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Butler AE, Moin ASM, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL. A Cross-Sectional Study of Alzheimer-Related Proteins in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1158. [PMID: 38256230 PMCID: PMC10816448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition in women of reproductive age, and several risk factors found in PCOS are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Proteins increased in AD have been reported to include fibronectin (FN) fragments 3 and 4 (FN1.3 and FN1.4, respectively) and ApoE. We hypothesized that Alzheimer-related proteins would be dysregulated in PCOS because of associated insulin resistance and obesity. In this comparative cross-sectional analysis, aptamer-based SomaScan proteomic analysis for the detection of plasma Alzheimer-related proteins was undertaken in a PCOS biobank of 143 women with PCOS and 97 control women. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) (p < 0.05) and amyloid P-component (APCS) (p < 0.001) were elevated in PCOS, while alpha-synuclein (SNCA) (p < 0.05) was reduced in PCOS. Associations with protective heat shock proteins (HSPs) showed that SNCA positively correlated with HSP90 (p < 0.0001) and HSP60 (p < 0.0001) in both the PCOS and control women. Correlations with markers of inflammation showed that APCS correlated with interleukin 6 (IL6) (p = 0.04), while Apolipoprotein (Apo) E3 correlated with TNF-alpha (p = 0.02). FN, FN1.3, FN1.4 and ApoE were all elevated significantly (p < 0.05). An AD-associated protein pattern with elevated FN, FN1.3, FN1.4 and ApoE was found in PCOS, in addition to elevated APP and reduced SNCA, which was the same as reported for type 2 diabetes (T2D) with, additionally, an elevation in APCS. With the AD biomarker pattern in PCOS being very similar to that in T2D, where there is an association between AD and T2D, this suggests that larger prospective cohort studies are needed in women with PCOS to determine if there is a causal association with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen P.O. Box 15503, Bahrain; (A.S.M.M.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen P.O. Box 15503, Bahrain; (A.S.M.M.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull HU6 7RU, UK;
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen P.O. Box 15503, Bahrain; (A.S.M.M.); (S.L.A.)
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Zhang J, Yang Y, Yang X, Qin J, Wei X, Peng Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zou Y. Influence of manganese exposure on cognitive function, plasma APP and Aβ levels in older men. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 67:126788. [PMID: 34015662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated manganese (Mn) exposure impairs cognition in adults and children, but the association between Mn and cognitive function in elderly people is unclear. Previous studies have linked Mn neurotoxicity in AD to Aβ-dependent mechanisms. However, the association between Mn and plasma APP and Aβ in the general elderly population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between Mn exposure and cognitive function, plasma APP and plasma Aβ in older adults. METHODS Cognitive abilities in 375 men aged 60 and older in Guangxi, China were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and cognitive impairment were identified using education-stratified cut-off points of MMSE scores. Urinary Mn levels and plasma APP, and Aβ levels were measured using ICP-MS and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS A total of 109 (29.07 %) older men were identified as having cognitive impairment. The median urinary Mn level was 0.22 μg/g creatinine. Urinary Mn levels were negatively correlated with MMSE scores (β = -1.35, 95 % CI: -2.65 to -0.06; p = 0.041). In addition, higher concentrations of urinary manganese were associated with a greater risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 2.03, 95 % CI: 1.14-3.59; comparing the highest and lowest manganese; p = 0.025). Moreover, plasma APP levels were inversely associated with urinary Mn levels (r = -0.123, p = 0.020), and positively associated with MMSE scores (r = 0.158, p = 0.002). Surprisingly, no correlations were observed between plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, Aβ40/Aβ42, or Aβ42/Aβ40 and urinary Mn levels and MMSE scores. CONCLUSION These results suggested that Mn exposure is negatively associated with older men's cognition and plasma APP levels, but not plasma Aβ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li'e Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Sheu JJ, Yang LY, Sanotra MR, Wang ST, Lu HT, Kam RSY, Hsu IU, Kao SH, Lee CK, Shieh JCC, Lin YF. Reduction of AHI1 in the serum of Taiwanese with probable Alzheimer's disease. Clin Biochem 2019; 76:24-30. [PMID: 31786207 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is desirable. In AD model mouse brain and neuronal cells, Abelson helper integration site-1 (AHI1) protein is reduced. AHI1 facilitates intracellular amyloid precursor protein (APP) translocation to inhibit amyloidogenic pathology of AD, and thus may be an AD biomarker. METHODS This study was conducted among 32 AD patients and 54 healthy control (HC) subjects. AHI1-related protein levels from initially collected serum samples in each group were screened using Western blotting. The protein concentrations of AHI1 and amyloid-β (Aβ), peptide(s) derived from APP, from all serum samples were analyzed using ELISA. RESULTS In AD serum, AHI1 and a large truncated C-terminal APP fragment were significantly reduced. The average concentrations of serum AHI1 and Aβ in AD were significantly lower than those in HC. Notably, AHI1 concentration in HC serum was decreased in an age-dependent manner, while it was consistently low in AD serum and had no correlation with Aβ or mini-mental state examination score. The receiver operating characteristic analysis on all subjects demonstrated an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.7 for AHI1 on AD diagnosis, while the AUC increased to 0.82 on the subjects younger than 77 years old, suggesting a good diagnostic performance of serum AHI1 for AD especially at relatively young age. CONCLUSION An early event of AHI1 reduction in the body of AD patients was observed. Serum AHI1 may be valuable for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Jiuan Sheu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Monika Renuka Sanotra
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Te Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Tsung Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Rachel Sook Yee Kam
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - I-Uen Hsu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shu-Huei Kao
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Chang-Cheng Shieh
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Ma F, Li Q, Zhou X, Zhao J, Song A, Li W, Liu H, Xu W, Huang G. Effects of folic acid supplementation on cognitive function and Aβ-related biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 58:345-356. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zawilla NH, Taha FM, Kishk NA, Farahat SA, Farghaly M, Hussein M. Occupational exposure to aluminum and its amyloidogenic link with cognitive functions. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 139:57-64. [PMID: 24973993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As many other metals, aluminum is a widely recognized neurotoxicant and its link with neurodegenerative disorders has been the subject of scientific debate. One proposal focuses on amyloid β deposition (amyloidogenesis) as the key player in triggering neuronal dysfunction the so-called amyloid cascade hypothesis. We undertook this study first to investigate the cognition status of workers exposed to Al dust in an Al factory in Southern Cairo, second, to evaluate serum amyloid precursor protein (APP) and cathepsin D (CD) enzyme activity to study the possible role of Al in amyloidogenesis, and finally to explore the relation between these potential biomarkers and cognitive functions. The study was conducted on 54 exposed workers and 51 matched controls. They were subjected to questionnaire, neurological examination and a cognitive test battery, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination - Revised (ACE-R). Serum Al, APP and CD enzyme activity were measured. A significant increase of serum Al was found in the exposed workers with an associated increase in serum APP and decrement in CD activity. The exposed workers displayed poor performance on the ACE-R test. No significant correlation was detected between ACE-R test total score and either APP or CD activity. We concluded that occupational exposure to Al is associated with cognitive impairment. The effect of occupational Al exposure on the serum levels of APP and CD activity may be regarded as a possible mechanism of Al in amyloidogenesis. However, our findings do not support the utility of serum APP and CD activity as screening markers for early or preclinical cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Zawilla
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - F M Taha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - N A Kishk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - S A Farahat
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Farghaly
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M Hussein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bani-suef University, Egypt
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Instructions for Authors. Eur J Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.v10_i1_instr.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Instructions for Authors. Eur J Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2003.v10_i5_instr.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zana M, Janka Z, Kálmán J. Oxidative stress: A bridge between Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:648-76. [PMID: 16624449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Besides the genetic, biochemical and neuropathological analogies between Down's syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is ample evidence of the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of both disorders. The present paper reviews the publications on DS and AD in the past 10 years in light of the "gene dosage" and "two-hit" hypotheses, with regard to the alterations caused by OS in both the central nervous system and the periphery, and the main pipeline of antioxidant therapeutic strategies. OS occurs decades prior to the signature pathology and manifests as lipid, protein and DNA oxidation, and mitochondrial abnormalities. In clinical settings, the assessment of OS has traditionally been hampered by the use of assays that suffer from inherent problems related to specificity and/or sensitivity, which explains some of the conflicting results presented in this work. For DS, no scientifically proven diet or drug is yet available, and AD trials have not provided a satisfactory approach for the prevention of and therapy against OS, although most of them still need evidence-based confirmation. In the future, a balanced up-regulation of endogenous antioxidants, together with multiple exogenous antioxidant supplementation, may be expected to be one of the most promising treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Zana
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Szeged, 6 Semmelweis St, Szeged H-6725, Hungary.
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Instructions for Authors. Eur J Neurol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.v12_i10_instr_12_11.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Instructions for Authors. Eur J Neurol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.t01-1-00101_10_6.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Instructions for Authors. Eur J Neurol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.t01-1-00101_10_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Instructions for Authors. Eur J Neurol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.t01-1-00101_10_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Instructions for Authors. Eur J Neurol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.t01-1-00101_10_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Boyt AA, Taddei TK, Hallmayer J, Helmerhorst E, Gandy SE, Craft S, Martins RN. The effect of insulin and glucose on the plasma concentration of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. Neuroscience 2000; 95:727-34. [PMID: 10670439 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of beta amyloid is a critical event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. This peptide is a metabolite of the amyloid precursor protein. Recent research suggests that there is a correlation between plasma insulin and glucose concentrations and memory performance in Alzheimer's disease sufferers. Additionally, in vitro evidence suggests that both insulin and glucose may affect the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein and therefore the production of beta amyloid--however, to our knowledge no in vivo data have yet been published. We investigated the effect of elevated plasma levels of glucose and insulin on the plasma concentration of amyloid precursor protein in non-Alzheimer's disease subjects. As would be expected following ingestion of a glucose drink, blood insulin and glucose levels significantly increased. Interestingly, however, plasma amyloid precursor protein concentration decreased. Whilst no correlation was observed between insulin or glucose levels and plasma amyloid precursor protein concentration, the decrease in plasma amyloid precursor protein concentration was affected by the apolipoprotein E genotype of the subject. Possession of an epsilon4 allele resulted in a reduced decrease in plasma amyloid precursor protein in response to glucose ingestion when compared to non-epsilon4 subjects. We conclude that glucose ingestion, and the subsequent elevation of plasma levels of glucose and insulin leads to a decrease in plasma amyloid precursor protein concentration. Further studies are required to determine the clinical significance of these physiological changes in plasma amyloid precursor protein and the implications for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Boyt
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
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Davies TA, Billingslea AM, Long HJ, Tibbles H, Wells JM, Eisenhauer PB, Smith SJ, Cribbs DH, Fine RE, Simons ER. Brain endothelial cell enzymes cleave platelet-retained amyloid precursor protein. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1998; 132:341-50. [PMID: 9794706 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that thrombin-activated platelets from patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) retain significantly more surface membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein (mAPP) than platelets from non-demented age-matched individuals (AM). We have studied interactions between these platelets and the cerebrovascular endothelium to which activated platelets adhere in a model system, investigating their involvement in the formation of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) deposits in AD patients. We report here that there appear to be alpha and beta secretase-like activities in primary human blood brain barrier endothelial cell (BEC) cultures from both AD patients and AM control subjects (AD-BEC and AM-BEC, respectively) as well as a gamma secretase-like activity that appears only in AD-BEC. No such activities were observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, there is more penetration of the platelet-released products platelet factor 4 and soluble APP through the BEC layer grown from AD patients than that grown from AM individuals, whereas none penetrate through a HUVEC layer. Thus the interaction between platelets, the APP they have retained or released, and cerebral vascular endothelial cells may be at least partially responsible for amyloidogenic deposits around the cerebral vasculature of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Davies
- Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Davies TA, Long HJ, Tibbles HE, Sgro KR, Wells JM, Rathbun WH, Seetoo KF, McMenamin ME, Smith SJ, Feldman RG, Levesque CA, Fine RE, Simons ER. Moderate and advanced Alzheimer's patients exhibit platelet activation differences. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18:155-62. [PMID: 9258892 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that platelets from advanced sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit two defects: first, an aberrant signal transduction presenting as a thrombin-induced hyperacidification, which is more severe for donors with the apolipoprotein E4 allele (apoE4), and second, an AD-specific Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing defect that presents as retention of APP on the activated platelets' surface and in independent of the apo E allele. This retention of membrane APP correlates with decreased release of soluble APP. To determine at what stage in the disease progression these defects appear, we performed signal transduction and secretion studies on moderate AD patients. Thrombin-activated platelets from these patients do not exhibit either hyperacidification or APP retention; their APP processing and secretion are normal by Western blotting, suggesting that the two platelet defects appear in the advanced stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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Whyte S, Wilson N, Currie J, Maruff P, Malone V, Shafiq-Antonacci R, Tyler P, Derry KL, Underwood J, Li QX, Beyreuther K, Masters CL. Collection and normal levels of the amyloid precursor protein in plasma. Ann Neurol 1997; 41:121-4. [PMID: 9005877 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410410122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein is contained in platelet alpha granules and released with degranulation. Methods are described to control for amyloid precursor protein release from platelets during blood collection and processing. In normal subjects (n = 97; age range, 44-84 years), the average plasma level of amyloid precursor protein was 6.5 +/- 1.8 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Whyte
- Department of Pathology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Pirttilä T, Kim KS, Mehta PD, Frey H, Wisniewski HM. Soluble amyloid beta-protein in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and controls. J Neurol Sci 1994; 127:90-5. [PMID: 7699397 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)90140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble amyloid beta-protein (sA beta) concentrations from 69 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 23 patients with vascular dementia (VD), and 76 non-demented controls were measured by a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using two monoclonal antibodies (4G8 and 6E10) specific for A beta. sA beta concentrations were lower in CSF from patients with AD or VD compared to those in controls. CSF sA beta concentrations did not correlate with the Mini-Mental State Examination scores in patients with AD. VD patients with moderate to severe dementia had lower CSF sA beta concentrations than those with mild dementia. Because a considerable overlap of CSF sA beta levels existed between AD and control groups, the assay is not useful as a diagnostic test for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pirttilä
- Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly moving from the obscure category of degenerative diseases to the more precise one of metabolic disorders. Recent discoveries have substantiated the hypothesis that AD results from the deposition of beta-amyloid, which is formed by polymers of a proteolytic fragment of the amyloid protein precursor (APP), and may induce intraneuronal aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau into paired helical filaments and neuronal death. There is also evidence that AD is a heterogeneous age-related disorder of multifactorial origin, which may arise as a consequence of point mutations of genes encoding APP or other proteins involved in its metabolism (familial AD), or a combination of genetic and non-genetic factors (sporadic AD). Familial AD displays genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, meaning that mutations of different genes may cause the AD phenotype, and that different mutations of the same gene may cause phenotypically distinct disorders, including Alzheimer-type dementia and cerebral amyloid angiopathy with cerebral hemorrhages and stroke. On the other hand, aging, gender, head trauma, and variants of the apolipoprotein E gene have been shown to increase the risk of developing the more prevalent sporadic form of AD. The mechanisms by which these factors influence amyloidogenesis are beginning to be understood, and this will provide a rational basis for future therapy. Knowledge of the molecular basis of AD would eventually allow accurate risk prediction before the disease becomes clinically apparent, and better chances for early treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coria
- Section of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Segovia, Spain
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