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Cruz-Sanabria F, Faraguna U, Violi M, Bruno S, Gravina D, Bonelli C, Bazzani A, Massoni L, Musetti L, Simoncini M, Frumento P, Dell'Osso L, Carmassi C. Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep and circadian rhythm parameters in bipolar disorder with comorbid delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: An actigraphic study. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 165:96-104. [PMID: 37487294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effect of exogenous melatonin (exo-MEL) on sleep and circadian parameters in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD). BD euthymic patients (n = 83, mean age = 45.13 ± 13.68, males 56%) were evaluated for chronotype (reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire [rMEQ]), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), sleep and circadian parameters (actigraphic monitoring). Patients that fulfilled criteria for DSWPD (n = 25) were treated for three months with exo-MEL 2 mg administered approximately 4 h before the sleep onset time (SOT) actigraphically-determined at baseline. Sleep and circadian parameters at baseline (T0) and after the exo-MEL treatment (T1) were compared using paired Wilcoxon test. In patients that completed the treatment (n = 19), the rMEQ score increased between T0 (median = 8.0 [IQR = 7.0, 11.0]) and T1 (median = 13.5 [IQR = 9.3, 15.0], p-value = 0.006), the SOT was advanced between T0 (median = 00:55 [IQR = 00:25, 01:39] and T1 (median = 00:09 [IQR = 23:41, 01:04], p-value = 0.039), the sleep efficiency and total sleep time increased (T0: median = 84.4 [IQR = 81.3, 89.4]; T1 (median = 90.3 [IQR = 85.5, 92.9] %, p-value = 0.01, and T0: median = 7.20 [IQR = 6.15, 8.15]; T1: median = 7.7 [IQR = 7.0, 9.3] hours, p-value = 0.04, respectively). These results indicate that in BD with comorbid DSWPD, the self-reported chronotype, the sleep onset time, and sleep efficiency and duration were modified after a personalized treatment with exo-MEL, suggesting its potential efficacy in improving sleep patterns in BD. The absence of proper control groups and of treatment randomization constitute limitations of our study and further randomized controlled trials are required to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francy Cruz-Sanabria
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Viale del Tirreno, 341/A/B/C, 56128, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Miriam Violi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Bruno
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Gravina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bazzani
- Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, piazza Martiri della libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Massoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Musetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marly Simoncini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Frumento
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Pisa, via Serafini 3, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Veyrier M, Ariouat I, Jacob A, Trout H, Bloch V, Delavest M, Bellivier F, Geoffroy PA. Use of immediate release melatonin in psychiatry: BMI impacts the daily-dose. Encephale 2020; 47:96-101. [PMID: 33349460 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a growing interest in psychiatry regarding melatonin use both for its soporific and chronobiotic effects. This study aimed to evaluate factors impacting the daily-dose. METHODS In a university department of psychiatry in Paris (France), we conducted a posteriori naturalistic observational study from April 03, 2017 to January 31, 2018. We assessed links between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and daily dose of melatonin (the daily-dose of melatonin initiation and the daily-dose at Hospital discharge). A survey of drug interactions was performed regarding metabolic inducers and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 1A2. RESULTS Forty patients were included and treated with immediate-release melatonin. For patients with no history of melatonin use, the initiation dose of was 2 or 4mg, with no effects of age, weight, BMI, melatonin indication, cause of hospitalization. We found that higher discharge dose was associated with higher BMI (P=0.036) and more reevaluations of melatonin dose (P=0.00019). All patients with a moderate inducer (n=3, here lansoprazole) were significantly more associated with the discontinuation melatonin group (P=0.002). CONCLUSION The BMI and the number of reevaluations impact the daily dose of melatonin. Two mechanisms may explain that BMI may need higher doses: (i) melatonin diffuses into the fat mass, (ii) the variant 24E on melatonin receptor MT2, more frequent in obese patients, leads to a decrease of the receptor signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veyrier
- Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
| | - I Ariouat
- Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - A Jacob
- Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Iserm U1144 optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, université Paris Descartes, université Paris Diderot, université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - H Trout
- Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - V Bloch
- Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Iserm U1144 optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, université Paris Descartes, université Paris Diderot, université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - M Delavest
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - F Bellivier
- Iserm U1144 optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, université Paris Descartes, université Paris Diderot, université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - P A Geoffroy
- Iserm U1144 optimisation thérapeutique en neuropsychopharmacologie, université Paris Descartes, université Paris Diderot, université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F. Widal, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
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Gottlieb JF, Benedetti F, Geoffroy PA, Henriksen TEG, Lam RW, Murray G, Phelps J, Sit D, Swartz HA, Crowe M, Etain B, Frank E, Goel N, Haarman BCM, Inder M, Kallestad H, Jae Kim S, Martiny K, Meesters Y, Porter R, Riemersma-van der Lek RF, Ritter PS, Schulte PFJ, Scott J, Wu JC, Yu X, Chen S. The chronotherapeutic treatment of bipolar disorders: A systematic review and practice recommendations from the ISBD task force on chronotherapy and chronobiology. Bipolar Disord 2019; 21:741-773. [PMID: 31609530 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To systematically review the literature on the efficacy and tolerability of the major chronotherapeutic treatments of bipolar disorders (BD)-bright light therapy (LT), dark therapy (DT), treatments utilizing sleep deprivation (SD), melatonergic agonists (MA), interpersonal social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), and cognitive behavioral therapy adapted for BD (CBTI-BP)-and propose treatment recommendations based on a synthesis of the evidence. METHODS PRISMA-based systematic review of the literature. RESULTS The acute antidepressant (AD) efficacy of LT was supported by several open-label studies, three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and one pseudorandomized controlled trial. SD showed rapid, acute AD response rates of 43.9%, 59.3%, and 59.4% in eight case series, 11 uncontrolled, studies, and one RCT, respectively. Adjunctive DT obtained significant, rapid anti-manic results in one RCT and one controlled study. The seven studies on MA yielded very limited data on acute antidepressant activity, conflicting evidence of both antimanic and maintenance efficacy, and support from two case series of improved sleep in both acute and euthymic states. IPSRT monotherapy for bipolar II depression had acute response rates of 41%, 67%, and 67.4% in two open studies and one RCT, respectively; as adjunctive therapy for bipolar depression in one RCT, and efficacy in reducing relapse in two RCTs. Among euthymic BD subjects with insomnia, a single RCT found CBTI-BP effective in delaying manic relapse and improving sleep. Chronotherapies were generally safe and well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS The outcome literature on the adjunctive use of chronotherapeutic treatments for BP is variable, with evidence bases that differ in size, study quality, level of evidence, and non-standardized treatment protocols. Evidence-informed practice recommendations are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Gottlieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Chicago Psychiatry Associates, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University - Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Tone E G Henriksen
- Faculty of Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Faculty of Psychology, Bergen Stress and Sleep Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Valen Hospital, Fonna Health Authority, Division of Mental Health Care, Valen, Norway
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Greg Murray
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Dorothy Sit
- Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Holly A Swartz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marie Crowe
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bruno Etain
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Universite Paris Diderot UFR de Medecine, Paris, France
| | - Ellen Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Namni Goel
- Department of Psychiatry Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maree Inder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Håvard Kallestad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Department of Research and Development, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Doeun Hospital, Jincheon, Korea
| | - Klaus Martiny
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavns, Denmark
| | - Ybe Meesters
- Department of Psychiatry Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rixt F Riemersma-van der Lek
- Department of Psychiatry Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp S Ritter
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitatsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jan Scott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Public Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Geoffroy PA, Micoulaud Franchi JA, Lopez R, Schroder CM. The use of melatonin in adult psychiatric disorders: Expert recommendations by the French institute of medical research on sleep (SFRMS). L'ENCEPHALE 2019; 45:413-423. [PMID: 31248601 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland at night. This hormone has many physiological functions, the main one being to synchronise individuals' biological rhythms. Exogenous melatonin has the same chronobiotic action, even at small doses (0.125mg). In addition, a sleep-inducing (soporific) action appears to occur in a dose-effect relationship, i.e. as the dose increases. In psychiatric disorders, these two effects could have interesting applications in clinical practice. The French institute of medical research on sleep (SFRMS) appointed a group of experts to conduct a consensus conference to study the indications of melatonin and the conditions of its prescription. An account of the conclusions on adult psychiatric disorders (presented orally at the Congress on Sleep in Marseille, 23 November 2017) is given here. Exogenous melatonin proves to be useful among patients with a stabilized psychiatric disorder or in remission, to prevent relapse in case of associated complaints of insomnia, poor quality sleep or delayed sleep phase syndrome. During acute phases, melatonin could be used as an adjuvant treatment when there are insomnia symptoms, in mood disorders (bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder), in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in peri-surgical anxiety and in schizophrenia. In somatoform disorders, melatonin is a possible treatment for painful symptoms in fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspeptic syndrome and temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Geoffroy
- Sleep Disorders Center & CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), University Hospital, 1, place de l'hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France; CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 5, rue Blaise-Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Paris Diderot University - Paris VII, 5, rue Thomas-Mann, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - J-A Micoulaud Franchi
- Services d'explorations fonctionnelles du système nerveux, clinique du sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, université de Bordeaux, CHU de Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Lopez
- Unité des troubles du sommeil, département de neurologie, centre national de référence narcolepsie, hypersomnies rares, hôpital Gui de Chauliac, 34000 Montpellier, France; Inserm U1061, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - C M Schroder
- Sleep Disorders Center & CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), University Hospital, 1, place de l'hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France; CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 5, rue Blaise-Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Strasbourg University Hospital, 1, place de l'hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY. Melatonin, adolescence, and the brain: An insight into the period-specific influences of a multifunctional signaling molecule. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1659-1671. [PMID: 29251845 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that is involved in the modulation of a wide range of physiological processes, including maintenance of the circadian rhythm, mediation of photoperiodic information, regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, synchronization of cell physiology, antioxidant defense, and immune-modulation. Although there are reports of increasing use of melatonin in the management of a number of health conditions, evidence exists that is suggestive of deleterious effects of melatonin administration on brain and reproductive development in the prepubertal and pubertal periods that are within the teenage years. In this review, we examine the influences of endogenous and exogenous melatonin on the adolescent brain, with specific reference to its involvement in the evolution of brain functions, brain structure, sleep regulation, and modulation of behaviors in health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Onaolapo
- Behavioral Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - A Y Onaolapo
- Behavioral Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Brown GM, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat J, Hardeland R. Depressive disorders: Processes leading to neurogeneration and potential novel treatments. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:189-204. [PMID: 28433459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are wide spread with estimates that one in seven of the population are affected at some time in their life (Kessler et al., 2012). Many of those affected with severe depressive disorders have cognitive deficits which may progress to frank neurodegeneration. There are several peripheral markers shown by patients who have cognitive deficits that could represent causative factors and could potentially serve as guides to the prevention or even treatment of neurodegeneration. Circadian rhythm misalignment, immune dysfunction and oxidative stress are key pathologic processes implicated in neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction in depressive disorders. Novel treatments targeting these pathways may therefore potentially improve patient outcomes whereby the primary mechanism of action is outside of the monoaminergic system. Moreover, targeting immune dysfunction, oxidative stress and circadian rhythm misalignment (rather than primarily the monoaminergic system) may hold promise for truly disease modifying treatments that may prevent neurodegeneration rather than simply alleviating symptoms with no curative intent. Further research is required to more comprehensively understand the contributions of these pathways to the pathophysiology of depressive disorders to allow for disease modifying treatments to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St. Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rosenblat
- Resident of Psychiatry, Clinician Scientist Stream, University of Toronto, Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Buergerstrasse 50, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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La mélatonine et ses agonistes : un traitement adjuvant d’intérêt dans le trouble bipolaire ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msom.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bellivier F, Geoffroy PA, Etain B, Scott J. Sleep- and circadian rhythm-associated pathways as therapeutic targets in bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:747-63. [PMID: 25726988 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1018822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruptions in sleep and circadian rhythms are observed in individuals with bipolar disorders (BD), both during acute mood episodes and remission. Such abnormalities may relate to dysfunction of the molecular circadian clock and could offer a target for new drugs. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on clinical, actigraphic, biochemical and genetic biomarkers of BDs, as well as animal and cellular models, and highlights that sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are closely linked to the susceptibility to BDs and vulnerability to mood relapses. As lithium is likely to act as a synchronizer and stabilizer of circadian rhythms, we will review pharmacogenetic studies testing circadian gene polymorphisms and prophylactic response to lithium. Interventions such as sleep deprivation, light therapy and psychological therapies may also target sleep and circadian disruptions in BDs efficiently for treatment and prevention of bipolar depression. EXPERT OPINION We suggest that future research should clarify the associations between sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances and alterations of the molecular clock in order to identify critical targets within the circadian pathway. The investigation of such targets using human cellular models or animal models combined with 'omics' approaches are crucial steps for new drug development.
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Maldonado MD, Reiter RJ, Pérez-San-Gregorio MA. Melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent in psychiatric illness. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:391-400. [PMID: 19551767 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to summarize the potential use of melatonin in the treatment of mental disorders, specifically bipolar disorders, depression, and schizophrenia. To date, melatonin has been most commonly used in psychiatry because of its hypnotic, rhythm resynchronizing, and antioxidant actions. Here, we examine other properties of the melatonin including its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and drug detoxification actions as well as its protective effects against neural loss. The brain is an intricate sensory and motor organ which receives information from both the external and internal environments. It transduces information into complex chemical and electrical signals which are transmitted throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and the organism. The pathogenesis of mental disorders remains ambiguous and neuroinflammation has been proposed as a causative agent. We consider the potential contributions of melatonin as therapeutic agent in CNS and during neuroinflammation in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Maldonado
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville Medical School, Seville, Spain.
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Potter M, Moses A, Wozniak J. Alternative treatments in pediatric bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009; 18:483-514, xi. [PMID: 19264275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the use of complementary and alternative treatments in pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD). There are limited data, however, regarding the safety and efficacy of these treatments. This article discusses select complementary and alternative treatments that have been considered for use in pediatric BPD and/or depression, including omega-3-fatty acids, inositol, St. John's wort, SAMe, melatonin, lecithin, and acupuncture. Background information, reference to available adult and pediatric data, proposed mechanisms of action, dosing, side effects, and precautions of these treatments are included. Across the board, more research is necessary and warranted regarding the long-term safety and efficacy of available complementary and alternative treatments for the management of pediatric BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Potter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Melatonin zur medikamentösen Behandlung kindlicher Insomnien. SOMNOLOGIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-007-0317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hallam KT, Berk M, Kader LF, Conus P, Lucas NC, Hasty M, Macneil CM, McGorry PD. Seasonal influences on first-episode admission in affective and non-affective psychosis. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2006; 18:154-61. [PMID: 26989967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since bipolar affective disorder has been recorded, clinicians treating patients with this disorder have noted the cyclic nature of episodes, particularly an increase in mania in the spring and summer months and depression during winter. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate seasonality in symptom onset and service admissions over a period of 10 years in a group of patients (n= 359) with first-episode (FE) mania (n= 133), FE schizoaffective disorder (n= 49) and FE schizophrenia (n= 177). METHOD Patients were recruited if they were between 15 and 28 years of age and if they resided in the geographical mental health service catchment area. The number of patients experiencing symptom onset and service admission over each month and season was recorded. RESULTS In terms of seasonality of time of service admission, the results indicate a high overall seasonality (particularly in men), which was observed in both the schizoaffective and the bipolar groups. In terms of seasonality of symptom onset, the results indicate that seasonality remains in the male bipolar group, but other groups have no seasonal trend. CONCLUSIONS This provides further evidence that systems mediating the entrainment of biological rhythms to the environment may be more pronounced in BPAD than in schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. These results may help facilitate the preparedness of mental heath services for patients at different times of the year.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a number of studies that suggest a relationship between decline of melatonin function and the symptoms of dementia. OBJECTIVES The review assessed the evidence of clinical efficacy and safety of melatonin in the treatment of manifestations of dementia or cognitive impairment (CI). SEARCH STRATEGY The Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialized Register was searched for trials involving melatonin on 5 October 2005. The search terms used were MELATONIN, and N-ACETYL-5-METHOXYTRYPTAMINE. This Register contains records from all major health care databases as well as many ongoing trials databases and is updated regularly. SELECTION CRITERIA All relevant, randomized controlled trials in which orally administered melatonin in any dosage was compared with a control group for the effect on managing cognitive, behavioural (excluding sleep), and/or affective disturbances of people with dementia of any degree of severity. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two to three reviewers independently assessed the retrieved articles for relevance and methodological quality, and extracted data from the selected studies. Statistically significant differences in changes in outcomes from baseline to end of treatment between the melatonin and control groups were examined. Each study was summarized using a measure of effect (e.g. mean difference) and meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate. MAIN RESULTS Three studies met the inclusion criteria. This review revealed non-significant effects from the pooled estimates of MMSE cognitive, and ADAS-cognitive change scores. Individual study estimates for treatment effect demonstrated a significant improvement for melatonin compared with placebo in behavioural and affective symptoms as measured by the ADAS non-cognitive scale in a study of 20 patients, and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) following treatment with 2.5 mg/day (SR) melatonin, but not with 10mg/day (IR) melatonin in a larger study of 157 patients. The remainder of the treatment effects for affect, behaviour and activities of daily living were non-significant. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of melatonin in managing the cognitive and non-cognitive sequelae of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothy Forbes
- University of Western OntarioH33 Health Sciences Addition, Arthur Labatt Family School of NursingLondonOntarioCanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Vicky Duncan
- University of SaskatchewanHealth Sciences LibrarySaskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Debra G Morgan
- University of SaskatchewanCanadian Centre for Health and Safety in AgricultureWing 3E, Royal University Hospital103 Hospital Drive SaskatoonSaskatchewanCanadaS7N 0W8
| | - Reem Malouf
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordCochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement GroupJohn Radcliffe Hospital (4th Floor, Room 4401C)HeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 9DU
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Post RM. Adjunctive strategies in the treatment of refractory bipolar depression: clinician options in the absence of a systematic database. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005; 6:531-46. [PMID: 15934880 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.6.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple approaches to enhancing antidepressant treatment response in bipolar depression are available and should, in many instances, be explored despite a lack of definitive controlled trial literature supporting their efficacy. Given that the morbidity of depression is three times greater than mania in bipolar illness, a range of treatment approaches to this phase of illness should be pursued. This paper highlights the preliminary evidence of efficacy versus side effects, tolerability, and safety in order to suggest an overall provisional utility grade for each well-studied to highly-experimental option. Given the general paucity of evidence to support efficacy or to sequence different approaches for augmenting treatment of bipolar depression, it is critical that patient and physician adopt a systematic and, preferably, daily rating approach to the assessment of benefit for a given patient of each strategy contemplated. The goal is to achieve and maintain remission of depressive symptoms and associated comorbidities, which is often not accomplished using primary mood stabilizer treatments alone, or in combination; thus, an active clinical approach to augmentation strategies is indicated even when the literature provides only highly preliminary guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Post
- Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 10 Center Drive MSC 1272, Bldg. 10, Room 3S239, Bethesda, MD 20892-1272, USA.
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16
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Forbes D, Jansen SL, Duncan V, Morgan DG. Melatonin for cognitive impairment. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003802.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Paavonen EJ, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Vanhala R, Aronen ET, von Wendt L. Effectiveness of melatonin in the treatment of sleep disturbances in children with Asperger disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2003; 13:83-95. [PMID: 12804129 DOI: 10.1089/104454603321666225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common in patients with Asperger disorder. Although these sleep problems are often persistent and may significantly impair the child's daytime well-being, no treatment studies have been reported. In this open clinical trial, the effectiveness of melatonin was studied in a sample of 15 children with Asperger disorder (13 boys, 2 girls) aged 6-17 years using several questionnaires and actigraph measurements. They included assessments of sleep quality, tiredness, and behavior. Melatonin (3 mg/day) was used for 14 days. All the measurements were made three times: before the treatment period, during the treatment (days 12-14), and 3 weeks after the discontinuation of the treatment. The sleep patterns of all the children improved, and half of them displayed excellent responses to melatonin. In particular, actigraphically measured sleep latency decreased from 40.02 +/- 24.09 minutes to 21.82 +/- 9.64 minutes (p = 0.002), whereas sleep duration remained steady at 477.40 +/- 55.56 minutes and 480.48 +/- 50.71 minutes. Despite the short duration of the treatment, behavioral measures also displayed a significant improvement, and most of the effect disappeared after the discontinuation of the melatonin (p = 0.001). In conclusion, melatonin may provide an interesting new and well-tolerated treatment option for children with Asperger disorder suffering from chronic insomnia. However, these results must be confirmed in a controlled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Juulia Paavonen
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Lastenlinnantie 11 C 29, PO Box 280, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Abstract
Paediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is an increasingly diagnosed disorder affecting an estimated 1% of children and adolescents. Pharmacological treatment studies in PBD have lagged far behind those in adults. Children are currently treated with pharmacological agents, most of which have proven efficacy in adults. However, PBD is distinct from adult forms of bipolar disorder (BD) and may present unique treatment challenges. PBD often presents with rapid cycling and mixed manic states and a high co-morbidity with behavioural and attention disorders. Early onset depression may also be an early sign of PBD. Due to developmental considerations, the diagnosis of BD may be difficult to make in children without semi-structured interviews. This report discusses the special issues that should be considered when treating PBD and reviews the current literature regarding pharmacotherapy of this population. Mood stabilisers have been studied mostly in an open, uncontrolled fashion but there is growing evidence that lithium, divalproex and carbamazepine are effective in treating PBD. More recent treatment options include atypical antipsychotics and newer anticonvulsants. Other novel agents are currently being investigated in adult BD and may prove applicable to the paediatric form. Finally, based on the available data, a treatment algorithm for PBD is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Chang
- The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
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Abstract
The debate regarding the possible existence of prepubertal bipolar illness has surfaced at various points in history. In its most recent incarnation, proponents of a childhood bipolar diagnosis argue that there is an early-onset form of bipolar illness that is highly comorbid and characterized by simultaneous irritability and depression. Others have suggested that childhood manic symptoms are more likely a nonspecific indicator of risk, or may be the result of symptom overlap with various other forms of childhood pathology. This article briefly reviews pertinent findings from epidemiologic, developmental, family, and treatment studies that shed light on the etiology, phenomenology, and developmental significance of manic symptoms in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Carlson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8790, USA.
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Abstract
Complementary or alternative medicines in the United States have received prominent attention during recent years. Though there seems to be little rigorous support for the long-term efficacy and safety of these treatments in humans,1-2 the popularity of these natural products persists. It has been estimated that, for 1997, 12 percent of the U.S. population (approximately 24 million people) had used herbal medicines within the previous 12 months, and that 5 billion dollars had been spent on these products during that same year.3 Two of the alternative medicines included are dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and melatonin. DHEA is a hormone produced primarily by the adrenal glands, and is a precursor for endogenous steroid production (e.g., testosterone, estrogen). DHEA is also believed to exert central pharmacologic effects. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is involved in circadium rhythm maintenance and sleep regulation. Because of extensive physiological effects, these two neuro-hormones are being advocated for the treatment of several medical disorders, as well as for routine ailments. The purpose of this article is to discuss salient, pharmacotherapeutic-related characteristics of each hormone, and to briefly review supporting evidence from studies using human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Caley
- Assistant Clinical Professor of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Clinical Psychopharmacology Consultant, The Institute of Living, Burlingame Center for Psychiatric Research and Education. 400 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106-3392
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