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Kindy MS, Yu J, Zhu H, Smith MT, Gattoni-Celli S. A therapeutic cancer vaccine against GL261 murine glioma. J Transl Med 2016; 14:1. [PMID: 26727970 PMCID: PMC4700644 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest of brain tumors. Standard treatment for GBM is surgery, followed by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Current therapy prolongs survival but does not offer a cure. We report on a novel immunotherapy against GBM, tested in an animal model of C57BL/6 mice injected intra-cranially with a lethal dose of murine GL261 glioma cells. Methods Ten week-old C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized before injection of 2 × 104 GL261 cells in the right cerebral hemisphere and after 3 days half of the mice were administered a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of irradiated semi-allogeneic vaccine, while mock-vaccinated mice received a s.c. injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Tumor engraftment was monitored through bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Length of animal survival was measured by Kaplan–Meier graphs and statistics. At time of sacrifice brain tissue was processed for estimation of tumor size and immunohistochemical studies. Results Overall survival of vaccinated mice was significantly longer compared to mock-vaccinated mice. Five to ten percent of vaccinated mice survived more than 90 days following the engraftment of GL261 cells in the brain and appeared to be free of disease by BLI. Tumor volume in the brain of vaccinated mice was on average five to ten-fold smaller compared to mock-vaccinated mice. In vaccinated mice, conspicuous microglia infiltrates were observed in tumor tissue sections and activated microglia appeared to form a fence along the perimeter of the tumor cells. The results of these animal studies persuaded the Office of Orphan Products Development of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to grant Orphan Drug Designation for treatment of GBM with irradiated, semi-allogeneic vaccines. Conclusions Our preclinical observations suggest that semi-allogeneic vaccines could be tested clinically on subjects with GBM, as an adjuvant to standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Michael T Smith
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Sebastiano Gattoni-Celli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
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Yamahira A, Narita M, Nakamura T, Watanabe N, Kaji M, Taniguchi T, Hashimoto S, Furukawa T, Toba K, Aizawa Y, Kuzushima K, Takahashi M. Generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes using a leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cell line as antigen presenting cells. Leuk Res 2011; 35:793-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Aspord C, Charles J, Leccia MT, Laurin D, Richard MJ, Chaperot L, Plumas J. A novel cancer vaccine strategy based on HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10458. [PMID: 20454561 PMCID: PMC2864288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of effective cancer vaccines still remains a challenge. Despite the crucial role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in anti-tumor responses, their therapeutic potential has not yet been worked out. We explored the relevance of HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic pDCs as vectors for immunotherapy. Methods and Findings Stimulation of PBMC from HLA-A*0201+ donors by HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic pDCs pulsed with tumor-derived peptides triggered high levels of antigen-specific and functional cytotoxic T cell responses (up to 98% tetramer+ CD8 T cells). The pDC vaccine demonstrated strong anti-tumor therapeutic in vivo efficacy as shown by the inhibition of tumor growth in a humanized mouse model. It also elicited highly functional tumor-specific T cells ex-vivo from PBMC and TIL of stage I-IV melanoma patients. Responses against MelA, GP100, tyrosinase and MAGE-3 antigens reached tetramer levels up to 62%, 24%, 85% and 4.3% respectively. pDC vaccine-primed T cells specifically killed patients' own autologous melanoma tumor cells. This semi-allogeneic pDC vaccine was more effective than conventional myeloid DC-based vaccines. Furthermore, the pDC vaccine design endows it with a strong potential for clinical application in cancer treatment. Conclusions These findings highlight HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic pDCs as potent inducers of tumor immunity and provide a promising immunotherapeutic strategy to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Aspord
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (JP)
| | - Julie Charles
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Dermatology, pole pluridisciplinaire de medecine, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Therese Leccia
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Dermatology, pole pluridisciplinaire de medecine, Grenoble, France
| | - David Laurin
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Richard
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Cancerology and Biotherapy, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (JP)
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Yu J, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S. Semi-allogeneic vaccines and tumor-induced immune tolerance. J Transl Med 2009; 7:3. [PMID: 19133135 PMCID: PMC2631475 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental results from studies with inbred mice and their syngeneic tumors indicated that the inoculation of semi-allogeneic cell hybrids (derived from the fusion between syngeneic tumor cells and an allogeneic cell line) protects the animal host from a subsequent lethal challenge with unmodified syngeneic tumor cells. Semi-allogeneic somatic cell hybrids were generated by the fusion of EL-4 T lymphoma cells (H-2b) and BALB/c-derived renal adenocarcinoma RAG cells (H-2d). Cell hybrids were injected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) in C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) before challenging the mice with a tumorigenic dose of EL-4 cells. Semi-allogeneic tumor cell hybrids could not form a tumor in the animal host because they expressed allogeneic determinants (H-2d) and were rejected as a transplant. However, they conferred protection against a tumorigenic challenge of EL-4 cells compared to control mice that were mock-vaccinated with i.p.-injected phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in which EL-4 lymphomas grew rapidly to a large size in the peritoneal cavity. Screening of spleen-derived RNA by means of focused microarray technology showed up-regulation of genes involved in the Th-1-type immune response and in the activation of dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APC). The results of our studies confirm the role of APC in mediating the immune protection induced by semi-allogeneic vaccines by activating a Th-1 response; these studies also reveal that semi-allogeneic vaccines are able to interfere with or even block the tumor-mediated induction of immune tolerance, a key mechanism underlying the suppression of anti-tumor immunity in the immune competent host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Yu J, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S. Semi-allogeneic vaccine for T-cell lymphoma. J Transl Med 2007; 5:39. [PMID: 17686178 PMCID: PMC1971246 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental results from studies with inbred mice and their syngeneic tumors indicated that the inoculation of semi-allogeneic cell hybrids (derived from the fusion between syngeneic tumor cells and an allogeneic cell line) protects the animal host from a subsequent lethal challenge with unmodified syngeneic tumor cells. Methods Semi-allogeneic somatic cell hybrids were generated by the fusion of EL-4 T lymphoma cells (H-2b) and BALB/c-derived renal adenocarcinoma RAG cells (H-2d). Cell hybrids were injected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) in C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) before challenging the mice with a tumorigenic dose of EL-4 cells. Results Semi-allogeneic tumor cell hybrids could not form a tumor in the animal host because they expressed allogeneic determinants (H-2d) and were rejected as a transplant. However, they conferred protection against a tumorigenic challenge of EL-4 cells compared to control mice that were mock-vaccinated with i.p.-injected phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in which EL-4 lymphomas grew rapidly to a large size in the peritoneal cavity. Screening of spleen-derived RNA by means of focused microarray technology revealed up-regulation of genes involved in the Th-1-type immune response and in the activation of dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APC). Conclusion The results of our studies are entirely consistent with the concept that CD80- and CD86-expressing APC play a central role in mediating the immune protection induced by semi-allogeneic vaccines by activating a Th-1 response and instructing T cells responsible for killing autologous tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sebastiano Gattoni-Celli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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Mancia A, Lundqvist ML, Romano TA, Peden-Adams MM, Fair PA, Kindy MS, Ellis BC, Gattoni-Celli S, McKillen DJ, Trent HF, Chen YA, Almeida JS, Gross PS, Chapman RW, Warr GW. A dolphin peripheral blood leukocyte cDNA microarray for studies of immune function and stress reactions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:520-9. [PMID: 17084893 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A microarray focused on stress response and immune function genes of the bottlenosed dolphin has been developed. Random expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were isolated and sequenced from two dolphin peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) cDNA libraries biased towards T- and B-cell gene expression by stimulation with IL-2 and LPS, respectively. A total of 2784 clones were sequenced and contig analysis yielded 1343 unigenes (archived and annotated at ). In addition, 52 dolphin genes known to be important in innate and adaptive immune function and stress responses of terrestrial mammals were specifically targeted, cloned and added to the unigene collection. The set of dolphin sequences printed on a cDNA microarray comprised the 1343 unigenes, the 52 targeted genes and 2305 randomly selected (but unsequenced) EST clones. This set was printed in duplicate spots, side by side, and in two replicates per slide, such that the total number of features per microarray slide was 19,200, including controls. The dolphin arrays were validated and transcriptomic profiles were generated using PBL from a wild dolphin, a captive dolphin and dolphin skin cells. The results demonstrate that the array is a reproducible and informative tool for assessing differential gene expression in dolphin PBL and in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Mancia
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Science Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Muir G, Rajbabu K, Callen C, Fabre JW. Preliminary evidence that the allogeneic response might trigger antitumour immunity in patients with advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 2006; 98:989-95. [PMID: 16879440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the possibility that allogeneic responses might, by chance, encompass cross-reactive T cell clones specific for neo-antigenic tumour determinants, and thereby activate antitumour immunity; such cross-reactions are well documented for antiviral immunity, and genetic instability in developing cancers generates many neo-antigenic determinants as potential targets for immune responses, but the biology inevitably favours tumour progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fourteen patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer received full-thickness skin allografts from different, unrelated donors (fellow patients) until each had received six grafts. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was used as a surrogate for tumour mass. RESULTS One patient had a remarkable decline in PSA level, with levels at 1 year lower than before grafting. A second patient had stable PSA levels for almost 2 years. A third patient had stable PSA levels for 10-12 months before they resumed an exponential rise. Of four patients with PSA levels of > 10 ng/mL, three required surgery or radiotherapy for obstructive symptoms during or shortly after grafting. CONCLUSION Transplant rejection involves mechanistically atypical T cell recognition of allogeneic major histocompatibility complex antigens, with massive polyclonal T cell activation. This unique aspect of T cell biology might represent a novel approach for initiating cross-reactive antitumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Muir
- Department of Urology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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8
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Yu J, Kindy MS, Ellis BC, Baatz JE, Peden-Adams M, Ellingham TJ, Wolff DJ, Fair PA, Gattoni-Celli S. Establishment of epidermal cell lines derived from the skin of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 287:1246-55. [PMID: 16281302 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), a marine mammal found off the Atlantic coast, has become the focus of considerable attention because of an increasing number of mortality events witnessed in this species over the last several years along the southeastern United States. Assessment of the impact of environmental stressors on bottlenose dolphins (BND) has been difficult because of the protected status of these marine mammals. The studies presented herein focused on establishing epidermal cell cultures and cell lines as tools for the in vitro evaluation of environmental stressors on BND skin. Epidermal cell cultures were established from skin samples obtained from Atlantic BND and subjected to karyotype analysis. These cultures were further characterized using immunohistochemical methods demonstrating expression of cytokeratins. By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), we observed that the proteomic profile of BND skin tissue samples shared distinct similarities with that of skin-derived cultures. Epidermal cell cultures were transfected with a plasmid encoding the SV40 small t- and large T-antigens, as well as the neomycin-resistance gene. Five neomycin-resistant clones were isolated and expanded, and all of them proliferated at a faster rate than nontransfected BND epidermal cultures, which exhibited signs of senescence. Cell lysates prepared from two transfected clones were shown to express, by Western blot analysis, both SV40 tumor antigens. These experimental results are consistent with the concept that transfected clones expressing SV40 tumor antigens represent immortalized BND cell lines. Epidermal cell lines derived from Tursiops truncatus will provide a unique tool for studying key features of the interaction occurring between dolphins and the environment in which they live at their most crucial interface: the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Neurosciences and Neuroscience Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29403, USA
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Newton DA, Acierno PM, Brescia FJ, Brown EA, Gattoni-Celli S. Semi-allogeneic vaccines for patients with cancer and AIDS. J Immunother 2002; 25:334-41. [PMID: 12142556 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200207000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interest in semi-allogeneic vaccines has been increasing, as demonstrated by the publication of successful preclinical and clinical studies by others and us that validate this immunotherapeutic approach to cancer and HIV-infection. We now report that lymphocytes from an HLA-A2+ melanoma patient, stimulated with a GP100-derived epitope and semi-allogeneic hybrids, lysed target cells presenting this peptide more efficiently than lymphocytes stimulated with GP100 peptide alone. Phenotypic analysis with GP100/HLA-A2 tetramer complexes also demonstrated a significant increase in the size of the GP100-specific CD8+ lymphocyte pool when PBMC were stimulated with both peptide and semi-allogeneic hybrids. Analyses of PBMC from other donors further suggest that this stimulatory effect of semi-allogeneic hybrids results from an increase in the HLA-restricted recall response of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes against melanoma-derived antigens. Likewise, lymphocytes from an HIV-infected patient that had been stimulated with a mixture of HIV-derived peptides and semi-allogeneic hybrids also demonstrated significantly greater antigen-specific cytotoxicity and tetramer reactivity compared with those lymphocytes that had been stimulated with peptides alone. Our approach should provide useful information for the design of future clinical studies treating patients with melanoma or HIV with therapeutic vaccines consisting of a combination of semi-allogeneic hybrids and immunodominant antigenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danforth A Newton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Abstract
The drug treatments introduced in recent years for HIV infection have enabled a marked reduction in morbidity and prolongation of life. These treatments, however, are often associated with acute and chronic toxicities, the development of resistant virus can limit their effectiveness, and they are too expensive and difficult to administer in most third world settings. A successful HIV immunotherapeutic vaccine has the potential to overcome these problems, and would be a valuable advance. The most promising approaches have induced the type of immune response found to correlate with reduced activity of HIV in man, especially cytotoxic T-cell responses, or have led to reduced HIV or SIV viral load and increased CD4 counts in non-human primates or man. The agents that have led to one or both of these effects have been selected for review, and include inactivated envelope depleted virus, recombinant envelope glycoprotein, DNA vaccines utilising HIV peptides or gene products, viral vectors, such as canarypox or attenuated vaccinia, with HIV core proteins. There are other approaches, such as alloimmunity, for which no candidate products yet exist, but which conceptually appear promising. Currently, however, only a few phase III studies of HIV therapeutic vaccines have been completed in man, and there has been a modest therapeutic effect. Further development of both existing and new candidates remains one of the key priorities in our fight against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Peters
- Department of GU Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, Harrison Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Abstract
The strong allogeneic response to donor MHC molecules in transplantation and the weak response to tumor antigens represent two important and divergent but potentially interactive immune responses. A patient's response to allogeneic MHC molecules might promote an effective T-cell response to self MHC-restricted tumor peptides and the possibilities for this are discussed here. These allogeneic responses might successfully be harnessed to promote the immune eradication of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fabre
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK.
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Abstract
Significant advances in the understanding of the molecular basis for tumour/host interactions in humans have occurred in the last decade through studying patients with metastatic melanoma. This disease is characterised by its tendency to be modulated by immunologic factors. Furthermore, immunologic manipulation of the host with various systemic agents, in particular IL-2, frequently affects this natural phenomenon and can lead to complete rejection of cancer. By studying the cellular immunology occurring in patients undergoing immunotherapy, several tumour antigens (TA) and their epitopes recognised by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) have been identified. Most of these TA are non-mutated molecules expressed by the majority of melanoma in vivo and most melanoma cell lines. In addition, unique minimal epitopic sequences play an immunodominant role in the context of specific HLA class I alleles. Since melanoma lesions from different patients often share expression of the same TA, and a minimal peptide sequence from a TA can cause immunologic changes in multiple patients, interest has grown in the development of TA-specific vaccines suitable for broad patient populations. Repeated in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with TA-derived epitopes can induce a high frequency of TA-reactive T-cells in melanoma patients. The same epitopes can also enhance TA-specific T-cell reactivity in vivo when administered subcutaneously in combination with Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA). Epitope-based vaccinations, however, have not shown strong clinical efficacy unless combined with IL-2 administration. Attempts to increase the efficacy of these vaccines have combined specialised antigen-presenting cells or the administration of whole TA through DNA- or RNA-based vaccines with the intention of increasing antigen presentation and processing. Save for scattered reports, however, the success of these approaches has been limited and T-cell-directed vaccination against cancer remains at a paradoxical standstill whereby anticancer immunisation can be induced but it is not sufficient, in most cases, to induce tumour regression. Using melanoma as the standard model for immunotherapy, we will review various methods of T-cell-directed vaccination, the monitoring and analysis of the resulting immune response, and several clinical trials in which cancer vaccines have successfully induced immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2B42, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Newton DA, Acierno PM, Metts MC, Baron PL, Brescia FJ, Gattoni-Celli S. Semiallogeneic cancer vaccines formulated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: a pilot phase I study. J Immunother 2001; 24:19-26. [PMID: 11211145 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200101000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors report the results of a phase I clinical study using semiallogeneic cancer vaccines formulated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to treat patients with metastatic adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. A specially engineered cell line, FO1-12, was used to generate semiallogeneic hybrids by fusion with patient-derived tumor cells; the hybrids express HLA class I and II haplotypes derived from both parental cells. For treatment, the vaccine was mixed with GM-CSF, irradiated, and injected intradermally into patients at weekly or biweekly intervals. Vaccinations were associated with minimal or no toxicity and showed that semiallogeneic hybrids formulated with GM-CSF can induce a specific antitumor immune response in some patients, as measured by a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to autologous tumor cells. Because of the simplicity, feasibility, and flexibility of this immunotherapeutic approach, semiallogeneic hybrid vaccines have the potential to be used in the treatment of virtually any type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Newton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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Abstract
New combinations of antiretrovirals have improved the quality of life and length of survival of patients with HIV infection and AIDS, but they have significant disadvantages. These include considerable toxicity, the development of drug resistance and expense. Successful immunotherapeutic vaccination against HIV would overcome these problems. None of the approaches that have been tried so far have shown a sufficient effect on HIV replication or on immunorestoration to merit their introduction to clinical practice. The most developed agent thus far is Remune, a gp120 depleted whole killed HIV-1 vaccine that has shown marked cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses when administered to man. CD4 count and HIV-1 viral load responses have occurred, but have so far been disappointing in their magnitude. Remune is entering Phase III trials in North America, Europe and the Far East, to determine clinical efficacy. Immunization using recombinant HIV envelope proteins, such as rgp160, for example with VaxSyn, have failed to produce a therapeutic response. Similarly, agents using HIV core antigens, such as p24VLP, have also failed to work. Hence, newer strategies have been tried. Recombinant canarypox vaccines like ALVAC 1452 and highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccines, such as NYVAC, have been used in combination with HIV genes and peptides. Preliminary results suggest that they might reduce the HIV replication rate, but this needs confirming in larger clinical trials. DNA vaccination has produced encouraging results in monkeys, but the success has not yet been repeated in humans. Other strategies at an early stage include the exploitation of the protective alloimmune response in man. Outside the immunotherapeutic area, other promising new strategies that are being developed in parallel, include the fusion inhibitors, such as T-20. The potential benefits from a successful immunotherapeutic vaccine dictate that this area should, and will receive priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Peters
- Department of GU Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Grene E, Newton DA, Brown EA, Berzofsky JA, Gattoni-Celli S, Shearer GM. Semi-allogeneic cell hybrids stimulate HIV-1 envelope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS 2000; 14:1497-506. [PMID: 10983636 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200007280-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to determine whether the HLA allogeneic T helper response stimulated by semi-allogeneic cell lines could be used as an in vitro model of immune-based therapy to stimulate HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. DESIGN AND METHODS Semi-allogeneic cell hybrids were obtained by the fusion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients with the allogeneic beta2-microglobulin-deficient FO1-12 melanoma cell line. These hybrids were used as antigen presenting cells for HIV envelope peptide (env)-specific cytotoxic assays. RESULTS The hybrid cell lines express HLA class I and II antigens from both parental cells, as well as the CD86 costimulatory molecule. HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was obtained when patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells were costimulated with env peptides plus semi-allogeneic hybrids, in contrast with stimulation with either env or hybrid cells alone. Thus, the semi-allogeneic hybrids enhanced HIV-specific killing of target cells. CONCLUSIONS Irradiated, semi-allogeneic cell hybrids engineered for individual AIDS patients provide efficient and simultaneous co-recognition of HLA allogeneic determinants and viral antigenic determinants presented by self-HLA molecules on the same antigen presenting cells and results in the generation of enhanced HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grene
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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