate that chemotherapy can promote an aberrant immune response to an antigen that can be the drug itself or other self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Addeo
- Department of Oncology, S.Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
This article discusses several solid organ and hematologic neoplasms that can metastasize to the skin. Special emphasis is placed on the most frequent solid and hematological malignancies that have cutaneous metastases, including breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, colon cancer, and leukemia. In addition, mammary and extramammary Paget's disease are further discussed as examples of direct extension of primary tumors to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rolz-Cruz
- Clinical Unit for Research Trials in Skin, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE A skin finding may be an indicator of internal malignant diseases. In this report, we investigated the skin findings of the cases who have had internal malignancy within the last 1 month. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seven hundred cases who were diagnosed as internal malignancy and who did not have any treatment for the malignancy were enrolled in our study between February 2002 and September 2003. A form was completed for all of the cases, including name, surname, and the carcinoma type. All cases were examined in detail, and the observed skin findings or dermatosis was recorded. RESULTS The most frequent skin findings among the cases were tinea pedis/onychomycosis, followed by xerosis and pruritus. The skin findings in terms of frequency were determined mostly in hematological malignancies (68.96%). CONCLUSION We would like to emphasize that the skin is an indicator of the functions of internal organs and their disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Kiliç
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, 2nd Dermatology Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
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Chung VQ, Moschella SL, Zembowicz A, Liu V. Clinical and pathologic findings of paraneoplastic dermatoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:745-62; quiz 763-6. [PMID: 16635655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Paraneoplastic dermatoses comprise a heterogeneous group of noninherited skin conditions that manifest internal malignancy. Familiarity with paraneoplastic dermatoses is important to both clinician and pathologist alike, as recognition of such a condition offers opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of internal malignancy; monitoring for tumor recurrence; and insight into pathophysiology which may yield possible clues to treatment. Herein are reviewed 16 of the best established paraneoplastic dermatoses that display distinctive clinical and pathologic findings. LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the conclusion of this leaning activity, participants should be able to recognize, diagnose, and describe the clinical and pathologic findings of paraneoplastic dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Q Chung
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Rodolakis A, Thomakos N, Protopappas A, Doublis D, Sotiropoulou M, Milingos S. Ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of low malignant potential presented as a paraneoplastic skin lesion. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2005; 25:624-6. [PMID: 16234167 DOI: 10.1080/01443610500243919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rodolakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alexandra Hospital, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, University of Athens, 11474 Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Xanthomas of soft tissue are common, well described lesions. Much less common are xanthomas of bone. Rarer still are xanthomas of the bones of the skull or facial skeleton. The case of a woman with an incidentally found isolated xanthoma of the frontal bone in the setting of normal blood lipid levels is reported. Surgical treatment of such lesions is both diagnostic, in excluding other lesions such as eosinophilic granuloma, and therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Elwood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61603, USA.
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Abstract
Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of noncancerous dermatoses associated with internal malignancy. Their recognition can facilitate detection and timely treatment of underlying cancer. More than 30 such disorders have been identified in the human scientific literature, whereas only a few are described in veterinary medicine. This may reflect a lower incidence in animals than in people or may be the result of failure to recognize an association between certain skin lesions and neoplasia. Establishing a relationship between a cutaneous disorder and neoplasia can be difficult unless the skin lesions are rare and almost always associated with a particular tumour type, as is the case for most recognized veterinary paraneoplastic dermatoses. Among these are feline paraneoplastic alopecia, feline thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis, nodular dermatofibrosis, feminization syndrome associated with testicular tumours, superficial necrolytic dermatitis and paraneoplastic pemphigus. The aetiology of most cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes has remained elusive in both people and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Turek
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Pronk WG, Baars JP, De Jong PC, Westermann AM. Some unusual paraneoplastic syndromes. Case 2. Digital ulceration as a paraneoplastic syndrome in ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:2620-2. [PMID: 12829684 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- R Katta
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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