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Satheeshkumar PS, Mohan MP. Tachykinin peptide, substance P, and its receptor NK-1R play an important role in alimentary tract mucosal inflammation during cytotoxic therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:2864-73. [PMID: 24981415 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The alimentary tract mucosal inflammation has been a topic of concern in oncology; though many modalities of treatment have been proposed for mucosal inflammation, the contributing adverse effects have severely affected the quality of life of patients. This review focuses on the importance of neurogenic peptide, Substance P and its receptor NK-1R in modulating the cascades of events in mucosal inflammation during cytotoxic therapy. There are various preclinical and clinical models showing increased expression of Substance P/NK-1R in ionizing radiation and chemotherapy, but only very few preclinical studies to our knowledge have highlighted or examined its role in mucosal inflammation. Hence, the importance of neuropeptide involved in the inflammatory events in mucosal inflammation in cytotoxic therapy could be a major breakthrough for future research purposes and treatment. The factors contributing to the severity of tissue reactions have been multietiogenic; thus, resultant treatment also has to be directed toward multiple contributing factors. This review also focuses on the significance of care strategy to be adopted in alimentary tract mucositis when multietiogenic factors are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Satheeshkumar
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Velindre Hospital, Cardiff University, Wales, CF 14 2TL, UK,
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2
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Skaper SD, Giusti P, Facci L. Microglia and mast cells: two tracks on the road to neuroinflammation. FASEB J 2012; 26:3103-17. [PMID: 22516295 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-197194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the more important recent advances in neuroscience research is the understanding that there is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in this communication. The emerging realization is that glia and microglia, in particular, (which are the brain's resident macrophages), constitute an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in CNS disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia respond also to proinflammatory signals released from other non-neuronal cells, principally those of immune origin. Mast cells are of particular relevance in this context. These immunity-related cells, while resident in the CNS, are capable of migrating across the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers in situations where the barrier is compromised as a result of CNS pathology. Emerging evidence suggests the possibility of mast cell-glia communications and opens exciting new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating the activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization, both peripherally and centrally. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of microglia, neuroimmune interactions involving mast cells, in particular, and the possibility that mast cell-microglia crosstalk may contribute to the exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerate disease progression, as well as promote pain transmission pathways. We conclude by considering the therapeutic potential of treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signaling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Denadai-Souza A, Camargo LDL, Ribela MT, Keeble JE, Costa SK, Muscará MN. Participation of peripheral tachykinin NK1
receptors in the carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat temporomandibular joint. Eur J Pain 2012; 13:812-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fehér E. [Neuroimmuno-modulation in gastric mucosa]. Orv Hetil 2010; 151:1930-3. [PMID: 21071303 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2010.28983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several neuropeptides were supposed to take place in the protection of gastric mucosa and play role in the development of gastritis. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate morphological relationship between nerve fibres and immunocytes, to find out if these cells synthetize some neuropeptides and if there is there any co-existence with TNF-α and NFκ-B. METHODS Immunohistochemical, confocal laser microscopic methods were used to investigate nerve fibres, immunocompetent cells in control and gastritis mucosa. RESULTS The number of neuropeptide-containing nerve fibres increased significantly. In control stomach the number of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells was low and showed no immunoreactivity for neuropeptide antibodies. However, in gastritis, some of the immunocompetent cells were immunoreactive for SP and for NPY. Some of the SP immunoreactive cells showed also positive reaction for TNF-α and NFκ-B. The distance between nerve fibres and immunocytes was 1 µm or less. CONCLUSIONS The increase of neuropeptides released from nerve fibres and immunocompetent cells can take part in neurogenic inflammation and generate chronic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Fehér
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Anatómiai, Szövet- és Fejlődéstani Intézet Budapest Tűzoltó u. 5. 1094.
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Pongor É, Altdorfer K, Fehér E. Colocalization of substance P with tumor necrosis factor-α in the lymphocytes and mast cells in gastritis in experimental rats. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:163-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Jin Y, Silverman AJ, Vannucci SJ. Mast Cells Are Early Responders After Hypoxia-Ischemia in Immature Rat Brain. Stroke 2009; 40:3107-12. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.549691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Jin
- From the Weill Cornell Medical College (S.J.V.), New York; and the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (Y.J., A.J.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ann J. Silverman
- From the Weill Cornell Medical College (S.J.V.), New York; and the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (Y.J., A.J.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Susan J. Vannucci
- From the Weill Cornell Medical College (S.J.V.), New York; and the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (Y.J., A.J.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Aronoff DM, Hao Y, Chung J, Coleman N, Lewis C, Peres CM, Serezani CH, Chen GH, Flamand N, Brock TG, Peters-Golden M. Misoprostol impairs female reproductive tract innate immunity against Clostridium sordellii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8222-30. [PMID: 18523288 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatal cases of acute shock complicating Clostridium sordellii endometritis following medical abortion with mifepristone (also known as RU-486) used with misoprostol were reported. The pathogenesis of this unexpected complication remains enigmatic. Misoprostol is a pharmacomimetic of PGE(2), an endogenous suppressor of innate immunity. Clinical C. sordellii infections were associated with intravaginal misoprostol administration, suggesting that high misoprostol concentrations within the uterus impair immune responses against C. sordellii. We modeled C. sordellii endometritis in rats to test this hypothesis. The intrauterine but not the intragastric delivery of misoprostol significantly worsened mortality from C. sordellii uterine infection, and impaired bacterial clearance in vivo. Misoprostol also reduced TNF-alpha production within the uterus during infection. The intrauterine injection of misoprostol did not enhance mortality from infection by the vaginal commensal bacterium Lactobacillus crispatus. In vitro, misoprostol suppressed macrophage TNF-alpha and chemokine generation following C. sordellii or peptidoglycan challenge, impaired leukocyte phagocytosis of C. sordellii, and inhibited uterine epithelial cell human beta-defensin expression. These immunosuppressive effects of misoprostol, which were not shared by mifepristone, correlated with the activation of the G(s) protein-coupled E prostanoid (EP) receptors EP2 and EP4 (macrophages) or EP4 alone (uterine epithelial cells). Our data provide a novel explanation for postabortion sepsis leading to death and also suggest that PGE(2), in which production is exaggerated within the reproductive tract during pregnancy, might be an important causal determinant in the pathogenesis of more common infections of the gravid uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Sipos G, Sipos P, Altdorfer K, Pongor É, Fehér E. Correlation and Immunolocalization of Substance P Nerve Fibers and Activated Immune Cells in Human Chronic Gastritis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1140-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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da Silva MBS, Farges RC, Fröde TS. Involvement of steroids in anti-inflammatory effects of PK11195 in a murine model of pleurisy. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 13:93-103. [PMID: 15203550 PMCID: PMC1781550 DOI: 10.1080/09629350410001688486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on peripheral benzodiazepine receptor function have yielded a diverse list of activities of which the anti-inflammatory effects need to be further examined. AIMS To evaluate the role of steroids, nitric oxide and adenosine-deaminase in the anti-inflammatory effect of PK11195. METHODS Pleurisy was induced by intrapleural injection of carrageenan in mice pre-treated or not with PK11195. Leukocytes, exudation, adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activity and nitric oxide (NO) level were measured. Steroid involvement was evaluated by pre-treatment with D,L-aminogluthetimide before PK11195. RESULTS Leukocytes, exudation and NO levels were reduced by PK11195 in the early (4 h) phase. In the late (48 h) phase, PK11195 decreased leukocytes and ADA activity. D,L-aminogluthetimide reversed the effect of PK11195 on exudate (4 h), as well as total and differential leukocytes and NO levels (48 h). CONCLUSIONS Steroids, NO and ADA are implicated in the anti-inflammatory action of PK11195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Barreto Spillere da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Patel T, Park SH, Lin LM, Chiappelli F, Huang GTJ. Substance P induces interleukin-8 secretion from human dental pulp cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 96:478-85. [PMID: 14561975 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(03)00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of neuropeptides in recruiting leukocytes in dental pulps is not known; therefore, we investigated whether interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion from human pulp cells is increased after stimulation with substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). METHODS Primary pulp cells exhibiting a fibroblast-like phenotype and an endothelial cell line were stimulated with various doses of SP or CGRP, and IL-8 secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS IL-8 secretion from pulp cells increased significantly at 10(-8) to 10(-4) mol/L of SP stimulation (5- to 13.8-fold; P <.05); however, no significant IL-8 increase with CGRP (up to 10(-4) mol/L) stimulation was observed, nor was there synergistic induction of IL-8 with SP plus CGRP. The IL-8 increase reached its maximum at 8 hours after SP stimulation of the pulp cells. SP at a concentration of 10(-4) mol/L created minimal IL-8 induction in the endothelial cells and no synergistic induction by SP and CGRP. CONCLUSIONS Pulp cells may up-regulate IL-8 secretion by SP stimulation, which suggests that SP released in dental pulp may play a role in the influx of leukocytes, attracted by IL-8, into the pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Patel
- School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, 90095-1668, USA
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11
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Patak E, Luz Candenas M, Pennefather JN, Ziccone S, Lilley A, Martín JD, Flores C, Mantecón AG, Story ME, Pinto FM. Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors in human uterus. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:523-32. [PMID: 12788812 PMCID: PMC1573878 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Studies were undertaken to determine the nature of the receptors mediating contractile effects of tachykinins in the uteri of nonpregnant women, and to analyse the expression of preprotachykinins (PPT), tachykinin receptors and the cell-surface peptidase, neprilysin (NEP), in the myometrium from pregnant and nonpregnant women. (2) The neurokinin B (NKB) precursor PPT-B was expressed in higher levels in the myometrium from nonpregnant than from pregnant women. Faint expression of PPT-A mRNA was detectable in the myometrium from nonpregnant but not pregnant women. PPT-C, the gene encoding the novel tachykinin peptide hemokinin-1 (HK-1), was present in trace amounts in the uteri from both pregnant and nonpregnant women. (3) Tachykinin NK(2) receptors were more strongly expressed in tissues from nonpregnant than from pregnant women. NK(1) receptor mRNA was present in low levels in tissues from both pregnant and nonpregnant women. A low abundance transcript corresponding to the NK(3) receptor was present only in tissues from nonpregnant women. (4) The mRNA expression of the tachykinin-degrading enzyme NEP was lower in tissues from nonpregnant than from pregnant women. (5) Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and NKB, in the presence of the peptidase inhibitors thiorphan, captopril and bestatin, produced contractions of myometrium from nonpregnant women. The order of potency was NKA>>SP>/=NKB. The potency of NKA was unchanged in the absence of peptidase inhibitors. (6) The tachykinin NK(2) receptor-selective agonist [Lys(5)MeLeu(9)Nle(10)]NKA(4-l0) was approximately equipotent with NKA, but the tachykinin NK(1) and NK(3) receptor-selective agonists [Sar(9)Met(O(2))(11)]SP and [MePhe(7)]NKB were ineffective in the myometrium from nonpregnant women. (7) The uterotonic effects of [Lys(5)MeLeu(9)Nle(10)]NKA(4-10) were antagonized by the tachykinin NK(2) receptor-selective antagonist SR48968. Neither atropine, nor phentolamine nor tetrodotoxin affected responses to [Lys(5)MeLeu(9)Nle(10)]NKA(4-10). (8) These data are consistent with a role of tachykinins in the regulation of human uterine function, and reinforce the importance of NK(2) receptors in the regulation of myometrial contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Patak
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Women's Hospital, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - M Luz Candenas
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jocelyn N Pennefather
- Department of Anaesthetics and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Sebastian Ziccone
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Women's Hospital, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Alison Lilley
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Women's Hospital, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Julio D Martín
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio G Mantecón
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margot E Story
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Francisco M Pinto
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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12
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Tripp RA, Barskey A, Goss L, Anderson LJ. Substance P receptor expression on lymphocytes is associated with the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:141-53. [PMID: 12161030 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and magnitude of SP receptor expression was determined for bronchoalveolar leukocyte cell subsets from BALB/c mice in the primary immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV3) infection, and in the secondary immune response to RSV and PIV3 challenge. In both the primary and secondary responses to infection, expression of substance P (SP) receptors was markedly increased by infection, especially for T lymphocytes, compared to B220+, CD11b+ and CD14+ cells. CD4+ T lymphocytes predominantly expressed SP receptors in the secondary response. These results suggest that SP receptor expression may be important in the development of primary and secondary immune responses to respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Tripp
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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13
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Azzolina A, Guarneri P, Lampiasi N. Involvement of p38 and JNK MAPKs pathways in Substance P-induced production of TNF-alpha by peritoneal mast cells. Cytokine 2002; 18:72-80. [PMID: 12096921 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a central role in both inflammation and immediate allergic reactions. We have previously shown that Substance P (SP) stimulates TNF-alpha mRNA and protein expression in rat peritoneal mast cells (PMC). In the present paper, we investigated whether the induction of TNF-alpha production by the mast cells agonist involves MAPKs signalling pathways. We found that as early as 5 min after PMC exposure to SP, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK was induced. On the contrary, phosphorylation of p42/44 MAPK occurred only after a 30 min exposure to SP and did not correlate with SP-induced TNF-alpha production. The highly specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and the blocker of PI-3K wortmannin, abolished SP-induced increase in TNF-alpha mRNA and protein levels and showed to reduce the SP-mediated histamine secretion. In addition, wortmannin reduced SP-mediated JNK phosphorylation. The results reveal that the induction of TNF-alpha expression and histamine exocytosis by exposure of rat PMC to substance P requires the activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs pathways. Moreover, they suggest PI-3K as a possible upstream component of JNK pathway in SP-induced inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Azzolina
- Istituto di Biologia dello Sviluppo C.N.R., via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italia
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14
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Abstract
The immune response, both in innate and adaptive immunity, is controlled at several levels, including signaling from the central nervous system. Neuropeptides released within the lymphoid organs modulate the immune response, either as stimulators or inhibitors. The subject of this review is the description of macrophage-expressed receptors of inhibitory neuropeptides. We describe the inhibitory effects on macrophage function for several neuropeptides, the receptors that mediate those activities, and the molecular mechanisms initiated by some of these receptors in terms of transduction pathways and transcriptional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ganea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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15
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Torres SR, Fröde TS, Nardi GM, Vita N, Reeb R, Ferrara P, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Farges RC. Anti-inflammatory effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands in two mouse models of inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 408:199-211. [PMID: 11080527 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo treatment of mice with peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands exerts an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response in two models of acute inflammation. In the first model, pretreatment of the animals (24 h) with 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide (PK11195) and 7-chloro-5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2 (Ro5-4864), at different doses (0.00001-10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently inhibited the formation of mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan with mean ID(50s) of 0.009 (95% confidence limits=0.0076-0.013) and 0.04 (95% confidence limits=0.025-0.0086) mg/kg, respectively. Both ligands (0. 1 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited in the same way the mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan in animals with and without adrenal glands. PK11195 and Ro5-4864 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the mouse paw oedema induced by several inflammatory mediators. In the second model, the pretreatment (24 h) with peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) exerted an inhibitory effect on neutrophil influx and produce a marked inhibition of carrageenan-produced interleukin-13 and interleukin-6 in pleural exudation. Our results extend previous findings that peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is involved in the inflammatory response, and suggest that this action may be linked to the action of different inflammatory mediators, probably mainly by the inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima, 82, SC, 88015-420, Florianópolis, Brazil
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16
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Okabe T, Hide M, Koro O, Yamamoto S. Substance P induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from human skin via mitogen-activated protein kinase. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 398:309-15. [PMID: 10854844 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Substance P plays an important role in neurogenic inflammation with granulocyte infiltration. To investigate cytokines involved in the substance P-induced inflammation and the mechanism of cell activation, we studied the release of TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-alpha and histamine from human skin slices in response to substance P and antigen. Substance P induced the release of histamine and TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations from 0.8 to 100 microM. PD 098059 (2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone) selectively inhibited the release of TNF-alpha, but not the release of histamine induced by either substance P or antigen. SB 203580 ([4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-++ +imida zole]) slightly inhibited TNF-alpha release induced by antigen, but not that induced by substance P, and slightly enhanced histamine release induced by either stimulation. The release of TNF-alpha in response to either stimulation was inhibited by 1 nM-1 microM dexamethasone, but histamine release was not affected. These results suggest that substance P, in addition to antigen, induced TNF-alpha release from human skin by a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, predominantly extracellular signaling-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-dependent, and dexamethasone-sensitive pathway, which is separate from that for histamine release from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, 734-8551, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Veronesi B, Carter JD, Devlin RB, Simon SA, Oortgiesen M. Neuropeptides and capsaicin stimulate the release of inflammatory cytokines in a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Neuropeptides 1999; 33:447-56. [PMID: 10657523 DOI: 10.1054/npep.1999.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of neuropeptides in initiating and modulating airway inflammation was examined in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (i.e. BEAS-2B). At a range of concentrations, exposure of BEAS-2B cells to Substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene related protein resulted in immediate increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)), the synthesis of the transcripts for the inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFalpha after 2 h exposure, and the release of their proteins after 6 h exposure. Addition of thiorphan (100 nM), an inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase, enhanced the levels of SP-stimulated cytokine release. Stimulation of IL-6 by SP occurred in a conventional receptor-mediated manner as demonstrated by its differential release by fragments SP 4-11 and SP 1-4 and by the blockage of IL-6 release with the non-peptide, NK-1 receptor antagonist, CP-99 994. In addition to the direct stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, SP (0.5 microM), in combination with TNFalpha (25 units/ml), synergistically stimulated IL-6 release. BEAS-2B cells also responded to the botanical irritant, capsaicin (10 microM) with increases in [Ca(2+)](i) and IL-8 cytokine release after 4 h exposure. The IL-8 release was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. Capsaicin-stimulated increases of [Ca(2+)](i) and cytokine release could be reduced to control levels by pre-exposure to capsazepine, an antagonist of capsaicin (i.e. vanilloid) receptor(s) or by deletion of extracellular calcium from the exposure media. The present data indicate that the BEAS-2B human epithelial cell line expresses neuropeptide and capsaicin-sensitive pathways, whose activation results in immediate increases of [Ca(2+)](i) stimulation of inflammatory cytokine transcripts and the release of their cytokine proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Veronesi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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18
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Cocchiara R, Lampiasi N, Albeggiani G, Bongiovanni A, Azzolina A, Geraci D. Mast cell production of TNF-alpha induced by substance P evidence for a modulatory role of substance P-antagonists. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 101:128-36. [PMID: 10580796 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Unregulated increasing of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) could be pathogenic in inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of the Substance P-antagonists (SPAs) through the inhibition of histamine release (HR) and TNF-alpha production from mast cell. Rat peritoneal mast cells (PMC) stimulated with Substance P (SP), in the presence of SPAs or not, were analyzed for HR and TNF-alpha protein production. Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction, with an internal standard competing with target cDNA for the same primers, was used to determine the TNF-alpha mRNA expression. We show that the increase of either HR and TNF-alpha levels in peritoneal (PMC) after induction with SP was inhibited by pre-incubation with SPA or with the Peptide 101 (P101), while the [D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9]-SP (dSP) had no effect. Neuraminidase treatment suggests that dSP, as well as SP, interacts with sialic acid residues on the cell surface. Moreover, SPA and P101 also inhibit the release of histamine and TNF-alpha induced by dSP suggesting that a receptor-independent mechanism is involved. These data could be useful to better understand the mechanisms involved in the mast cell activation and TNF-alpha production in the inflammatory diseases where SP is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cocchiara
- Istituto di Biologia dello Sviluppo, CNR, Palermo, Italy
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