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Kenmegne GR, Zou C, Lin Y, Yin Y, Huang S, Fang Y. Postoperative clinical outcome and complications of combined cannulated cancellous screw with Kirschner wire in adolescent femoral neck fractures. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1169581. [PMID: 37260793 PMCID: PMC10228824 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1169581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fractures of the femoral neck account for less than 1% of pediatric and adolescent fractures. Due to the high incidence of complications, and the age of the patients, the choice of fixation approach remains controversial among orthopedic surgeons. This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative outcomes and complications of femoral neck fracture in adolescents with open physis, following transphyseal fixation using a combined cannulated cancellous screw and Kirschner wire fixation. Methods Data of 19 patients aged between 12 and 19 years from January 2010 to January 2021 were retrospectively studied. The follow-up period was 1-11 years (5.83 ± 3.76 years). The variables of interest including demographic and clinical variables [age, BMI, gender, side of injury, fracture classification, operation time, time to surgery, and length of hospital stay (LOS)], postoperative outcomes, and complications (fracture healing time, nonunion, coxa vara, osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, screw loosening, and femoral shortening) were analyzed. The assessment of the hip function was done on the final follow-up using the Ratliff scoring system. Results There was a male predominance of 76%; the mean age was 16.14 ± 1.57 years and the most frequent mechanism of injury was fall from a height. Delbet type II and III were the most encountered. The mean intraoperative time was 54.71 ± 7.85 min, the LOS was 8.34 ± 1.81days, and the time to surgery was 2.60 ± 1.16 days; the fracture healing time was 3.31 ± 1.04 months. The postoperative complications encountered were coxa vara osteoarthritis, spontaneous dislocation, and neck shortening. Clinical assessment revealed good results in 89% of patients and fair results in 11% of patients. Conclusion Transphyseal fixation using cannulated cancellous screw combined with Kirschner wire in our patients provided acceptable results. Thus, this approach can be a viable alternative in the management of adolescent femoral neck fracture with open physis.
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Avascular Necrosis and Time to Surgery for Unstable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:545-551. [PMID: 35941089 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a well-known complication of unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and its cause is multifactorial. Higher AVN rates have been reported with surgery undertaken between 24 hours to 7 days from the onset of symptoms. The current evidence regarding time to surgery and AVN rate remains unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the rate of AVN and time to surgery in unstable SCFE. METHODS A literature search of several databases was conducted. Eligibility criteria included all studies that reported AVN rates and time to surgery in unstable SCFE patients. We performed a meta-analysis using a random-effects model to pool the rate of AVN in unstable SCFE using different time to surgery subgroups (≤24 h, 24 h - 7 d and >7 d). Descriptive, quantitative and qualitative data were extracted. RESULTS Twelve studies matched our eligibility criteria. In total, there were 434 unstable SCFE of which 244 underwent closed reduction (CR). The pooled AVN rates were 24% [95% CI: 16%-35%] and 29% [95% CI: 16%-45%] for the total and CR groups, respectively. The highest AVN rates were with surgery between 24 hours to 7 days, 42% and 54% for the total and CR groups, respectively. The lowest rates of AVN were with time to surgery ≤24 hours (22% and 21% respectively) and >7 days (18% and 29% respectively). These differences were not statistically significant. There was significant subgroup heterogeneity which was highest in the 24 hours - 7 days subgroup and lowest in the >7 days subgroup. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative evidence was not conclusive for an association between AVN rate and time to surgery. The overall AVN rates were lower in unstable SCFE patients who had surgery ≤24 hours and >7 days. However, treatment techniques were very variable and there was significant heterogeneity in the included studies. Multi-centre prospective studies are required with well-defined time to surgery outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III/IV.
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Mei J, Wang S, Ni M, Zhang F, Tang J, Bi G, Zhu Y, Zhu X, Lu Y. Association between Weitbrecht's Retinaculum Injury and Femoral Head Necrosis in Femoral Neck Fractures. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:1759-1767. [PMID: 35818320 PMCID: PMC9363731 DOI: 10.1111/os.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate associations between femoral head necrosis (FHN) and injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht in patients with femoral neck fractures who had undergone initial trials of either closed reduction or direct open reduction. Methods This prospective observational study included 110 patients with displaced femoral neck fractures admitted to the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai Tongji Hospital between January 2008 and May 2017. Among these, 25 patients underwent initial closed reductions, and 85 patients underwent an open reduction directly. Watson‐Jones anterolateral approach was used during the surgery for injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht, and FHN was assessed as a surgical outcome. The severity of injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht was evaluated using a scoring system developed by our surgical team. Follow‐up was at least 24 months. Results The initial closed reduction treatment group had significantly higher total scores of injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht (6.24 ± 2.20 vs 4.62 ± 2.12, p = 0.009) compared to the open reduction group. High total scores were significantly associated with initial trials of closed reduction treatment, especially for the broken and released injury to the superior and anterior retinacula (both p = 0.01). Twenty‐six patients experienced FHN postoperatively, with mean onset time of 19.42 ± 3.87 months. FHN was significantly associated with the severity of injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht (p < 0.001) at the superior, anterior, and inferior retinacula. FHN was significantly associated with injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht in females. Conclusions Femoral neck displacement in patients treated initially with closed reduction is associated with subsequent injury to the retinaculum of Weibrecht, which may lead to FHN. Severity of injury to the retinaculum of Weibrecht may be used as a biomarker to evaluate bone necrosis in patients with femoral neck fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Mei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Science Development, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfei Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Bi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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In the fixation of adult femoral neck fractures, does percutaneous hematoma drainage have an effect on bone union? JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.1057570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mohanty K, Agarwal R. Trauma. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78529-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chandankere V, Shah H. Controversies in the management of pediatric neck femur fractures- a systematic review. J Orthop 2021; 27:92-102. [PMID: 34588744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To review controversies systematically in the management of pediatric neck femur fracture from the literature and to develop consensus for the optimum management. Methods Authors searched literature by using keywords of pediatric neck femur fracture, proximal femur fracture, complications, management by following PRISMA guidelines. A common dilemma was listed. Results Age, mechanism of injury, fracture type, presentation, treatment method, implant, and nature of complications were compared. Inference from recent literature was extracted for optimum management. Conclusion Immediate anatomical reduction with stable fixation must be accomplished. Complications continue to happen despite the best efforts and a longer follow-up is important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitesh Shah
- Pediatric Orthopaedics Services, Department of Orthopaedics, KMC, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
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Intracapsular pressure in children with septic arthritis of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop B 2021; 30:80-84. [PMID: 32301824 DOI: 10.1097/bpb.0000000000000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intracapsular pressure in the hip causes occlusion of the retinacular vessels and may result in avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis (ANPFE) and growth disturbances. Our goal is to study intraarticular pressure in children with septic arthritis of the hip and its potential correlation with body weight, systemic blood pressure and the volume of synovial fluid aspirated from the joint. Thirteen septic arthritis of the hip were studied. Inclusion criteria: pain, limping, fever, leukocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein and ultrasonographic effusion >5 mm. Traumatic, inflammatory, rheumatic or tumoral origin were excluded. Mean age was 3.7 years. Girls were 58%. Mean time to articular drainage was 15 h. Arthrocentesis was performed. An STIC self-calibrating monitoring system with an error of ±1 mmHg was used. Measurements were taken: intracapsular pressure, volume of fluid aspirated, systolic and diastolic pressures and weight. Follow-up was 6.3 years. Descriptive and nonparametric tests were performed: U Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. Statistical significance was P <0.05. Mean intracapsular pressure was 50.5 mmHg; fluid aspirated was 2.9 ml; systolic and diastolic pressures were 107.5 and 44.3 mmHg, respectively; weight was 16.2 kg. Intracapsular pressure exceeded 30 mmHg in eight children (61.5%) and was lower than 50 mmHg in 73%. Variables studied had no significance on intracapsular pressure. Complications: coxa magna in three patients (23%) and Harris lines in three (23%). Surgical drainage of septic arthritis of hip must be performed urgently, within the first 24 hours, to reduce the time with high intracapsular pressure and to avoid risk of ANPFE.
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Abstract
Femoral neck fractures in young patients are uncommon but are often associated with surgical challenges and complications. The quality of reduction, more than time to surgery, has the most impact on optimizing outcomes and function. There is no consensus in the best fixation construct for these fractures. Neck shortening and varus collapse are the most common challenges of current fixation options. Use of newer implants is being reported with cautious optimism, and further studies are needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Therapeutic Level V.
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Wang CT, Chen JW, Wu K, Chen CS, Chen WC, Pao JL, Chang CH, Lan TY. Suboptimal outcomes after closed reduction and internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures in middle-aged patients: is internal fixation adequate in this age group? BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:190. [PMID: 29885670 PMCID: PMC5994253 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There have been many studies regarding nongeriatric femoral neck fractures (FNFs), which included patients of a wide age range (between 20 and 60 years old). We aimed to determine whether internal fixation provided acceptable outcomes for middle-aged patients with displaced FNFs, and identify predictors of successful internal fixation. Methods A total of 117 patients, aged 50–60 years and who underwent closed reduction and unilateral internal fixation using cannulated screws, were included. The outcomes were classified as either “complications” (varus malunion, femoral neck shortening, non-union/early collapse, avascular necrosis, or arthroplasty during the follow-up) or “optimal outcomes” (no complications). Patients with displaced FNFs (Garden stages III–IV, n = 69) were categorized according to whether they experienced acceptable or unacceptable reduction. We evaluated whether patients’ clinical characteristics could predict optimal outcomes. Results Patients with displaced FNFs generally experienced complications (84.1%). Twenty-two percent of patients experienced optimal outcomes when acceptable reduction was achieved. Patients with unacceptable reductions experienced complications. Optimal outcomes were positively associated with Pauwels’ type II fracture (OR: 8.67, p = 0.025) and negatively associated with excessive alcohol consumption (p = 0.045). Conclusions Compared with the younger age group, complication rates are higher in middle-aged patients with displaced FNFs treated using cannulated screws. If internal fixation is to be used for a displaced FNF, patient selection is essential. Care must be taken to avoid selecting patients with excessive alcohol consumption, while successful internal fixation may be more likely for patients with Pauwels’ type II fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tzu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Karl Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Sang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan
| | - Jwo-Luen Pao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Lan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Dou B, Mei J, Wang Z, Ni M, Jia G, Liu S. Histological Observation of the Retinacula of Weitbrecht and Its Clinical Significance: A cadaveric study. Indian J Orthop 2018; 52:202-208. [PMID: 29576650 PMCID: PMC5858216 DOI: 10.4103/ortho.ijortho_290_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retinacular arteries provide major supply to the femoral head, their injuries may lead to the femoral head necrosis (FHN) in femoral neck fractures. Although the femoral neck fracture was seriously displaced in some patients, FHN did not occur, which suggests that the blood supply is not fully blocked. This study was aimed to find the association between the structure of the retinacula of Weitbrecht and the mechanism of protecting retinacular arteries from being injured. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen formalin-fixed cadaveric specimens (in 28 hips) with no significant vascular disease were observed. The retinacula were cut longitudinally and then cut into three parts: medial, middle, and lateral. These specimens were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and improved Masson Trichrome stain. The microstructure and tightness of the retinacula fixed to the bone and the distribution of vessels were examined under a stereoscope, an optical microscope, and a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS The microstructure and compactness in each part of retinacula were different, and the tightness of the fibers of the retinacula fixed to the bone in each part were different. A particular structure which resembled a Sandwich panels was observed, and it may be an effective mechanism of protecting retinacular arteries. CONCLUSION The Sandwich panels structure existed generally in the retinacula of Weitbrecht, and this sandwich panelture may play very important role in protecting the retinaculum artery from being injured, which show the importance of protecting the retinacular artery in the treatment of femoral neck fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Orthopaedics, Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Mei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China,Address for correspondence: Dr. Jiong Mei, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. E-mail:
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyao Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a devastating complication following fixation of femoral neck fractures in younger adults. In this study, we investigate the prognostic utility of disuse osteopenia. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Three academic Level 1 trauma centers. PATIENTS One hundred twenty patients younger than 60 years treated for a femoral neck fracture. INTERVENTION N/A. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The presence of sclerosis or osteopenia, compared to the contralateral femoral head, was measured 6 weeks from injury both subjectively and using a novel radiographic measure, the relative density ratio (RDR). The outcome measure was radiographic development of AVN. RESULTS The presence of relative sclerosis was associated with AVN and overall treatment failure. Patients with subjective relative sclerosis had a 12.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.9-61.3; P < 0.001) times higher odds of developing AVN. Multiple logistic regression showed that for every 0.10 increase in the RDR, there was a 5.2 increase in the odds (95% confidence interval, 2.1-26.9; P = 0.009) of developing AVN. Patients with an RDR of ≥1.2 have an 80% probability of AVN, whereas those with an RDR ≤0.8 have a <1% probability of developing AVN. CONCLUSIONS Disuse osteopenia detected on 6-week radiographs is a favorable prognostic sign following fixation of femoral neck fractures. Patients who have relative sclerosis of the femoral head at 6-week follow-up are at a higher risk of developing AVN. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Wu K, Huang J, Wang Q. The Use of Superselective Arteriography in the Evaluation of the Influence of Intracapsular Hip Joint Pressure on the Blood Flow of the Femoral Head. Med Princ Pract 2016; 25:123-9. [PMID: 26517358 PMCID: PMC5588334 DOI: 10.1159/000442019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the intracapsular pressure of the hip joint following femoral neck fracture and its relationship to the position of the hip or to traction and (using superselective arteriography) to evaluate the blood supply to the femoral head and the influence of traction and hip position on the blood supply. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-six cases of fresh Garden type I-III femoral neck fractures were enrolled. After being placed in the neutral position, in internal rotation or with traction of 3 and 5 kg, respectively, intracapsular manometric changes were measured. Eight cases underwent superselective arteriography of the medial circumflex femoral artery and its branches under the manometric changes of the hip joint capsule. RESULTS Twenty-four to 48 h after the injury, the intracapsular pressure was significantly higher on the fractured side than on the normal side. The mean pressure was 28.41 ± 9.339 mm Hg in fully extended hips in the neutral position, 79.92 ± 12.80 mm Hg in internally rotated hips, 51.39 ± 15.41 mm Hg in hips with 3 kg of traction and 64.81 ± 13.56 mm Hg in hips with 5 kg of traction. The arteriographic findings revealed that traction and internal rotation reduced the perfusion of the femoral head at the medial circumflex femoral artery and its branches, and also negatively influenced venous reflux. CONCLUSION Traction and internal rotation both caused the intracapsular pressure of the hip joint to rise considerably, which reduced the femoral head perfusion and impeded venous reflux. This could lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- *Kai Wu, Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Emergency Trauma Centre, The First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 650 New Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620 (China), E-Mail
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Kumar S, Bharti A, Rawat A, Kumar V, Avasthi S. Comparative study of fresh femoral neck fractures managed by multiple cancellous screws with and without fibular graft in young adults. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2015; 6:6-11. [PMID: 26549945 PMCID: PMC4551457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of our study was to assess the role of addition of fibular strut graft to multiple cancellous screws in functional outcome, union and complications associated with those managed by only multiple cancellous screws in fresh femoral neck fractures. METHODS A randomized control trial study was conducted on the patients of femoral neck fractures managed with multiple cancellous screws (group A) and multiple cancellous screws with fibular graft (group B). Patients aged between 20 and 50 years, having Gardens type III or IV fracture with duration of injury less than two weeks were included in the study. RESULTS Eighty seven cases were analysed n = 45 were in group A and n = 42 in group B. Functional outcome (Harris hip score) was excellent in 30 patients in group A as compared to 12 in Group B which was statistically significant favouring group A. The time of full weight bearing, union and non union rates showed no statistical significance (p > 0.05). On statistical grounds none of the procedures proved to be better than other. CONCLUSIONS Fresh femoral neck fracture in young adults managed with multiple cancellous screws fixation with fibular graft has no added advantage over multiple cancellous screws fixation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snajay Kumar
- Assistant Professor Orthopaedics, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002, India
| | - Ajay Bharti
- Associate Professor Orthopaedics, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002, India,Corresponding author. L-16, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002, India. Tel.: +91 9451373955.
| | - Ashok Rawat
- Senior Resident, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002, India
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Assistant Professor Orthopaedics, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002, India
| | - Sachin Avasthi
- Assistant Professor Orthopaedics, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002, India
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Abstract
Femoral neck fractures are a commonly encountered injury in orthopaedic practice and result in significant morbidity and mortality. It is essential that surgeons are able to recognize specific fracture patterns and patient characteristics that indicate the use of particular implants and methods to effectively manage these injuries. Use of the Garden and Pauwels classification systems has remained the practical mainstay of femoral neck fracture characterization that help dictate appropriate treatment. Operative options include in situ fixation, closed or open reduction and internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty. Recent reports demonstrate diversity among orthopaedic surgeons in regard to the optimal treatment of femoral neck fractures and changing trends in management. The present discussion focuses on the current indications and methods for femoral neck fracture management to provide direction with respect to appropriate and effective care of these injuries.
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Sundar Raj PK, Nuuman JA, Pattathil AS. Bone impregnated hip screw in femoral neck fracture: Clinicoradiological results. Indian J Orthop 2015; 49:187-92. [PMID: 26015608 PMCID: PMC4436485 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.152472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Femoral neck fractures are treated either by internal fixation or arthroplasty. Usually, cannulated cancellous screws are used for osteosynthesis of fracture neck of femur. The bone impregnated hip screw (BIHS) is an alternative implant, where osteosyntehsis is required in femoral neck fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS The BIHS is a hollow screw with thread diameter 8.3 mm, shank diameter 6.5 mm and wall thickness 2.2 mm and holes in the shaft of the screw with diameter 2 mm, placed in a staggered fashion. Biomechanical and animal experimental studies were done. Clinical study was done in two phases: Phase 1 in a group of volunteers, only with BIHS was used in a pilot study and phase 2 comparative study was done in a group with AO cannulated screws and the other group treated with BIHS. RESULTS In the phase 1 study, out of 15 patients, only one patient had delayed union. In phase 2, there were 78 patients, 44 patients in BIHS showed early union, compared to the rest 34 cases of AO cannulated screws Out of 44 patients with BIHS, 41 patients had an excellent outcome, 2 had nonunions and one implant breakage was noted. CONCLUSIONS Bone impregnated hip screw has shown to provide early solid union since it incorporates the biomechanical principles and also increases the osteogenic potential and hence, found superior to conventional cannulated cancellous screw.
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Affiliation(s)
- PK Sundar Raj
- Department of Orthopedics, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India,Department of Orthopedics, Azeezia Medical College, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Jiju A Nuuman
- Department of Orthopedics, Government Taluk Headquarter's Hospital, Chirayinkeezhu, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Amish Sunder Pattathil
- Department of Orthopedics, Azeezia Medical College, Kollam, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Amish Sunder Pattathil, Department of Orthopedics, Azeezia Medical College, Kollam, Kerala, India. E-mail:
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Pauyo T, Drager J, Albers A, Harvey EJ. Management of femoral neck fractures in the young patient: A critical analysis review. World J Orthop 2014; 5:204-217. [PMID: 25035822 PMCID: PMC4095012 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Femoral neck fractures account for nearly half of all hip fractures with the vast majority occurring in elderly patients after simple falls. Currently there may be sufficient evidence to support the routine use of hip replacement surgery for low demand elderly patients in all but non-displaced and valgus impacted femoral neck fractures. However, for the physiologically young patients, preservation of the natural hip anatomy and mechanics is a priority in management because of their high functional demands. The biomechanical challenges of femoral neck fixation and the vulnerability of the femoral head blood supply lead to a high incidence of non-union and osteonecrosis of the femoral head after internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures. Anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation are essentials in achieving the goals of treatment in this young patient population. Furthermore, other management variables such as surgical timing, the role of capsulotomy and the choice of implant for fixation remain controversial. This review will focus both on the demographics and injury profile of young patients with femoral neck fractures and the current evidence behind the surgical management of these injuries as well as their major secondary complications.
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Li Z, Chen W, Su Y, Zhang Q, Hou Z, Pan J, Zhang Y. The application of closed reduction internal fixation and iliac bone block grafting in the treatment of acute displaced femoral neck fractures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75479. [PMID: 24040414 PMCID: PMC3769404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary clinical and radiographic outcomes of acute displaced femoral neck fracture treated by closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) with free iliac bone block grafting with comparison to a routine protocol of CRIF without bone grafting. Methods From December 2008 to February 2010, 220 adult patients with acute displaced femoral neck fractures were enrolled in this study. In study group, there were 124 patients (57 males, 67 females) with a mean age of 44.8 years (range, 20-64 years). There were 70 transcervical fractures and 54 subcapital fractures. The patients were treated by CRIF and free iliac bone block grafting. The control group consisted of 96 adult patients (46 males, 50 females) with a mean age of 46.3 years (range, 23-64 years). There were 61 transcervical fractures and 35 subcapital fractures. The patients in control group were treated by CRIF without bone grafting. Results In study group, 112 patients were followed up for an average of 27.4 months (range, 24-34 months). All fractures healed within 5 months. However, 10 patients presented AVN of the femoral heads. The mean Harris score was 88.6 (range, 41-100). In control group, 68 patients were followed up for an average of 31.2 months (range, 24-42 months). The rates of AVN of the femoral head and fracture nonunion in control group were 26.5% (18/68) and 16.2% (11/68), respectively, significantly higher than those in study group (both P<0.05). The mean Harris score in control group was 83.8 (41–100), significantly lower than that in study group (P<0.05). Conclusion Acute displaced femoral neck fractures can be treated by CRIF and free iliac bone block grafting in a minimally invasive manner. This technique can guarantee uneventful fracture healing and significantly reduce the rate of femoral head osteonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Hou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jinshe Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with avascular necrosis of the femoral head following femoral neck fractures in middle-aged and elderly patients. J Orthop Sci 2013; 18:271-6. [PMID: 23114858 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-012-0331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for femoral neck fracture-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head have not been elucidated clearly in middle-aged and elderly patients. Moreover, the high incidence of screw removal in China and its effect on the fate of the involved femoral head require statistical methods to reflect their intrinsic relationship. METHODS Ninety-nine patients older than 45 years with femoral neck fracture were treated by internal fixation between May 1999 and April 2004. Descriptive analysis, interaction analysis between associated factors, single factor logistic regression, multivariate logistic regression, and detailed interaction analysis were employed to explore potential relationships among associated factors. RESULTS Avascular necrosis of the femoral head was found in 15 cases (15.2 %). Age × the status of implants (removal vs. maintenance) and gender × the timing of reduction were interactive according to two-factor interactive analysis. Age, the displacement of fractures, the quality of reduction, and the status of implants were found to be significant factors in single factor logistic regression analysis. Age, age × the status of implants, and the quality of reduction were found to be significant factors in multivariate logistic regression analysis. In fine interaction analysis after multivariate logistic regression analysis, implant removal was the most important risk factor for avascular necrosis in 56-to-85-year-old patients, with a risk ratio of 26.00 (95 % CI = 3.076-219.747). CONCLUSION The middle-aged and elderly have less incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head following femoral neck fractures treated by cannulated screws. The removal of cannulated screws can induce a significantly high incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in elderly patients, while a high-quality reduction is helpful to reduce avascular necrosis.
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Yu XB, Zhao DW, Zhong SZ, Liu BY, Wang BJ, Liu YP, Zhang Y, Cui DP, Fu DP, Xie H. Prospective and comparative analysis of internal fixation of femoral neck fractures with or without vascularized iliac graft in young adults. Orthopedics 2013; 36:e132-8. [PMID: 23379828 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20130122-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 surgical approaches for femoral neck fractures in young adults: internal fixation with or without a vascularized iliac graft. Between January 1998 and December 2008, seventy-eight patients presented with a Garden type III (n=38) or IV (n=40) femoral neck fracture. Thirty-eight patients were women and 40 were men, with an average age of 28 years (range, 16-38 years). Fractures were caused by fall injury (n=24), motor vehicle accident (n=36), and heavy weight lifting (n=18). Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A underwent internal fixation with 2 cannulated compression screws combined with an iliac graft supported by the ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery (n=44), and group B underwent internal fixation with 3 cannulated compression screws (n=34). Average follow-up was 4.5 years (range, 2-8 years), and mean Harris Hip Score was 92 (range, 62-100) in group A and 84 (range, 40-100) in group B. Average fracture healing time at final follow-up was 4.4 months in group A and 6 months in group B. Two (4.5%) cases of osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurred in group A, and 8 (23.5%) cases occurred in group B. Internal fixation with 2 cannulated compression screws combined with an iliac graft supported by the ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery is an effective surgical approach for treating femoral neck fractures in young adults to minimize the occurrence of fracture nonunion and osteonecrosis of the femoral head and to facilitate bone healing and functional recovery of the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bing Yu
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Forsh DA, Ferguson TA. Contemporary management of femoral neck fractures: the young and the old. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2012; 5:214-21. [PMID: 22628175 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-012-9127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The optimal management strategy for femoral neck fractures remains highly debated. The femoral neck is intracapsular and the vascular supply is fragile. Furthermore, the curvature of the proximal femur results in high mechanical stresses through the femoral neck. Poor outcomes of nonunion and avascular necrosis (AVN) are common. This chapter reviews the current evidence with respect to the treatment principles of femoral neck fractures in two distinct patient populations: "young" and "old." Contemporary controversies including surgical timing, choice of implant, arthroplasty options, nonoperative management, capsulotomy, and associated complications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Forsh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, 4860 Y Street Suite 3800, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA,
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21
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DSA observation of hemodynamic response of femoral head with femoral neck fracture during traction: a pilot study. J Orthop Trauma 2012; 26:407-13. [PMID: 22739255 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0b013e318216dd60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the early influence of traction on blood supply to the femur head after femoral neck fractures using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). DESIGN Prospective case series. SETTING University Level I trauma center. PATIENTS Nine patients who sustained a unilateral femoral neck fracture underwent selective femoral artery DSA within 2-23 days after their injury. INTERVENTION DSA of the medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery was performed for all 9 fractured hips before traction. Repeat DSA study of the femoral head circulation was performed after the addition of 3 kg of traction in 7 patients and 5 kg of traction in 6 patients. For comparison, DSA was also performed on the uninjured hip in 8 of the 9 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Blood circulation of the femoral head was evaluated by observing morphology of the feeding arteries, perfusion volume, venous drainage, and the circulation time of the microvasculature. RESULTS Femoral neck fracture damaged the retinaculum artery and led to femoral head hemodynamic disorder in all 9 cases. Application of linear traction and repeat DSA decreased femoral head perfusion (faint arterial imaging and delayed venous display) in all patients' retinaculum arteries except the inferior branch compared with the pretraction imaging. These findings were more pronounced as the traction was increased from 3 to 5 kg. These findings were significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Traction impairs blood perfusion to the femoral head. Blood flow in the retinacular arteries was reduced and venous drainage impeded. Traction may be one of the major causes of femoral head osteonecrosis after femoral neck fracture.
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Rawall S, Bali K, Upendra B, Garg B, Yadav CS, Jayaswal A. Displaced femoral neck fractures in the young: significance of posterior comminution and raised intracapsular pressure. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2012; 132:73-9. [PMID: 21928054 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-011-1395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosynthesis in fracture neck of femur (NOF) in young is a universally acceptable procedure. Various factors affect the outcome; with AVN (avascular necrosis) and non-union primarily contributing to adverse results in such patients. To identify factors affecting outcome of displaced fracture NOF, a prospective cohort study was carried out in the setting of a tertiary care centre in developing country. METHODS 27 consecutive patients with displaced fracture NOF suitable for osteosynthesis underwent closed reduction and fixation with three 6.5 mm cancellous cannulated screws. A record of posterior comminution and its extent (as seen on CT scan) and the intracapsular pressure difference between the fractured and the opposite side was kept in all the patients. The patients were followed-up for 1 year. The main outcomes measured at 1 year were non-union (as identified by CT scan) and AVN (as identified by bone scan). RESULTS Cases with pressure difference >30 mm were found to have a higher rate of AVN and this result was found to be statistically significant (p value 0.034). The patients with significant posterior comminution were found to have higher non-union rates and this result was also found to be statistically significant (p value 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Prognosis of displaced fracture NOF is significantly associated significant with posterior comminution and intracapsular pressure difference between fractured and normal side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Rawall
- Department of Orthopaedics, P D Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mahim, Mumbai, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Following a hip fracture, traction may be applied to the injured limb before surgery. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 1997, and previously updated in 2006. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of traction applied to the injured limb prior to surgery for a fractured hip. Different methods of applying traction (skin or skeletal) were considered. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (April 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (in The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1948 to April week 2 2011), EMBASE (1980 to 2011 week 16), and CINAHL (1982 to 1 April 2011), conference proceedings, trials registries and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or quasi-randomised trials comparing either skin or skeletal traction with no traction, or skin with skeletal traction for patients with an acute hip fracture prior to surgery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Additional information was sought from all trialists. Wherever appropriate and possible, data were pooled. MAIN RESULTS One new trial was included in this update. In all, 11 trials (six were randomised and five were quasi-randomised), involving a total of 1654 predominantly elderly patients with hip fractures, are included in the review. Most trials were at risk of bias, particularly that resulting from inadequate allocation concealment, lack of assessor blinding and incomplete outcome assessment. Only very limited data pooling was possible.Ten trials compared predominantly skin traction with no traction. The available data provided no evidence of benefit from traction either in the relief of pain (pain soon after immobilisation (visual analogue score 0: none to 10: worst pain): mean difference 0.11, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.50; 3 trials), ease of fracture reduction or quality of fracture reduction at time of surgery. There were inconclusive data for pressures sores and other complications, including fracture fixation failure. Three minor adverse effects (sensory disturbance and skin blisters) related to skin traction were reported.One of the above trials included both skin and skeletal traction groups. This trial and one other compared skeletal traction with skin traction and found no important differences between these two methods, although the initial application of skeletal traction was noted as being more painful and more costly. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS From the evidence available, the routine use of traction (either skin or skeletal) prior to surgery for a hip fracture does not appear to have any benefit. However, the evidence is also insufficient to rule out the potential advantages for traction, in particular for specific fracture types, or to confirm additional complications due to traction use.Given the increasing lack of evidence for the use of pre-operative traction, the onus should now be on clinicians who persist in using pre-operative traction to either stop using it or to use it only in the context of a well-designed randomised controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hg Handoll
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesborough, Tees Valley, UK, TS1 3BA
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Irene L, Siu-Bon W, Wai-Lam C, Wing-Cheung W. Management of Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fractures in Adults Younger than 65 Years. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS, TRAUMA AND REHABILITATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jotr.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study is to review the results of intracapsular femoral neck fractures in young adults (age < 65) treated with reduction and multiple-screw fixation from 2000 to 2007. Method Sixty-four consecutive patients were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age of the patients at the time of injury was 53.5 (32–65) years old. All fractures were either closely or openly reduced and fixed with three 7.5-mm cancellous screws. The mean follow up period was 36.8 months (6–100). Results We found that 9 of 64 (14.1%) patients developed osteonecrosis of femoral head on follow up. Displacement of fracture (Garden classification), initial stability of fracture pattern (Pauwel classification), and quality of reduction (Haidukewych grading) were found to have significant effect on the development of osteonecrosis, whereas the effect of patient age, time lapse of surgery, capsulotomy, hip aspiration, and postoperative weight bearing regimen were not statistically significant. Conclusion Fracture pattern and quality of reduction govern the fate of the femoral heads in young adults with their intracapsular femoral neck fractures fixed with screws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo Irene
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Woo Siu-Bon
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chan Wai-Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wong Wing-Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the outcomes of displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures treated with a cephalomedullary device. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Level I trauma center. PATIENTS Between 2002 and 2008, 18 patients with displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures were treated at our Level I trauma center with a cephalomedullary nail. There were 12 males and six females. Six patients were younger than 60 years of age with a mean age of 63 years (range, 40-88 years). Thirteen fractures were midcervical (Orthopaedic Trauma Association [OTA] 31-B2.2 and B2.3), and five fractures were subcapital (OTA 31-B3). Patients with basicervical fractures (OTA 31-B2.1) and nondisplaced subcapital fractures (OTA 31-B1) were excluded. INTERVENTION All patients underwent cephalomedullary nail fixation of their femoral neck fractures under the supervision of fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Postoperative radiographs were evaluated for fracture reduction quality. Clinical follow-up was available on 13 patients with a minimum of 12 months (range, 12-25 months). A radiographic and chart review was done to identify complications and outcomes. RESULTS Seven of eight fractures that healed were anatomically reduced. No failures occurred in the six patients younger than 60 years. Fixation failed in five of 13 fractures (38.4%) with varus collapse as the typical failure mode. The mean time to failure in these cases was 3.8 months (range, 1-7 months). Overall, the failure rate for the subcapital fractures was 100% (three of three) and for midcervical 20% (two of 10) with all failures being in patients older than 60 years (71.4%). Osteonecrosis without fixation failure or cutout occurred in one case. CONCLUSION Cephalomedullary nail fixation of displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures demonstrated mixed results. For younger patients with midcervical fractures that were well reduced, the fixation performed well. Displaced subcapital fractures in patients older than 60 years demonstrated a 100% failure rate. As a result, we cannot advocate cephalomedullary fixation for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures in patients older than 60 years, although in younger patients, these implants may provide an alternative to side-plate based fixation devices.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a fluoroscopically guided hip capsulotomy. METHODS Ten fresh-frozen paired cadaveric hips were injected under fluoroscopic guidance with saline sufficient to generate an intra-articular pressure greater than 58 mmHg. The pressure was monitored continuously using a percutaneous transducer. A limited lateral approach to the proximal femur was performed by one of two senior orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Using a scalpel under fluoroscopic guidance, each surgeon made one attempt at an anterior capsulotomy. Changes in intra-articular pressure were recorded throughout the procedure. The specimens were then dissected to measure the extent of each capsulotomy as well as the distance from the capsulotomy to nearby neurovascular structures. RESULTS A rapid and substantial decrease in intra-articular pressure was seen in all hips. The mean intra-articular pressure postcapsulotomy was 8.4 mmHg. The capsulotomies averaged 15.1 mm in length. None of the attempts at capsulotomy lasted longer than 90 seconds. The average distance between capsulotomy and the lateral-most branch of the femoral nerve was 19.5 mm. The femoral artery was on average 40.3 mm from the capsulotomy. There was no correlation between the side on which capsulotomy was performed and its extent or proximity to neurovascular structures. CONCLUSIONS Fluoroscopically guided hip capsulotomy through a small lateral incision appears to be a safe, effective, and expedient method, which may substantially reduce intra-articular pressure after minimally displaced femoral neck fractures.
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Huang HK, Su YP, Chen CM, Chiu FY, Liu CL. Displaced femoral neck fractures in young adults treated with closed reduction and internal fixation. Orthopedics 2010; 33:873. [PMID: 21162504 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20101021-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the effect of closed reduction and internal fixation with 3 different screw configurations for acute completely displaced femoral neck fractures in young adults. From 2001 to 2006, 136 patients (age range, 20-50 years) who had acute unilaterally completely displaced femoral neck fractures were evaluated retrospectively. All fractures were managed with closed reduction and internal fixation with 3 cannulated screws. The follow-up period was 55 months on average (range, 36-90 months). One hundred twenty-two patients were available for final evaluation of union condition and late complication. Twenty-three patients (18.9%) had nonunion, 15 (12.3%) had fixation failure, and 21 (17.2%) had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The average duration from injury to surgery was 18.4 hours in the union group and 23.3 hours in the nonunion group, with no statistical significance (P=.196). The average duration from injury to surgery was 17.3 hours in the avascular necrosis of the femoral head group and 22.3 hours in the non-avascular necrosis of the femoral head group, with no statistical significance (P=.155). Vertical- and separated-type screw configurations resulted in a significantly higher nonunion rate (P=.001 and P=.0017, respectively) than parallel configuration. The complication rate in treating completely displaced femoral neck fractures with internal fixation in young adults is high, and screw configuration may further affect results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Kuang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sendtner E, Renkawitz T, Kramny P, Wenzl M, Grifka J. Fractured neck of femur--internal fixation versus arthroplasty. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 107:401-7. [PMID: 20589205 PMCID: PMC2893522 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery is the treatment of choice for fractured neck of femur. For middle-aged patients (aged ca. 40 to 65), there is considerable debate over the indications for arthroplasty or internal fixation. The choice of surgical technique varies widely from one region to another. In this article, we discuss the main criteria that should be used in making this decision. METHODS We selectively reviewed the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of fractured neck of femur, including the current guideline of the German Society for Trauma Surgery (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie, DGU) and recent findings from the field of health services research. RESULTS The treatment of middle-aged patients with dislocated fractures should be based on rational decision-making. The patient's level of activity before the accident should be judged in terms of his or her previous mobility, independence in daily activities, and mental status. Internal fixation is recommended if the fracture can be adequately repositioned, the bone is of good quality, and there is no evidence of osteoarthritis. Fractures that are more than 24 hours old should be treated with total hip arthroplasty. Hemiprostheses are appropriate for very old patients. Physically frail, bedridden, and/or demented patients should undergo internal fixation of the fracture. For non-displaced or impacted fractures, functional treatment (i.e., prophylactic securing of the fracture with screws or nails) is indicated. Rapid diagnosis and a short time in bed before surgery lower the rate of complications. Internal fixation with preservation of the femoral head should ideally be performed within the first 6 hours of trauma, and within the first 24 hours at most. CONCLUSION Despite the increasing scarcity of resources, treatment should still be based on well-founded clinical guidelines. Minimally invasive surgery enables better function in the early postoperative phase and can thereby lower complication rates. An interdisciplinary concept for the postoperative care of elderly patients also has a major effect on the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Sendtner
- Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Orthopädische Klinik für die Universität Regensburg, Bad Abbach, Germany.
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Lowe JA, Crist BD, Bhandari M, Ferguson TA. Optimal treatment of femoral neck fractures according to patient's physiologic age: an evidence-based review. Orthop Clin North Am 2010; 41:157-66. [PMID: 20399355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the basic tenets of managing displaced femoral neck fractures have not changed, but the optimal treatment choice continues to be highly debated. The contemporary controversies associated with the treatment principles of displaced femoral neck fractures are distinct between young and old patients and are considered individually in this article about the current evidence. Although fixation constructs all seem to have similar complication rates, there is increasing evidence suggesting that total hip replacement improves patient functional outcomes for healthy, independent, elderly patients compared with hemiarthroplasty and should be considered as the treatment of choice for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Lowe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence J. Ellison Ambulatory Care Center, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3800, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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30
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Abstract
Background A major cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head is interruption of a blood supply to the proximal femur. In order to evaluate blood circulation and pathogenetic alterations, a pig femoral head osteonecrosis model was examined to address whether ligature of the femoral neck (vasculature deprivation) induces a reduction of blood circulation in the femoral head, and whether transphyseal vessels exist for communications between the epiphysis and the metaphysis. We also tested the hypothesis that the vessels surrounding the femoral neck and the ligamentum teres represent the primary source of blood flow to the femoral head. Methods Avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head was induced in Yorkshire pigs by transecting the ligamentum teres and placing two ligatures around the femoral neck. After heparinized saline infusion and microfil perfusion via the abdominal aorta, blood circulation in the femoral head was evaluated by optical and CT imaging. Results An angiogram of the microfil casted sample allowed identification of the major blood vessels to the proximal femur including the iliac, common femoral, superficial femoral, deep femoral and circumflex arteries. Optical imaging in the femoral neck showed that a microfil stained vessel network was visible in control sections but less noticeable in necrotic sections. CT images showed a lack of microfil staining in the epiphysis. Furthermore, no transphyseal vessels were observed to link the epiphysis to the metaphysis. Conclusion Optical and CT imaging analyses revealed that in this present pig model the ligatures around the femoral neck were the primary cause of induction of avascular osteonecrosis. Since the vessels surrounding the femoral neck are comprised of the branches of the medial and the lateral femoral circumflex vessels, together with the extracapsular arterial ring and the lateral epiphyseal arteries, augmentation of blood circulation in those arteries will improve pathogenetic alterations in the necrotic femoral head. Our pig model can be used for further femoral head osteonecrosis studies.
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Management of Displaced Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fracture in Young Adult:hy Complications Are Still So High? Case Report of Posttraumatic Avascular Necrosis in a 30-Year-Old Man and a Brief Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 67:E163-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31814b9319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bilateral simultaneous femoral neck fractures in a child. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00590-009-0440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is the most dreaded complication associated with an unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). We hypothesize that the hip joint pressure will be increased in unstable slips, confirming that emergent treatment and decompression are warranted. METHODS Thirteen unstable SCFE hips were evaluated. Hip pressure monitoring was performed. Postcapsulotomy measurements were also performed in all of the patients. Five of these under gentle manipulation. Six patients underwent measurement of the hip pressure on the unaffected side. RESULTS The mean pressure on the affected hip was 48 mm Hg. The mean pressure on the unaffected side was 23 mm Hg. There was a significant increase in intraarticular hip pressure after attempted manipulation (mean, 75 mm Hg). DISCUSSION Hip pressures are increased in unstable SCFE to levels higher for those of a compartment syndrome probably causing a tamponade effect. There is a need to perform a capsulotomy if manipulation is performed.
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34
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Abstract
Femoral neck fractures in young adults are uncommon and often the result of high-energy trauma. They are associated with higher incidences of femoral head osteonecrosis and nonunion. Multiple factors can play a significant role in preventing these devastating complications and contribute to a good outcome. While achieving an anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation are imperative, other treatment variables, such as time to surgery, the role of capsulotomy and the fixation methods remain debatable. Open reduction and internal fixation through a Watson-Jones exposure is the recommended approach. Definitive fixation can be accomplished with three cannulated or noncannulated cancellous screws. Capsulotomy in femoral neck fractures remains a controversial issue and the practice varies by trauma program, region and country. Until there is conclusive data (i.e. prospective and controlled) we recommend performing a capsulotomy. The data available is inconclusive on whether this fracture should be operated emergently, urgently or can wait until the next day. Until there is conclusive data available, we recommend that surgery should be done on an urgent basis. The key factors in treating femoral neck fractures should include early diagnosis, early surgery, anatomic reduction, capsular decompression and stable internal fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan V Ly
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Correspondence: Dr. Thuan V Ly, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Regions Hospital, Mail Stop: 11503L 640, Jackson Street, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA. E-mail:
| | - Marc F Swiontkowski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Wong TC, Yeung SH, Ip FK. The effectiveness of capsular decompression for internal fixation of intracapsular hip fractures. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2007; 15:282-5. [PMID: 18162670 DOI: 10.1177/230949900701500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the results of screw fixation plus capsular decompression versus screw fixation alone for managing intracapsular hip fractures. METHODS Of 201 patients with intracapsular hip fractures, 99 underwent screw fixation with capsular decompression (capsular decompression group) and 102 underwent screw fixation alone (control group). The incidence and time to development of avascular necrosis of the femoral head, union rate, time to union, and other clinical parameters were compared. RESULTS In patients with displaced fractures, the incidence of avascular necrosis was significantly higher in the control than capsular decompression group, whereas the time to development of this complication was significantly shorter. CONCLUSION Capsular decompression did not improve the union rate and time to union in undisplaced intracapsular hip fractures, but in displaced fractures it appeared to reduce the incidence and delay the onset of avascular necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong.
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The Dynamic Martin Screw: an Alternative for Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fractures? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2007; 33:635-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-007-6067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cho MR, Lee SW, Shin DK, Kim SK, Kim SY, Ko SB, Kwun KW. A predictive method for subsequent avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) by observation of bleeding from the cannulated screw used for fixation of intracapsular femoral neck fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21:158-64. [PMID: 17473751 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0b013e31803773ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the validity of bleeding from the drill holes used for cannulated screw placement as a method for predicting any subsequent avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) after the fixation of intracapsular femoral neck fractures. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS Forty-four patients (mean age, 51 years; range, 18-76 years) whose femoral neck fractures had been fixed with cannulated screws from March 1999 to January 2001 were enrolled in this study. The fractures were classified according to Garden and included 11 type I, 5 type II, 17 type III, and 11 type IV. The average delay between injury and surgery was 52 hours (< or =24 hours, 26; > or =24 hours, 18; range 7 to 504 hours). The follow-up period was more than 25 months (range, 25-57 months). INTERVENTION 7.0 mm cannulated screws were used for fracture fixation. Three and 4 screws were used for fixation in 35 and 9 cases, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The presence or absence of blood drainage from the holes of the proximal cannulated screws was determined by an independent observer and defined as bleeding or no bleeding throughout a 5 minute observation period. According to those findings, patients were classified into 2 groups: the bleeding group (38 cases), and the nonbleeding group (6 cases). The validity of the relationship between the 2 groups and the development of AVNFH was evaluated according to the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. A chi test was used for univariate analysis of the relationship between the related factors with the development of AVNFH. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 39 months (range, 25-57 months). AVNFH developed in 7 cases (16%). One patient of 38 in the bleeding group (2.6%) and all 6 patients in the nonbleeding group (100%) developed AVNFH. The sensitivity was 86%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, and negative predictive value 97%. Age (P < 0.734), sex (P < 0.587), the type of the fracture (P < 0.356), procedure interval (P < 0.398), the reduction status of the fracture site (P < 0.3849), the positions of the fixed screws (P < 0.2137), and the existence of osteoporosis (P < 0.4347) were not related to the development of AVNFH. CONCLUSION It seems that bleeding from the holes of proximal cannulated screws is a simple and accurate perfusion assessment technique for predicting the development of AVNFH after a femoral neck fracture. Given that assumption, primary arthroplasty might be an appropriate choice as a treatment method in a nonbleeding-group patient whose treatment choice is ambivalent or who might not be able to undergo additional surgery should he or she develop a subsequent AVNFH after internal fixation of femoral neck fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Rae Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University Hospital of Daegu, Daegu, Korea.
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Pihlajamäki HK, Ruohola JP, Weckström M, Kiuru MJ, Visuri TI. Long-term outcome of undisplaced fatigue fractures of the femoral neck in young male adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 88:1574-9. [PMID: 17159166 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.88b12.17996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and long-term outcome of undisplaced fatigue fractures of the femoral neck treated conservatively were examined in Finnish military conscripts between 1970 and 1990. From 106 cases identified, 66 patients with 70 fractures were followed for a mean of 18.3 years (11 to 32). The original medical records and radiographs were studied and physical and radiological follow-up data analysed for evidence of risk factors for this injury. The development of avascular necrosis and osteoarthritis was determined from the follow-up radiographs and MR scans. The impact of new military instructions on the management of hip-related pain was assessed following their introduction in 1986. The preventive regimen (1986) improved awareness and increased the detected incidence from 13.2 per 100,000 service-years (1970 to 1986) to 53.2 per 100,000 (1987 to 1990). No patient developed displacement of the fracture or avascular necrosis of the femoral head, or suffered from adverse complications. No differences were found in MRI-measured hip joint spaces at final follow-up. The mean Harris Hip Score was 97 (70 to 100) and the Visual Analogue Scale 5.85 mm (0 to 44). Non-operative treatment, including avoidance of or reduced weight-bearing, gave favourable short- and long-term outcomes. Undisplaced fatigue fractures of the femoral neck neither predispose to avascular necrosis nor the subsequent development of osteoarthritis of the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Pihlajamäki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research Institute of Military Medicine, Central Military Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Following a hip fracture, traction may be applied to the injured limb before surgery. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of traction applied to the injured limb prior to surgery for a fractured hip. Different methods of applying traction (skin or skeletal) were considered. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (March 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2006), MEDLINE (1966 to March 2006), EMBASE (1988 to 2006 Week 11), CINAHL (1982 to March 2006), the UK National Research Register (Issue 1, 2006), conference proceedings and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or quasi-randomised trials comparing either skin or skeletal traction with no traction, or skin with skeletal traction for patients with an acute hip fracture prior to surgery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Both authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Additional information was sought from all trialists. Wherever appropriate and possible, data were pooled. MAIN RESULTS Ten randomised trials, mainly of moderate quality, involving a total of 1546 predominantly elderly patients with hip fractures, were identified and included in the review. Nine trials compared traction with no traction. Although limited data pooling was possible, overall this provided no evidence of benefit from traction, either in the relief of pain before surgery or ease of fracture reduction or quality of fracture reduction at time of surgery. One of these trials included both skin and skeletal traction groups. This trial and one other compared skeletal traction with skin traction and found no important differences between these two methods, although the initial application of skeletal traction was noted as being more painful and more costly. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS From the evidence available, the routine use of traction (either skin or skeletal) prior to surgery for a hip fracture does not appear to have any benefit. However, the evidence is also insufficient to rule out the potential advantages for traction, in particular for specific fracture types, or to confirm additional complications due to traction use. Further, high quality trials would be required to confirm or refute the absence of benefits of traction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Parker
- Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Orthopaedic Department, Peterborough District Hospital, Thorpe Road, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, UK PE3 6DA.
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Abstract
Fractures of the hip are uncommon in children, and their importance is related not to the frequency of the injury but to the frequency of complications. Many of these complications can be minimized or avoided by anatomic reduction and internal fixation. Open reduction frequently is necessary to obtain a stable, anatomic reduction. Regardless of the age of the child, stable fixation of the fracture must be given priority over preservation of the proximal femoral physis. The development of osteonecrosis, however, is most likely related to the severity of the initial injury and is largely unaffected by treatment of the fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Beaty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campbell Clinics, University of Tennessee, 1211 Union Avenue, Suite 510, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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Dhammi IK, Singh S, Jain AK. Displaced femoral neck fracture in children and adolescents: closed versus open reduction--a preliminary study. J Orthop Sci 2006; 10:173-9. [PMID: 15815865 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-004-0875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six children and adolescents with displaced femoral neck fractures who were treated surgically from 1992 to 2002 were included in this study. Among them, 14 were male and 12 were female. Altogether, 10 of them had a transcervical type of fracture, and the other 16 had a cervicotrochanteric type of fracture. The average age of the patients was 10.8 years (3-17 years). Seventeen were treated by closed reduction and internal fixation (group A), and nine required open reduction and internal fixation (group B). In group A, there were good results in 11 cases (65%), a fair result in one case (6%), and poor results in 5 cases (29%). In group B, there were good results in seven cases (78%) and fair results in the other two cases (22%). The average fracture union times in groups A and B were 12.6 and 10.2 weeks, respectively. Thus, there was a favorable outcome in group B. However, statistical analysis of data in this preliminary study did not reveal any significant difference in the surgical outcome between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ish Kumar Dhammi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
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Damany DS, Parker MJ, Chojnowski A. Complications after intracapsular hip fractures in young adults. A meta-analysis of 18 published studies involving 564 fractures. Injury 2005; 36:131-41. [PMID: 15589931 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2004.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intracapsular hip fractures in young adults have a significant risk of complications. Consequently, some authors advocate urgent and/or open fracture reduction. Our aim was to analyse outcomes following such fractures with reference to influence of fracture displacement, timing of surgery and method of reduction (open/closed) on the incidence of non-union (NU) and avascular necrosis (AVN). METHODS Specific search terms were used to retrieve relevant published studies from 1966 to May 2003. RESULTS Eighteen studies involving 564 fractures were analysed. The overall incidence of NU was 50/564 (8.9%) and AVN was 130/564 (23.0%). There was a higher incidence of NU and AVN following displaced than undisplaced fractures. NU occurred more frequently after open reduction than closed reduction (10/89 [11.2%] versus 13/275 [4.7%]). There was an increased incidence of AVN after closed than open reduction but this was no longer statistically significant when one study with a markedly higher reported incidence of AVN was excluded. The difference in the incidence of NU and AVN following early (<12h) or late (>12 h) surgery was not significant for either NU or AVN. CONCLUSION Early or open reduction of these fractures may not reduce the risk of NU or AVN. There is a suggestion of a higher incidence of NU following open reduction than closed reduction. Randomised studies with 2 year follow-up are required to report on a larger number of patients before definite conclusions on treatment can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Damany
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Warwick, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UK.
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Cordero-Ampuero J, Garcia-Cimbrelo E, Munuera L. Internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures in patients older than 70 years. Hip Int 2005; 15:21-26. [PMID: 28224578 DOI: 10.1177/112070000501500103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To analyse results and risk factors for osteosynthesis of displaced femoral neck fractures in patients older than 70 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 1992 to 2000, 183 consecutive patients over 70 with displaced femoral neck fractures were treated by closed reduction and fixation with cannulated screws and followed up prospectively for two years. Pain at rest and pain with walking, return to previous functional and walking ability, and need for additional surgery were evaluated. RESULTS Six patients died, while 149 were followed up for a minimum of two years: 82 (55%) were asymptomatic, 19 (12.8%) had mild pain, 39 (26.1%) required arthroplasty and 9 (6%) were too ill for further surgery. Poor quality reduction (p=0.008) and poor quality osteosynthesis (p= 0.064) were risk factors for failure. Fifty patients (33.6%) presented with non-union: 6/50 were asymptomatic, 34/50 required arthroplasty, and 10/50 were very ill. Ischaemic necrosis appeared in ten cases (6.7%) (five asymptomatic and five requiring arthroplasty). CONCLUSIONS Reduction and fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures achieved good results in 68% of patients over 70, but re-operation became necessary in 32% of them; this made internal fixation advisable only for selected patients who were very active. The main risk factors were poor-quality reduction followed by poor osteosynthesis. (Hip International 2005; 15: 21-6).
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Haidukewych GJ, Rothwell WS, Jacofsky DJ, Torchia ME, Berry DJ. Operative treatment of femoral neck fractures in patients between the ages of fifteen and fifty years. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86:1711-6. [PMID: 15292419 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200408000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data on the treatment of femoral neck fractures in young patients. The purpose of the present study was to review the results and complications associated with the treatment of femoral neck fractures with internal fixation in a large consecutive series of young patients. METHODS Between 1975 and 2000, eighty-three femoral neck fractures in eighty-two consecutive patients who were between fifteen and fifty years old were treated with internal fixation at our institution. Two patients died, and eight were lost to follow-up. Seventy-three fractures were followed until union, until conversion to hip arthroplasty, or for a minimum of two years; the mean duration of follow-up was 6.6 years. Fifty-one of the seventy-three fractures were displaced, and twenty-two were nondisplaced. The results and complications of treatment were retrospectively reviewed, and the effects of fracture displacement, reduction quality, and capsular decompression on outcome were evaluated. Function was assessed by evaluating pain, walking capacity, and the need for gait aids. The mean duration of follow-up for the fifty-seven patients (fifty-eight fractures) who had not undergone early conversion to arthroplasty was 8.1 years. RESULTS Fifty-three (73%) of the seventy-three fractures healed after one operation and were associated with no evidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Osteonecrosis developed in association with seventeen fractures (23%), and a nonunion developed in association with six (8%). Four of the six nonunions later healed after a secondary procedure. At the time of the final follow-up, thirteen patients had had a conversion to a total hip arthroplasty because of osteonecrosis (eleven), nonunion (one), or both (one). Five (9.8%) of the fifty-one displaced fractures were associated with the development of nonunion, and fourteen (27%) were associated with the development of osteonecrosis. Three (14%) of the twenty-two nondisplaced fractures were associated with the development of osteonecrosis, and one (4.5%) was associated with the development of nonunion. Eleven (24%) of the forty-six displaced fractures with a good to excellent reduction were associated with the development of osteonecrosis, and two (4%) were associated with the development of nonunion. Four of the five displaced fractures with a fair or poor reduction were associated with the development of osteonecrosis, nonunion, or both. CONCLUSIONS The ten-year survival rate of the native femoral head free of conversion to total hip arthroplasty was 85%. Osteonecrosis was the main reason for conversion to total hip arthroplasty, but not all patients with osteonecrosis required further surgery. The results of treatment were influenced by fracture displacement and the quality of reduction.
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Barei DP, Schildhauer TA, Nork SE. Noncontiguous fractures of the femoral neck, femoral shaft, and distal femur. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2003; 55:80-6. [PMID: 12855885 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000046259.43886.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multifocal fractures of the femur are uncommon injuries and present unique management challenges. Combined ipsilateral fractures of the femoral shaft and femoral neck or the femoral shaft and distal femur have been described. The combination of noncontiguous ipsilateral femoral neck, femoral shaft, and distal femoral articular injuries, however, has not been described. The purposes of this report are to document the incidence and characteristics of this injury and to present a treatment rationale. METHODS This was a retrospective study conducted at a Level I trauma center. RESULTS Over a 5-year period, 1639 adult patients with femur fractures were definitively managed at the authors' institution. Five male and two female patients (average age, 43.3 years) sustained ipsilateral, noncontiguous fractures of the femoral neck, femoral shaft, and distal femoral articular surface (0.43%). All femoral neck fractures were vertically oriented. All distal femoral injuries were unicondylar. A variety of fixation methods were used, dependent on individual fracture characteristics. The femoral neck fractures were prioritized in all cases. Stabilization of the distal femoral articular surface was then performed before diaphyseal fixation in patients with sagittally oriented condylar fractures. Patients were followed for an average of 19.3 months. All fractures healed without the need for secondary procedures. CONCLUSION This injury constellation is rare. Open reduction and internal fixation of the displaced femoral neck fracture should be the primary focus of orthopedic management, followed by stable reduction and fixation of displaced distal femoral articular injuries. The diaphyseal fracture should be treated with a technique that does not jeopardize either the proximal or the distal fractures. Patients who are critically ill can be managed in a similar sequence over the course of several days, depending on their overall condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Barei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harborvieew Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Jain R, Koo M, Kreder HJ, Schemitsch EH, Davey JR, Mahomed NN. Comparison of early and delayed fixation of subcapital hip fractures in patients sixty years of age or less. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84:1605-12. [PMID: 12208917 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200209000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcapital hip fractures in younger patients are generally treated with internal fixation rather than with primary hemiarthroplasty, which is generally reserved for older, low-demand patients. Avascular necrosis can occur following this injury because of disruption of the femoral head blood supply. Some believe that emergent fracture reduction is necessary to minimize the risk of avascular necrosis. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the functional outcomes of subcapital hip fractures in patients sixty years old or younger and (2) to compare the rates of avascular necrosis after early and delayed fracture fixation. METHODS This retrospective study included adults in whom a subcapital hip fracture had been treated with reduction and internal fixation when they were sixty years of age or less and who had been followed clinically for a minimum of two years. The patients were divided into two groups: those treated with early fixation (within twelve hours after the injury) and those treated with delayed fixation (more than twelve hours after the injury). Functional outcomes were assessed with use of the Short Form-36 and the Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index. The rates of avascular necrosis were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (average age, 46.4 years) participated in the study. Twenty-nine patients had a displaced subcapital hip fracture. Fifteen patients underwent early fracture fixation, and the remainder underwent delayed fixation. No differences in the Short Form-36 (p = 0.68) or WOMAC (p = 0.69) scores were seen between the early and delayed fixation groups. Radiographic evidence of avascular necrosis developed in six patients treated with delayed fixation, one of whom had had an undisplaced fracture preoperatively, and in no patient treated with early fixation. The difference in the rates of avascular necrosis was significant (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Although delayed surgical treatment of subcapital hip fractures was associated with a higher rate of avascular necrosis, this complication did not significantly affect functional outcome. Longer follow-up is required to assess the effect of avascular necrosis on the development of arthritis and on long-term patient function. Although the results could be biased because patients were not randomly assigned to delayed or early fixation, the data suggest that urgent reduction and fracture fixation within twelve hours after a displaced subcapital hip fracture in high-demand patients may be associated with a reduced rate of radiographic signs of avascular necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Jain
- University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Drescher W, Schneider T, Becker C, Hobolth L, Rüther W, Bünger C, Hansen ES. Effect of methylprednisolone on reperfusion after femoral head ischemia. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002:270-7. [PMID: 12218493 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200209000-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An episode of ischemia and reperfusion of the femoral head is thought to be the common pathway in the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis. The influence of short-term high-dose steroid treatment on femoral head reperfusion after ischemia was investigated in a porcine model. Twenty-two pigs were randomized to receive methylprednisolone 20 mg/day/kg bodyweight intramuscularly for 3 days followed by methylprednisolone 10 mg/day/kg bodyweight for 11 days (n = 11), whereas the control group (n = 11) received no treatment. Femoral head ischemia was achieved by 6 hours of unilateral intraarticular hip pressure increase to 250 mm Hg. Femoral head blood flow was estimated using radiolabeled microspheres (15 microm in diameter) before ischemia, during hip tamponade, and 4 hours after tamponade release. Femoral head blood flow was lower in the corticosteroid treated pigs. Subtotal femoral head ischemia was documented in both groups during joint tamponade. Apart from two femoral head epiphyses in either group, reperfusion after tamponade release on the average occurred to a blood flow level similar to that before ischemia. Short-term high-dose methylprednisolone treatment depressed bone perfusion in general, but had no effect on reperfusion after femoral head ischemia in the porcine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Drescher
- Department of Orthopedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Abstract
Trauma-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head represents the most common femoral head aseptic necrosis. An alteration in blood supply to the femoral head is the cause of the vascular necrosis. Another mechanism in the genesis of femoral head necrosis is the tamponade effect. Femoral head necrosis may be asymptomatic for a long time, even in patients in whom late segmental collapse already is present. Radiography does not allow diagnostic reliability until 6 months after fracture. The presence of a low signal intensity band away from the fracture line on magnetic resonance images clearly delimits the necrotic area. Once segmental collapse has developed, the diagnosis becomes simple using plain radiographs. The treatment of established femoral necrosis complicating fractures of the upper end of the femur is approached as a therapeutic problem lacking an optimal solution. The main therapeutic options are femoral head-preserving procedures and joint reconstruction. Among the procedures that preserve the femoral head are joint unloading, femoral head core decompression, electric stimulation, osteotomy, and bone grafting. Joint reconstruction procedures including cup arthroplasty, hemiresurfacing, total hip resurfacing, femoral head replacement, femoral head endoprosthesis, and total arthroplasty will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gómez-Castresana Bachiller
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Almansa, 110 Esc. 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Drescher W, Schneider T, Becker C, Hobolth L, Rüther W, Bünger C, Hansen ES. Reperfusion pattern of the immature femoral head after critical ischemia: a microsphere study in pigs. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1999; 70:439-45. [PMID: 10622475 DOI: 10.3109/17453679909000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The topographic reperfusion pattern of the femoral head after critical ischemia has not yet been investigated. We determined the blood flow of the porcine hip regions with the femoral head epiphysis divided into 24 subregions by the tracer microsphere technique. Blood flow was measured under steady-state conditions, at the end of a 6-hour increase in intracapsular hip joint pressure to 250 mm Hg, and 4 hours after release of the joint tamponade. Total femoral head epiphyseal blood flow decreased with ischemia and regained steady-state perfusion after tamponade. The reperfusion pattern of the femoral head epiphysis appeared identical with that of the steady state before ischemia. However, 2 of the 11 experimental epiphyses remained ischemic in the reperfusion phase. We conclude that hip joint tamponade above the arterial pressure level for 6 hours causes global ischemia in the femoral head epiphysis in the immature pig, without regional differences in reperfusion, and that reperfusion occurs at a level like that of the steady state before ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Drescher
- Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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