1
|
Sarno E, Robison AJ. Emerging role of viral vectors for circuit-specific gene interrogation and manipulation in rodent brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 174:2-8. [PMID: 29709585 PMCID: PMC6369584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past half century, novel tools have allowed the characterization of myriad molecular underpinnings of neural phenomena including synaptic function, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration, membrane excitability, and neurogenetics/epigenetics. More recently, transgenic mice have made possible cell type-specific explorations of these phenomena and have provided critical models of many neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, it has become clear that many critical areas of study require tools allowing the study and manipulation of individual neural circuits within the brain, and viral vectors have come to the forefront in driving these circuit-specific studies. Here, we present a surface-level review of the general classes of viral vectors used for study of the brain, along with their suitability for circuit-specific studies. We then cover in detail a new long-lasting, retrograde expressing form of herpes simplex virus termed LT-HSV that has become highly useful in circuit-based studies. We detail some of its current uses and propose a variety of future uses for this critical new tool, including circuit-based transgene overexpression, gene editing, and gene expression profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sarno
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alfred J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang W, Zinsmaier AK, Firestone E, Lin R, Yatskievych TA, Yang S, Zhang J, Bao S. Blocking Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Expression Prevents Blast-Induced Excitatory/Inhibitory Synaptic Imbalance and Parvalbumin-Positive Interneuron Loss in the Hippocampus. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2306-2316. [PMID: 29649942 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of neurological disorder and death in civilian and military populations. It comprises two components-direct injury from the traumatic impact and secondary injury from ensuing neural inflammatory responses. Blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a central regulator of neural inflammation, has been shown to improve functional recovery after TBI. However, the mechanisms underlying those therapeutic effects are still poorly understood. Here, we examined effects of 3,6'-dithiothalidomide (dTT), a potentially therapeutic TNF-α inhibitor, in mice with blast-induced TBI. We found that blast exposure resulted in elevated expression of TNF-α, activation of microglial cells, enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission, reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission, and a loss of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) inhibitory interneurons. Administration of dTT for 5 days after the blast exposure completely suppressed blast-induced increases in TNF-α transcription, largely reversed blasted-induced synaptic changes, and prevented PV+ neuron loss. However, blocking TNF-α expression by dTT failed to mitigate blast-induced microglial activation in the hippocampus, as evidenced by their non-ramified morphology. These results indicate that TNF-α plays a major role in modulating neuronal functions in blast-induced TBI and that it is a potential target for treatment of TBI-related brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wang
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alexander K Zinsmaier
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ethan Firestone
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ruizhu Lin
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,3 Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tatiana A Yatskievych
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sungchil Yang
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shaowen Bao
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dorigo O, Gil JS, Gallaher SD, Tan BT, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR, Calos MP, Berk AJ. Development of a novel helper-dependent adenovirus-Epstein-Barr virus hybrid system for the stable transformation of mammalian cells. J Virol 2004; 78:6556-66. [PMID: 15163748 PMCID: PMC416543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.12.6556-6566.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) episomes are stably maintained in permissive proliferating cell lines due to EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) protein-mediated replication and segregation. Previous studies showed the ability of EBV episomes to confer long-term transgene expression and correct genetic defects in deficient cells. To achieve quantitative delivery of EBV episomes in vitro and in vivo, we developed a binary helper-dependent adenovirus (HDA)-EBV hybrid system that consists of one HDA vector for the expression of Cre recombinase and a second HDA vector that contains all of the sequences for the EBV episome flanked by loxP sites. Upon coinfection of cells, Cre expressed from the first vector recombined loxP sites on the second vector. The resulting circular EBV episomes expressed a transgene and contained the EBV-derived family of repeats, an EBNA-1 expression cassette, and 19 kb of human DNA that functions as a replication origin in mammalian cells. This HDA-EBV hybrid system transformed 40% of cultured cells. Transgene expression in proliferating cells was observed for over 20 weeks under conditions that selected for the expression of the transgene. In the absence of selection, EBV episomes were lost at a rate of 8 to 10% per cell division. Successful delivery of EBV episomes in vivo was demonstrated in the liver of transgenic mice expressing Cre from the albumin promoter. This novel gene transfer system has the potential to confer long-term episomal transgene expression and therefore to correct genetic defects with reduced vector-related toxicity and without insertional mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dorigo
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|