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Gurba A, Taciak P, Sacharczuk M, Młynarczuk-Biały I, Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Fichna J. Gold (III) Derivatives in Colon Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:724. [PMID: 35054907 PMCID: PMC8775370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and the second in women. Standard patterns of antitumor therapy, including cisplatin, are ineffective due to their lack of specificity for tumor cells, development of drug resistance, and severe side effects. For this reason, new methods and strategies for CRC treatment are urgently needed. Current research includes novel platinum (Pt)- and other metal-based drugs such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), iridium (Ir), or ruthenium (Ru). Au(III) compounds are promising drug candidates for CRC treatment due to their structural similarity to Pt(II). Their advantage is their relatively good solubility in water, but their disadvantage is an unsatisfactory stability under physiological conditions. Due to these limitations, work is still underway to improve the formula of Au(III) complexes by combining with various types of ligands capable of stabilizing the Au(III) cation and preventing its reduction under physiological conditions. This review summarizes the achievements in the field of stable Au(III) complexes with potential cytotoxic activity restricted to cancer cells. Moreover, it has been shown that not nucleic acids but various protein structures such as thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) mediate the antitumor effects of Au derivatives. The state of the art of the in vivo studies so far conducted is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gurba
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Przemysław Taciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Izabela Młynarczuk-Biały
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (M.S.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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Sánchez Delgado GY, Arvellos JFA, Paschoal DFS, Dos Santos HF. Role of the Enzymatic Environment in the Reactivity of the Au III-C^N^C Anticancer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3181-3195. [PMID: 33600154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The action mechanism of anticancer gold(III) complexes is a multi-step process and depends on their redox stability. First, the gold(III) complex undergoes a ligand exchange reaction in the presence of cellular thiols, such as those available in the active site of the enzyme TrxR, and then, the AuIII → AuI reduction occurs. Most experimental and theoretical studies describe these processes under chemical conditions without considering the enzyme structure effect. In the present study, molecular models are proposed for the [AuIII(C^N^C)(SHCys-R)]+ adduct, with the [AuIII(C^N^C)]+ moiety bonded to the Cys498 residue in the C-terminal arm of the TrxR. This one represents the product of the first ligand exchange reaction. Overall, our results suggest that the exchange of the auxiliary ligand (for instance, Cl- to S-R) plays a primary role in increasing the reduction potential, with the enzyme structure having a small effect. The parent compound [AuIII(C^N^C)Cl] has E° = -1.20 V, which enlarges to -0.72 V for [AuIII(C^N^C)CH3SH]+ and to -0.65 V for the largest model studied, Au-trx. In addition to the effect of the enzyme structure on the redox stability, we also analyze the Au transfer to the enzyme using a small peptide model (a tetramer). This reaction is dependent on the Cys497 protonation state. Thermodynamics and kinetic analysis suggests that the C^N^C ligand substitution by Cys497 is an exergonic process, with an energy barrier estimated at 20.2 kcal mol-1. The complete transfer of the Au ion to the enzyme's active site would lead to a total loss of enzyme activity, generating oxidative damage and, consequently, cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giset Y Sánchez Delgado
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário Martelos, 36.036-900 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlio F A Arvellos
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário Martelos, 36.036-900 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego F S Paschoal
- NQTCM: Núcleo de Química Teórica e Computacional de Macaé, Polo Ajuda, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, 27.971-525 Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hélio F Dos Santos
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário Martelos, 36.036-900 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Lawal MM, Lawal IA, Klink MJ, Tolufashe GF, Ndagi U, Kumalo HM. Density functional theory study of gold(III)-dithiocarbamate complexes with characteristic anticancer potentials. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:111044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mansour AM, Radacki K. Experimental and DFT studies of sulfadiazine 'piano-stool' Ru(ii) and Rh(iii) complexes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10673-10680. [PMID: 35492929 PMCID: PMC9050370 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While sulfadiazine (HLSZ) is extensively used to elaborate complexes of intriguing biological applications (e.g. topical antibiotic silvadene; silver sulfadiazine), the molecular structure modification of sulfadiazine or even other sulfa drugs by coordination to either η6-cymene Ru(ii) or η5-Cp* Rh(iii) motif has not been investigated. Here, half-sandwich organoruthenium(ii) and organorhodium(iii) compounds of the type [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(LSZ)2] (1) and [(η5-C5Me5)Rh(LSZ)2] (2) are synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their potential antimicrobial activity. Spectroscopic and single crystal X-ray analysis showed that LSZ is coordinated to Rh(iii) via both the sulfonamide and pyrimidine nitrogen atoms forming "piano-stool" geometry. In 2, the NMR equivalence clearly pointed to participation of two LSZ molecules in a fluxional process in which the third bond of the base of the stool is oscillating between two equivalent sulfonamide nitrogen atoms. While 1 was biologically inactive, complex 2 was potent against Gram-positive bacteria, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Hen white egg lysozyme (HEWL), a model protein, reacted covalently with 2via the loss of one LSZ molecule, while compound 1 decomposed during the interaction with that protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Gamma Street Giza Cairo 12613 Egypt
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland D-97074 Würzburg Germany
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Umar Ndagi, Lawal MM, Soliman ME. DFT Study of the Structural and Electronic Properties of Selected Organogold(III) Compounds with Characteristic Anticancer Activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Development and future prospects of selective organometallic compounds as anticancer drug candidates exhibiting novel modes of action. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:269-286. [PMID: 31096151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mansour AM, Shehab OR. Pyridylbenzimidazole-Based Gold(III) Complexes: Lysozyme Metalation, DNA Binding Studies, and Biological Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Mansour
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science, Gamma Street, Giza; Cairo University; 12613 Cairo Egypt
| | - Ola R. Shehab
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science, Gamma Street, Giza; Cairo University; 12613 Cairo Egypt
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Jia JJ, Geng WS, Wang ZQ, Chen L, Zeng XS. The role of thioredoxin system in cancer: strategy for cancer therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:453-470. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zaki M, Hairat S, Aazam ES. Scope of organometallic compounds based on transition metal-arene systems as anticancer agents: starting from the classical paradigm to targeting multiple strategies. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3239-3278. [PMID: 35518979 PMCID: PMC9060267 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of the clinically approved drug cisplatin started a new era in the design of metallodrugs for cancer chemotherapy. However, to date, there has not been much success in this field due to the persistence of some side effects and multi-drug resistance of cancer cells. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the design of metal chemotherapeutics using organometallic complexes due to their good stability and unique properties in comparison to normal coordination complexes. Their intermediate properties between that of traditional inorganic and organic materials provide researchers with a new platform for the development of more promising cancer therapeutics. Classical metal-based drugs exert their therapeutic potential by targeting only DNA, but in the case of organometallic complexes, their molecular target is quite distinct to avoid drug resistance by cancer cells. Some organometallic drugs act by targeting a protein or inhibition of enzymes such as thioredoxin reductase (TrRx), while some target mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In this review, we mainly discuss organometallic complexes of Ru, Ti, Au, Fe and Os and their mechanisms of action and how new approaches improve their therapeutic potential towards various cancer phenotypes. Herein, we discuss the role of structure-reactivity relationships in enhancing the anticancer potential of drugs for the benefit of humans both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, we also include in vivo tumor models that mimic human physiology to accelerate the development of more efficient clinical organometallic chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvash Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudia Arabia +91 8979086156, +966 561835672
| | - Suboot Hairat
- Department of Biotechnology, Wachemo University Hossana Ethiopia
| | - Elham S Aazam
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudia Arabia +91 8979086156, +966 561835672
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Tabrizi L, Chiniforoshan H. New Ru II pincer complexes: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation for photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:18333-18345. [PMID: 27805201 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03502g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new ruthenium(ii) complexes of NCN pincer and phenylcyanamide derivative ligands of the formula [Ru(L)(Ph2phen)(3,5-(NO2)2pcyd)], 1, [Ru(L)(Me2phen)(3,5-(NO2)2pcyd)], 2, and [Ru(L)(Cl2phen)(3,5-(NO2)2pcyd)], 3 (HL: 5-methoxy-1,3-bis(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzene, 3,5-(NO2)2pcyd: 3,5-(NO2)2pcyd, Ph2phen: 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, Me2phen: 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, Cl2phen: 4,7-dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized and studied as potential photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The complexes exhibited promising 1O2 production quantum yields comparable with PSs available on the market. The DNA-binding interactions of the complexes with calf thymus DNA have been studied by absorption, emission, and viscosity measurements. All complexes cleave SC-DNA efficiently on photoactivation at 350 nm with the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) in type-II and photoredox pathways. Complexes 1-3 showed very good uptake in cervical cancer cells (HeLa). The compounds studied were found to exhibit low toxicity against HeLa cells (IC50 > 300 μM) and, remarkably, on non-cancerous MRC-5 cells (IC50 > 100 μM) in the dark. However, 1 showed very promising behavior with an increment of about 90 times, in its cytotoxicity upon light illumination at 420 nm in addition to very good human plasma stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tabrizi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Hossein Chiniforoshan
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
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11
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Ouyang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Holmgren A, Lu J. Modulation of thiol-dependent redox system by metal ionsviathioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. Metallomics 2018; 10:218-228. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00327g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal and metalloid ions regulate thioredoxin and glutaredoxin system-mediated biological functions by targeting mammalian thioredoxin reductase and mitochondrial glutaredoxin 2&5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Yi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Karolinska Institutet
- SE-171 77 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
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12
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In vitro anticancer activity of new gold(III) porphyrin complexes in colon cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Sánchez-de-Diego C, Mármol I, Pérez R, Gascón S, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E. The anticancer effect related to disturbances in redox balance on Caco-2 cells caused by an alkynyl gold(I) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 166:108-121. [PMID: 27842247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The alkynyl gold(I) derivative [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] (PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) induces apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma tumour cells (Caco-2) without affecting to normal enterocytes. [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] is a slight lipophilic drug, stable in PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) and able to bind BSA (Bovin Serum Albumin) by hydrophobic interactions. Once inside the cell, [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] targets seleno proteins such as Thioredoxin Reductase 1, increasing ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) levels, reducing cell viability and proliferation and inducing mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic protein imbalance, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and activation of caspases 9 and 3. Moreover, unlike other metal-based drugs such as cisplatin, [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] does not target nucleic acid, reducing the risk of side mutation in the DNA. In consequence, our results predict a promising future for [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] as a chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Inés Mármol
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Rocío Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Sonia Gascón
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Mª Jesús Rodriguez-Yoldi
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain.
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Gandin V, Fernandes AP. Metal- and Semimetal-Containing Inhibitors of Thioredoxin Reductase as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2015; 20:12732-56. [PMID: 26184149 PMCID: PMC6331895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenium-containing pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductases playing a central role in cellular redox homeostasis and signaling pathways. Recently, these selenoproteins have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for anticancer drug development, often being overexpressed in tumor cells and contributing to drug resistance. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on metal- and semimetal-containing molecules capable of hampering mammalian TrxRs, with an emphasis on compounds reported in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Aristi P Fernandes
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bertrand B, Casini A. A golden future in medicinal inorganic chemistry: the promise of anticancer gold organometallic compounds. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4209-19. [PMID: 24225667 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
From wedding rings on fingers to stained glass windows, by way of Olympic medals, gold has been highly prized for millennia. Nowadays, organometallic gold compounds occupy an important place in the field of medicinal inorganic chemistry due to their unique chemical properties with respect to gold coordination compounds. In fact, several studies have proved that they can be used to develop highly efficient metal-based drugs with possible applications in the treatment of cancer. This Perspective summarizes the results obtained for different families of bioactive organometallic gold compounds including cyclometallated gold(iii) complexes with C,N-donor ligands, gold(I) and gold(I/III) N-heterocyclic (NHC) carbene complexes, as well as gold(I) alkynyl complexes, with promising anticancer effects. Most importantly, we will focus on recent developments in the field and discuss the potential of this class of organometallic compounds in relation to their versatile chemistry and innovative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bertrand
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Xiao J. Selenoproteins and selenium status in bone physiology and pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3246-3256. [PMID: 25116856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence supports the view that selenoproteins are essential for maintaining bone health. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current state of knowledge concerning selenoproteins and Se status in bone physiology and pathology is summarized. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Antioxidant selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), as a whole, play a pivotal role in maintaining bone homeostasis and protecting against bone loss. GPx1, a major antioxidant enzyme in osteoclasts, is up-regulated by estrogen, an endogenous inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. TrxR1 is an immediate early gene in response to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an osteoblastic differentiation agent. The combination of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Se generates a synergistic elevation of TrxR activity in Se-deficient osteoblasts. Of particular concern, pleiotropic TrxR1 is implicated in promoting NFκB activation. Coincidentally, TrxR inhibitors such as curcumin and gold compounds exhibit potent osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activity. Studies in patients with the mutations of selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2, a key trans-acting factor for the co-translational insertion of selenocysteine into selenoproteins have clearly established a causal link of selenoproteins in bone development. Se transport to bone relies on selenoprotein P. Plasma selenoprotein P concentrations have been found to be positively correlated with bone mineral density in elderly women. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A full understanding of the role and function of selenoproteins and Se status on bone physiology and pathology may lead to effectively prevent against or modify bone diseases by using Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- School of Tea Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China.
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Boff B, Gaiddon C, Pfeffer M. Cancer cell cytotoxicity of cyclometalated compounds obtained with osmium(II) complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2705-15. [PMID: 23427955 DOI: 10.1021/ic302779q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A library of 29 organoosmium compounds has been built up with known and novel cyclometalated compounds obtained with C-N, N(∧)C(∧)N, and C(∧)N(∧)N ligands. All compounds have been tested for their in vitro cytotoxic properties against A172, a tumor cell line derived from a human glioblastoma, this affording a contrasted picture of the activities of the compounds gathered in this study. Some compounds displayed good to excellent activities, some of them showing IC50 in the nanomolar range. The level of activity was tentatively correlated to several physicochemical properties of the compounds such as their E(0)1/2(Os(III/II)) redox potential and their lipophilicity (log Po/w). A parallel with related ruthenium derivatives was tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Boff
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Sun RWY, Lok CN, Fong TTH, Li CKL, Yang ZF, Zou T, Siu AFM, Che CM. A dinuclear cyclometalated gold(iii)–phosphine complex targeting thioredoxin reductase inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc21972k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Li DD, He J, Zeng HH. Biological evaluation of novel selenazole-based compounds as potential thioredoxin reductase inhibitors. Appl Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Jie He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hui-Hui Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine; Tianjin 300457 China
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Cai W, Zhang L, Song Y, Wang B, Zhang B, Cui X, Hu G, Liu Y, Wu J, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:257-65. [PMID: 22064364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of NADPH-dependent flavoproteins with a penultimate selenocysteine residue at the carboxy-terminus. Besides their native substrate thioredoxins (Trx), the enzymes show a broad substrate specificity, at least partially, because of the C-terminal redox-active site that is easily accessible in the reduced form. TrxRs are ubiquitous in all kinds of cells and have a critical role in regulating intracellular redox signaling. In recent years, a wealth of evidence has revealed that overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs is closely related to various diseases, especially in tumor development, and thus the past decades have witnessed an expanding interest in finding TrxRs inhibitors, which might be promising agents for cancer chemotherapy. Herein we reviewed the small molecule inhibitors of mammalian TrxRs, with an emphasis on those that have potential anticancer activity. This review includes the nonpatent references up to 2010 that deal with mammalian TrxR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Rackham O, Shearwood AMJ, Thyer R, McNamara E, Davies SMK, Callus BA, Miranda-Vizuete A, Berners-Price SJ, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ, Filipovska A. Substrate and inhibitor specificities differ between human cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxin reductases: Implications for development of specific inhibitors. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:689-99. [PMID: 21172426 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxin reductases (TrxR1 and TrxR2) and thioredoxins (Trx1 and Trx2) are key components of the mammalian thioredoxin system, which is important for antioxidant defense and redox regulation of cell function. TrxR1 and TrxR2 are selenoproteins generally considered to have comparable properties, but to be functionally separated by their different compartments. To compare their properties we expressed recombinant human TrxR1 and TrxR2 and determined their substrate specificities and inhibition by metal compounds. TrxR2 preferred its endogenous substrate Trx2 over Trx1, whereas TrxR1 efficiently reduced both Trx1 and Trx2. TrxR2 displayed strikingly lower activity with dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), lipoamide, and the quinone substrate juglone compared to TrxR1, and TrxR2 could not reduce lipoic acid. However, Sec-deficient two-amino-acid-truncated TrxR2 was almost as efficient as full-length TrxR2 in the reduction of DTNB. We found that the gold(I) compound auranofin efficiently inhibited both full-length TrxR1 and TrxR2 and truncated TrxR2. In contrast, some newly synthesized gold(I) compounds and cisplatin inhibited only full-length TrxR1 or TrxR2 and not truncated TrxR2. Surprisingly, one gold(I) compound, [Au(d2pype)(2)]Cl, was a better inhibitor of TrxR1, whereas another, [(iPr(2)Im)(2)Au]Cl, mainly inhibited TrxR2. These compounds also inhibited TrxR activity in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells, but their cytotoxicity was not always dependent on the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. In conclusion, this study reveals significant differences between human TrxR1 and TrxR2 in substrate specificity and metal compound inhibition in vitro and in cells, which may be exploited for development of specific TrxR1- or TrxR2-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rackham
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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Price GA, Flower KR, Pritchard RG, Brisdon AK, Quayle P. First structurally confirmed example of the formation of a gold(iii) carbon bond via transmetallation with a boroxine. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11696-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Berners-Price SJ, Filipovska A. Gold compounds as therapeutic agents for human diseases. Metallomics 2011; 3:863-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nobili S, Mini E, Landini I, Gabbiani C, Casini A, Messori L. Gold compounds as anticancer agents: chemistry, cellular pharmacology, and preclinical studies. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:550-80. [PMID: 19634148 DOI: 10.1002/med.20168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gold compounds are a class of metallodrugs with great potential for cancer treatment. During the last two decades, a large variety of gold(I) and gold(III) compounds are reported to possess relevant antiproliferative properties in vitro against selected human tumor cell lines, qualifying themselves as excellent candidates for further pharmacological evaluation. The unique chemical properties of the gold center confer very interesting and innovative pharmacological profiles to gold-based metallodrugs. The primary goal of this review is to define the state of the art of preclinical studies on anticancer gold compounds, carried out either in vitro or in vivo. The available investigations of anticancer gold compounds are analyzed in detail, and particular attention is devoted to underlying molecular mechanisms. Notably, a few biophysical studies reveal that the interactions of cytotoxic gold compounds with DNA are generally far weaker than those of platinum drugs, implying the occurrence of a substantially different mode of action. A variety of alternative mechanisms were thus proposed, of which those involving either direct mitochondrial damage or proteasome inhibition or modulation of specific kinases are now highly credited. The overall perspectives on the development of gold compounds as effective anticancer drugs with an innovative mechanism of action are critically discussed on the basis of the available experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nobili
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Sun RWY, Li CKL, Ma DL, Yan JJ, Lok CN, Leung CH, Zhu N, Che CM. Stable anticancer gold(III)-porphyrin complexes: effects of porphyrin structure. Chemistry 2010; 16:3097-113. [PMID: 20162647 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the design of physiologically stable anticancer gold(III) complexes, we have employed strongly chelating porphyrinato ligands to stabilize a gold(III) ion [Chem. Commun. 2003, 1718; Coord. Chem. Rev. 2009, 253, 1682]. In this work, a family of gold(III) tetraarylporphyrins with porphyrinato ligands containing different peripheral substituents on the meso-aryl rings were prepared, and these complexes were used to study the structure-bioactivity relationship. The cytotoxic IC(50) values of [Au(Por)](+) (Por=porphyrinato ligand), which range from 0.033 to >100 microM, correlate with their lipophilicity and cellular uptake. Some of them induce apoptosis and display preferential cytotoxicity toward cancer cells than to normal noncancerous cells. A new gold(III)-porphyrin with saccharide conjugation [Au(4-glucosyl-TPP)]Cl (2a; H(2)(4-glucosyl-TPP)=meso-tetrakis(4-beta-D-glucosylphenyl)porphyrin) exhibits significant cytostatic activity to cancer cells (IC(50)=1.2-9.0 microM) without causing cell death and is much less toxic to lung fibroblast cells (IC(50)>100 microM). The gold(III)-porphyrin complexes induce S-phase cell-cycle arrest of cancer cells as indicated by flow cytometric analysis, suggesting that the anticancer activity may be, in part, due to termination of DNA replication. The gold(III)-porphyrin complexes can bind to DNA in vitro with binding constants in the range of 4.9 x 10(5) to 4.1 x 10(6) dm(3) mol(-1) as determined by absorption titration. Complexes 2a and [Au(TMPyP)]Cl(5) (4a; [H(2)TMPyP](4+)=meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin) interact with DNA in a manner similar to the DNA intercalator ethidium bromide as revealed by gel mobility shift assays and viscosity measurements. Both of them also inhibited the topoisomerase I induced relaxation of supercoiled DNA. Complex 4a, a gold(III) derivative of the known G-quadruplex-interactive porphyrin [H(2)TMPyP](4+), can similarly inhibit the amplification of a DNA substrate containing G-quadruplex structures in a polymerase chain reaction stop assay. In contrast to these reported complexes, complex 2a and the parental gold(III)-porphyrin 1a do not display a significant inhibitory effect (<10%) on telomerase. Based on the results of protein expression analysis and computational docking experiments, the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein is a potential target for those gold(III)-porphyrin complexes with apoptosis-inducing properties. Complex 2a also displays prominent anti-angiogenic properties in vitro. Taken together, the enhanced stabilization of the gold(III) ion and the ease of structural modification render porphyrins an attractive ligand system in the development of physiologically stable gold(III) complexes with anticancer and anti-angiogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wai-Yin Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang X, Frezza M, Milacic V, Ronconi L, Fan Y, Bi C, Fregona D, Dou QP. Inhibition of tumor proteasome activity by gold-dithiocarbamato complexes via both redox-dependent and -independent processes. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:162-172. [PMID: 19911377 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported on a gold(III) complex, namely [AuBr(2)(DMDT)] (N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate) showing potent in vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory activities toward human cancer cells and identifying the cellular proteasome as one of the major targets. However, the importance of the oxidation state of the gold center and the involved mechanism of action has yet to be established. Here we show that both gold(III)- and gold(I)-dithiocarbamato species, namely [AuBr(2)(ESDT)] (AUL12) and [Au(ESDT)](2) (AUL15), could inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome and 26S proteasome in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, resulting in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome target proteins, and induction of cell death, but at significantly different levels. Gold(I)- and gold(III)-compound-mediated proteasome inhibition and cell death induction were completely reversed by the addition of a reducing agent, dithiothreitol or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting the involvement of redox processes. Furthermore, treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with gold(III) compound (AUL12), but not the gold(I) analog (AUL15), resulted in the production of significant levels of reactive oxygen species. Our study provides strong evidence that the cellular proteasome is an important target of both gold(I) and gold(III)-dithiocarbamates, but distinct cellular mechanisms of action are responsible for their different overall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Frezza
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Vesna Milacic
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Luca Ronconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Caifeng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Q Ping Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Tu S, Wai-Yin Sun R, Lin MCM, Tao Cui J, Zou B, Gu Q, Kung HF, Che CM, Wong BCY. Gold (III) porphyrin complexes induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and inhibit tumor growth in colon cancer. Cancer 2009; 115:4459-69. [PMID: 19572413 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold (III) compounds have exhibited favorable antitumor properties both in vitro and in vivo. In a previous study, the authors reported that the novel gold (III) complex 1a (gold 1a) exhibited strong cytotoxicity in some tumor cell lines. In the current study, the effect of gold 1a was investigated on colon cancer cells. METHODS The cytotoxicity of gold 1a was determined by using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thihazyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide method. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and cell cycle. The expression of protein was evaluated by Western blot assay. Tumor growth in vivo was evaluated in nude mice. RESULTS Gold 1a exhibited marked cytotoxic effects in vitro to human colon cancer, and the concentration of drug required to inhibit cell growth by 50% compared with control (IC(50)) values ranged from 0.2 muM to 3.4 muM, which represented 8.7-fold to 20.8-fold greater potency than that of cisplatin. Gold 1a significantly induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and cleaved caspase 3, caspase 7, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; released cytochrome C, and up-regulated p53, p21, p27, and Bax. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of gold 1a at doses of 1.5 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and suppressed colon cancer tumor growth. An acute toxicology study indicated that gold 1a at effective antitumor concentrations did not cause any toxic side effects in mice. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggested that gold 1a may be a new potential therapeutic drug for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Bindoli A, Rigobello MP, Scutari G, Gabbiani C, Casini A, Messori L. Thioredoxin reductase: A target for gold compounds acting as potential anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Milacic V, Dou QP. The tumor proteasome as a novel target for gold(III) complexes: implications for breast cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2009; 253:1649-1660. [PMID: 20047011 PMCID: PMC2675785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although cisplatin plays a vital role in the treatment of several types of human cancer, its wide use is limited by the development of drug resistance and associated toxic side effects. Gold and gold complexes have been used to treat a wide range of ailments for many centuries. In recent years, the use of gold(III) complexes as an alternative to cisplatin treatment was proposed due to the similarities of gold and platinum. Gold(III) is isoelectronic with platinum(II) and gold(III) complexes have the same square-planar geometries as platinum(II) complexes, such as cisplatin. Although it was originally thought that gold(III) complexes might have the same molecular target as cisplatin, several lines of data indicated that proteins, rather than DNA, are targeted by gold complexes. We have recently evaluated cytotoxic and anti-cancer effects of several gold(III) dithiocarbamates against human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We have identified the tumor proteasome as an important target for gold(III) complexes and have shown that proteasome inhibition by gold(III) complexes is associated with apoptosis induction in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, treatment of human breast tumor-bearing nude mice with a gold(III) dithiocarbamate complex was associated with tumor growth inhibition, supporting the significance of its potential development for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milacic
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Differential inhibition of high and low Mr thioredoxin reductases of parasites by organotelluriums supports the concept that low Mr thioredoxin reductases are good drug targets. Parasitology 2008; 136:27-33. [PMID: 18980703 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008005131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), a NADPH-dependent disulfide oxidoreductase, is vital in numerous cellular processes including defence against reactive oxygen species, cell proliferation and signal transduction. TrxRs occur in 2 forms, a high Mr enzyme characterized by those of mammals, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and some worms, and a low Mr form is present in bacteria, fungi, plants and some protozoan parasites. Our hypothesis is that the differences between the forms can be exploited in the development of selective inhibitors. In this study, cyclodextrin- and sulfonic acid-derived organotelluriums known to inhibit mammalian TrxR were investigated for their relative efficacy against P. falciparum TrxR (PfTrxR), a high Mr enzyme, and Trichomonas vaginalis TrxR (TvTrxR), a low Mr form of TrxR. The results suggest that selective inhibition of low Mr TrxRs is a feasible goal.
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Arsenic trioxide and auranofin inhibit selenoprotein synthesis: implications for chemotherapy for acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:940-8. [PMID: 18587442 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arsenicals have been used medicinally for decades to treat both infectious disease and cancer. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is effective for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), yet the mechanism of action of this drug is still widely debated. Recently, As2O3 was shown to inhibit the activity of the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). TrxR has been proposed to be required for selenium metabolism. The effect of inhibitors of TrxR on selenium metabolism has yet to be assessed. This study aims to determine whether chemotherapeutics that target selenocysteine within selenoenzymes may also affect the metabolism of selenium. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A lung cell line, A549, was used to assess the effect of TrxR inhibitors on selenium metabolism, using 75Se-selenite. The level of mRNA encoding cytosolic TrxR (TrxR1) was determined using real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. TrxR activity was determined in whole-cell extracts. KEY RESULTS Exposure of cells to As2O3, arsenite or auranofin led to a concentration-dependent reduction of selenium metabolism into selenoproteins. Knockdown of TrxR1, using small inhibitory RNA, did not affect selenium metabolism. Exposure of cells to monomethylarsonic acid, a potent inhibitor of TrxR, did not alter selenium metabolism but did inhibit enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS As2O3 and auranofin block the metabolism of selenium in A549 cells. Because As2O3 is used to treat APL, our findings may reveal the mechanism of this therapeutic action and lead to further research targeting selenium metabolism to find novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of APL.
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Berners-Price SJ, Filipovska A. The Design of Gold-Based, Mitochondria-Targeted Chemotherapeutics. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in understanding the central place of mitochondria as regulators of programmed cell death have stimulated enormous interest in using them as targets for cancer chemotherapy. To overcome drug resistance and the lack of selectivity of cancer drugs in differentiating between normal and tumour cells, many strategies have been described in recent literature, including the use of delocalized lipophilic cations that selectively accumulate in tumour-cell mitochondria. Thioredoxin reductase, an enzyme involved in redox regulation and cell growth, has also emerged recently as an attractive drug target. Here we discuss the rationale for the design of lipophilic, cationic Au(i) phosphine complexes that are targeted to mitochondria of tumour cells and have potent and selective anticancer activity for cancer cells but not for normal cells. Our discovery that the thioredoxin system may be a critical target responsible for the selective toxicity provides a new strategy in the development of mitochondria-targeted chemotherapeutics.
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Casini A, Hartinger C, Gabbiani C, Mini E, Dyson PJ, Keppler BK, Messori L. Gold(III) compounds as anticancer agents: relevance of gold-protein interactions for their mechanism of action. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 102:564-75. [PMID: 18177942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gold(III) compounds constitute an emerging class of biologically active substances, of special interest as potential anticancer agents. During the past decade a number of structurally diverse gold(III) complexes were reported to be acceptably stable under physiological-like conditions and to manifest very promising cytotoxic effects against selected human tumour cell lines, making them good candidates as anti-tumour drugs. Some representative examples will be described in detail. There is considerable interest in understanding the precise biochemical mechanisms of these novel cytotoxic agents. Based on experimental evidence collected so far we hypothesize that these metallodrugs, at variance with classical platinum(II) drugs, produce in most cases their growth inhibition effects through a variety of "DNA-independent" mechanisms. Notably, strong inhibition of the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase and associated disregulation of mitochondrial functions were clearly documented in some selected cases, thus providing a solid biochemical basis for the pronounced proapoptotic effects. These observations led us to investigate in detail the reactions of gold(III) compounds with a few model proteins in order to gain molecular-level information on the possible interaction modes with possible protein targets. Valuable insight on the formation and the nature of gold-protein adducts was gained through ESI MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and spectrophotometric studies of appropriate model systems as it is exemplified here by the reactions of two representative gold(III) compounds with cytochrome c and ubiquitin. The mechanistic relevance of gold(III)-induced oxidative protein damage and of direct gold coordination to protein sidechains is specifically assessed. Perspectives for the future of this topics are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Casini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Gold(III)-Dithiocarbamato Complexes Induce Cancer Cell Death Triggered by Thioredoxin Redox System Inhibition and Activation of ERK Pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:1128-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rackham O, Nichols SJ, Leedman PJ, Berners-Price SJ, Filipovska A. A gold(I) phosphine complex selectively induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells: implications for anticancer therapeutics targeted to mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:992-1002. [PMID: 17697672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bis-chelated gold(I) phosphine complexes have shown great potential as anticancer agents, however, their efficacy has been limited by their high toxicity and lack of selectivity for cancer cells. Here, we have investigated the anticancer activity of a new bis-chelated Au(I) bidentate phosphine complex of the novel water soluble ligand 1,3-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)propane (d2pypp). We show that this gold complex [Au(d2pypp)(2)]Cl, at submicromolar concentrations, selectively induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells but not in normal breast cells. Apoptosis was induced via the mitochondrial pathway, which involved mitochondrial membrane potential depolarisation, depletion of the glutathione pool and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation. The gold lipophilic complex was accumulated in mitochondria of cells, driven by the high mitochondrial membrane potential. To address the molecular basis of the observed selectivity between the two cell lines we investigated the effect of the gold complex on the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system in normal and cancer breast cells. We show that [Au(d2pypp)(2)]Cl inhibits the activities of both thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase and that this effect is more pronounced in the breast cancer cells. This difference may account for the selective cell death seen in the breast cancer cells but not in the normal cells. Our investigation has led to new insights into the mechanism of action of bis-chelated gold(I) diphosphine complexes and their future development as mitochondria targeted chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rackham
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Center for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
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Abstract
The development of metal complexes with platinum central atoms such as cisplatin or carboplatin had an enormous impact on current cancer chemotherapy. However, the spectrum of cancers that can be treated with platinum agents is narrow and treatment efficacy suffers from side effects and resistance phenomena. These unresolved problems in platinum-based anti-cancer therapy have stimulated increased research efforts in the search for novel non platinum-containing metal species as cytostatic agents. Preclinical and clinical investigations showed that the development of new metal agents with modes of action different from cisplatin is possible. Thus, complexes with iron, cobalt, or gold central atoms have shown promising results in preclinical studies and compounds with titanium, ruthenium, or gallium central atoms have already been evaluated in phase I and phase II trials. This review covers some relevant examples of preclinical and clinical research on novel non platinum metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Ott
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Pagano L, Lacerra G, Camardella L, De Angioletti M, Fioretti G, Maglione G, de Bonis C, Guarino E, Viola A, Cutolo R. Hemoglobin Neapolis, beta 126(H4)Val----Gly: a novel beta-chain variant associated with a mild beta-thalassemia phenotype and displaying anomalous stability features. Blood 1991; 14:1139-49. [PMID: 1954392 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel beta-chain, beta 126(H4)Val----Gly, electrophoretically silent, was detected by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography in three unrelated families from Naples (Southern Italy) and accounted for about 30% of the total beta-chains. The amino acid substitution was detected by HPLC fingerprint. The eight heterozygous patients showed hematologic and biosynthetic alterations of mild beta-thalassemia type. The hemoglobin variant showed abnormal stability features. It was unstable in the heat stability and isopropanol precipitation tests, but did not cause a hemolytic syndrome in vivo and was stable in a time-course experiment of biosynthesis in vitro. DNA polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing of the mutated gene from 135 nt upstream of the cap site to 106 nt downstream of the polyadenylation site showed only the beta 126 GTG----GGG mutation, which was confirmed in the other patients by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. The mutation was found to be associated with a type II beta-globin framework and restriction fragment length polymorphism haplotype V. The novel variant was named hemoglobin Neapolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pagano
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Centro Microcitemia, Naples, Italy
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