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Yuan F, Song B, Huang Z, Liu X, Xia C. Oxygen and Glucose as Stimulation Agents for BOLD Functional MR Imaging of Rabbit Liver: A Feasibility Study. Magn Reson Med Sci 2018; 17. [PMID: 28626199 PMCID: PMC5891340 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2016-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of using oxygen and glucose as stimulating agents in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of rabbit liver and analyze the impacts by blood flow. METHODS Pure oxygen inhalation, intravenous injection and oral administration of glucose were given to 11 New Zealand white rabbits to compare the differences of liver T2*, aortic flow (AF), portal vein flow (PVF), aortic area (AA) and portal vein area (PVA) before and at 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min after administrations. AF and PVF were acquired by two dimensional (2D) Phase Contrast MR (2D-PCMR). The impacts of AF and PVF upon BOLD fMRI were analyzed. RESULTS AF and PVF declined at 5 min after oxygen inhalation and were significantly different from baseline, then reverted to baseline. No significant difference was observed in liver T2*, AA and PVA before and after oxygen inhalation. AF, PVF, AA and PVA showed no significant difference before and after glucose intravenous injection, while liver T2* increased gradually with significant difference. AF and liver T2* were significantly different before and after glucose oral administration and increased gradually, AA was significantly different before and after glucose administration at 10 min and 20 min. PVF and PVA started to be different from baseline at 10 min. Greatest variation of T2* (19.6%) was induced by glucose oral administration after 30 min. CONCLUSION Rabbit liver T2* increasing by glucose intravenous injection is possibly associated with glycogen synthesis, provides the possibility to evaluate liver function. Glucose oral administration demonstrated an optimal comparative effect of raising T2*, however, resulted from the superposition of increased glycogen synthesis and blood flow. Inhalation of pure oxygen didn't alter the rabbit liver T2*, which may possibly result from an offset between the increased concentration of oxyhemoglobin and decreased blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Song
- Corresponding author, Phone: +86-13881918066, Fax: +86-21-64085875, E-mail:
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Páramo M, García-Barquin P, Santa María E, Madrid JM, Caballeros M, Benito A, Sangro B, Iñarrairaegui M, Bilbao JI. Evaluation of the rabbit liver by direct portography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography: anatomical variations of the portal system and hepatic volume quantification. Eur Radiol Exp 2017; 1:7. [PMID: 29708175 PMCID: PMC5909340 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-017-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study was aimed at: (1) describing the incidence of anatomic variations of the portal system in the rabbit using direct portography; and (2) estimating the liver volume and caudate lobe volume by using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the same animal model. Methods Forty-six New Zealand white rabbits were included. All of them underwent direct portography and unenhanced CECT. Conventional liver rabbit portal system anatomy (type 1) consisted of the bifurcation of the main portal vein (MPV) into the right portal vein (RPV) and left portal vein (LPV), which subsequently divided into medial left portal vein and lateral left portal vein. Trifurcation of the LPV was considered type 2. The LPV that divides into four smaller branches was classified as type 3. Other configurations of the portal system, including particular cases of MPV branching, were grouped as type 4. Liver lobes were manually segmented. Results The incidence of each type of portal system anatomy was: type 1, 67.4%; type 2, 15.2%; type 3, 13.0%); and type 4, 4.3%. The mean volume of the caudate lobe was 19.1 ml ± 5.7 ml and of the cranial lobes it was 66.7 ml ± 13.7 ml, and the total liver volume was 85.7 ml ± 16.7 ml. Conclusions In New Zealand white rabbits, type 1 is the prevalent type of portal system, liver volume is about 86 ml, and the caudate and cranial lobes are separated. This information could be important when planning experimental rabbit liver procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Páramo
- 1Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Paula García-Barquin
- 1Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Eva Santa María
- 2Program of hepatology, CIMA, CIBEREHD, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - José Miguel Madrid
- 1Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Meylin Caballeros
- 1Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Alberto Benito
- 3IdisNA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- 4CIBEREHD, IdisNA, Liver Unit. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Mercedes Iñarrairaegui
- 4CIBEREHD, IdisNA, Liver Unit. Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - José Ignacio Bilbao
- 3IdisNA, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
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Establishment of human metastatic colorectal cancer model in rabbit liver: A pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177212. [PMID: 28475639 PMCID: PMC5419650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale and objectives To develop a human metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) model in a rabbit liver. Materials and methods Immunosuppression in 4 adult New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.5 to 4.5 kg was induced with daily subcutaneous injection of 15 mg/kg Cyclosporine A (CsA). On day 3 open mini-laparotomy was performed and 0.2 ml (1.8x105 cells) suspension of HCT-116 and HT-29 human CRC cells were injected into the left and right medial lobe respectively. On day 10 the CsA dose was reduced to 10 mg/kg daily maintenance dose. Rabbits were weighed weekly, closely monitored for CsA side effects (weight loss, gingival hyperplasia and gut modification). Rabbits were sacrificed 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks after cells injection. Liver tumors were collected for histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis. Results HT-29 Tumor growth was observed in 3 rabbits (75%). Tumors measured 3, 4 and 6 mm after 5, 6 and 8 weeks respectively. Microscopically, tumors contained hyperchromatic, pleomorphic cells that stained for monoclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), polyclonal CEA, cytokeratin 20, vascular markers (CD31, CD34), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by immunohistochemistry, supporting involvement by the poorly differentiated HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line. No gross tumor growth or microscopic viability was observed from HCT-116 cell injection. CsA extra-hepatic manifestations included minimal gum hyperplasia and decrease in gut motility in 3 rabbits (75%), which was treated with Azithromycin 15 mg/kg and Cisapride 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours, respectively. Conclusion We successfully developed a human metastatic colon cancer model in immunosuppressed rabbit liver using HT-29 cells.
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Liao M, Zhang T, Wang H, Liu Y, Lu M, Huang J, Zeng Y. Rabbit model provides new insights in liver regeneration after transection with portal vein ligation. J Surg Res 2017; 209:242-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tam AL, Melancon MP, Ensor J, Liu Y, Dixon K, McWatters A, Gupta S. Rabbit hepatic arterial anatomy variations: implications on experimental design. Acta Radiol 2014; 55:1226-33. [PMID: 24292899 DOI: 10.1177/0284185113514050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The VX2 rabbit model of liver cancer is commonly used to evaluate the efficacy of locoregional anticancer therapy and knowledge of the hepatic arterial anatomy in the rabbit is important for catheter-directed experiments. PURPOSE To describe the normal anatomy and anatomic variations of the celiac axis and hepatic artery in the rabbit. MATERIAL AND METHODS Angiograms of 222 rabbits were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the celiac axis was classified and the diameters of the major branches were measured. Paired t-tests were used to compare the difference between the average sizes of arteries. RESULTS Variant celiac axis or hepatic artery anatomy was noted in 25.9% of angiograms, with the gastric branches arising from the proper hepatic artery in 23.3% of cases. The celiac axis could be successfully classified into one of five distinct branching patterns in 193 (86.9%) cases. The mean diameters of the right and left hepatic arteries were 0.67 mm (95% CI [0.64, 0.7]) and 1.25 mm (95% CI [1.19, 1.31]), respectively. The mean diameters of the medial and lateral branches of the left hepatic artery were 0.63 mm (95% CI [0.6, 0.67]) and 0.91 mm (95% CI [0.86, 0.96]), respectively. The right hepatic artery was significantly smaller than the left hepatic artery and the lateral branch of the left hepatic artery (all P values <0.0001). CONCLUSION Arterial variants in the rabbit are not uncommon. The proper hepatic artery often gives origin to gastric artery branches. To facilitate superselective intra-arterial intervention, the left lateral lobe of the liver should be targeted for tumor implantation because of the significant size difference between the right and left hepatic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda L Tam
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marites P Melancon
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joe Ensor
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Dixon
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda McWatters
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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In Vivo Evaluation of Irinotecan-Loaded QuadraSphere Microspheres for Use in Chemoembolization of VX2 Liver Tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:1727-35.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Hoekstra LT, Rietkerk M, van Lienden KP, van den Esschert JW, Schaap FG, van Gulik TM. Bile salts predict liver regeneration in rabbit model of portal vein embolization. J Surg Res 2012; 178:773-8. [PMID: 22763217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal vein embolization (PVE) is employed to increase future remnant liver (FRL) volume through induction of hepatocellular regeneration in the nonembolized liver lobe. The regenerative response is commonly determined by CT volumetry after PVE. The aim of the study was to examine plasma bile salts and triglycerides in the prediction of the regenerative response following PVE. METHODS PVE of the cranial liver lobe was performed in 15 rabbits, divided into three groups: NaCl (control), gelatin sponge (short-term occlusion), and polyvinyl alcohol particles with coils (PVAc, long-term occlusion). In all rabbits CT volumetry and blood sampling were performed prior to PVE and on days 3 and 7. Plasma bile salts and triglycerides were correlated with volume increase of the nonembolized liver lobe. RESULTS After 3 and 7 d, respectively, FRL volume was increased in both embolized groups, with the largest hypertrophy response observed in the PVAc group. Plasma bile salt levels were increased after PVE, especially in the PVAc group at day 3 (P < 0.01 compared to gelatin sponge). Plasma bile salts at day 3 predicted FRL volume increase at day 7 showing a positive correlation of 0.811 (P < 0.001). Levels of triglycerides were not significantly altered in either of the PVE procedures. CONCLUSIONS Plasma bile salt levels early after PVE strongly correlated with the regenerative response in a rabbit model of PVE, showing more pronounced elevation with larger volume increase of the nonembolized lobe. Therefore, plasma bile salts, but not triglycerides, can be used in the prediction of the regenerative response after PVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette T Hoekstra
- Department of Surgery (Surgical Laboratory), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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You JS, Chung YE, Lee HJ, Chung SP, Park I, Kim MJ, Park MS, Lim JS, Choi JY, Kim S, Kim KW. Liver trauma diagnosis with contrast-enhanced ultrasound: interobserver variability between radiologist and emergency physician in an animal study. Am J Emerg Med 2011; 30:1229-34. [PMID: 21871760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to evaluate interobserver variability between the radiologist and emergency physician in detecting blunt liver trauma by conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) (CEUS). METHODS We created 20 sites of blunt liver trauma in rabbits and performed conventional US and CEUS on the animals. A radiologist and an emergency physician independently evaluated the degree of liver trauma. Using contrast-enhanced computed tomography as a reference standard, the diagnostic performance of US and CEUS was calculated. Interobserver variability between radiologist and emergency physician was compared before and after contrast enhancement of US. RESULTS Overall sensitivity and specificity for detecting liver trauma on conventional US, regardless of the degree of trauma, were 61.1% and 100% for the radiologist and 50% and 100% for the emergency physician. On CEUS, the sensitivity and specificity were 94.4% and 100% for both the radiologist and emergency physician. The interobserver agreement between emergency physician and radiologist increased from 0.867 to 0.955 after contrast enhancement on US. CONCLUSIONS Contrast-enhanced US may permit a more accurate diagnosis for liver trauma than conventional US by both the radiologist and emergency physician. Contrast-enhanced US may also reduce interobserver variability for this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Sung You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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Considerations for implantation site of VX2 carcinoma into rabbit liver. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 20:113-7. [PMID: 19028118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether the implantation site of VX2 carcinoma into rabbit liver affects successful vessel selection for transcatheter arterial interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups. All implantations were performed by open laparotomy with minced tumor cells inserted into a 16-gauge Angiocath needle. Group I rabbits (n = 12) had tumor implanted into the left medial lobe of the liver and group II rabbits (n = 12) had tumor implanted into the left lateral lobe. Two weeks after implantation, selective angiography was performed for subsequent chemoembolization, which was part of a different study. Tested variables included maximum tumor diameter, tumor feeding artery size, and tumor vascularity. RESULTS Successful tumor growth was achieved in all rabbits. Selective angiography was possible in 33.3% of rabbits in group I and 66.6% of rabbits in group II (P < .05). Tumor size and vascularity were similar between groups. Mean lengths of tumor feeder arteries from the bifurcation of the left hepatic artery were 4.1 mm +/- 1.2 in group I (left medial lobe) and 10.8 mm +/- 3.0 in group II (left lateral lobe; P < .05). The angulation of the left medial lobar artery (group I) off the left hepatic artery was acute in eight of 12 rabbits (66.6%), but only four of 12 rabbits in group II (33.3%) showed acute angulation of the left lateral lobar artery off the left hepatic artery (P < .05). Mean angiography time was significantly shorter in group II. CONCLUSIONS For selective hepatic arterial interventions, the left lateral lobe of the liver may be favorable as an implantation site for VX2 tumors in rabbits.
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Selwyn RG, Avila-Rodriguez MA, Converse AK, Hampel JA, Jaskowiak CJ, McDermott JC, Warner TF, Nickles RJ, Thomadsen BR. 18F-labeled resin microspheres as surrogates for90Y resin microspheres used in the treatment of hepatic tumors: a radiolabeling and PET validation study. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52:7397-408. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/24/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sato KT, Larson AC, Rhee TK, Salem RA, Nemcek AA, Mounajjed T, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Nikolaides P, Omary RA. Real-time MRI monitoring of transcatheter hepatic artery contrast agent delivery in rabbits. Acad Radiol 2005; 12:1342-50. [PMID: 16179211 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2005.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES We sought to test the hypothesis that transcatheter hepatic artery delivery of dilute gadolinium (Gd) in rabbits can be monitored in real-time using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Catheters (2F) were inserted via a femoral access into the hepatic arteries of six New Zealand White rabbits under radiographic guidance. After transfer to a 1.5-T MRI scanner, 26 separate hepatic artery injections of 2 mL of 4% Gd and 14 sham injections were performed. Real-time imaging of all injections was acquired using two-dimensional projection inversion recovery-gradient echo. Films of these 40 injections, as well as 10 random repeats, were independently reviewed in a randomized, blinded fashion by two Certificate of Added Qualification-certified interventional radiologists. Observers reported (i) if Gd injection occurred and (ii) if so, the location of delivery. For each observer, we compared sensitivity/specificity for real-time visualization of contrast injection and accuracy of injection localization. Interobserver and intraobserver variability was assessed using the kappa statistic. X-ray digital subtraction angiography was the gold standard for all MRI studies. RESULTS Both observers had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93%. Accuracy for intrahepatic contrast delivery was 77% for both observers. Accuracy for extrahepatic delivery was 92% and 96%, respectively. Both interobserver and intraobserver agreement was outstanding. CONCLUSIONS In rabbits, MRI allows for accurate real-time monitoring of transcatheter hepatic artery delivery of contrast agent. Localization accuracy is higher outside the liver than within the liver. These results can be used as a baseline reference for comparing the accuracy of delivery of Gd-tagged therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent T Sato
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 251 E. Huron St, 4-710 Feinberg, Chicago, IL 60611,USA.
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