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Fagiolini A, Cardoner N, Pirildar S, Ittsakul P, Ng B, Duailibi K, El Hindy N. Moving from serotonin to serotonin-norepinephrine enhancement with increasing venlafaxine dose: clinical implications and strategies for a successful outcome in major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1715-1723. [PMID: 37501324 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2242264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental health disorders, especially depressive and anxiety disorders, are associated with substantial health-related burden. While the second-generation antidepressants are widely accepted as first-line pharmacological treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), patient response to such treatment is variable, with more than half failing to achieve complete remission, and residual symptoms are frequently present. AREAS COVERED Here, the pharmacodynamics of venlafaxine XR are reviewed in relation to its role as both a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and a serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), and we look at how these pharmacodynamic properties can be harnessed to guide clinical practice, asking the question 'is it possible to develop a symptom-cluster-based approach to the treatment of MDD with comorbid anxiety utilizing venlafaxine XR?.' Additionally, three illustrative clinical cases provide practical examples of the utility of venlafaxine-XR in real-world clinical practice. The place of venlafaxine XR in managing fatigue/low energy, a frequent residual symptom in MDD, is explored using pooled data from clinical trials of venlafaxine XR. EXPERT OPINION Venlafaxine XR should be considered as a first-line treatment for MDD with or without comorbid anxiety, and there are clear pharmacodynamic signals supporting a symptom cluster-based treatment paradigm for venlafaxine XR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy
| | - Narcis Cardoner
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebnem Pirildar
- Department of Mental Health and Diseases, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pichai Ittsakul
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernardo Ng
- Mexican Consortium of Neuropsychopharmacology, Mexico, Sun Valley Research Center, Imperial, California, USA
| | - Kalil Duailibi
- Department of Psychiatry, Santo Amaro University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nasser El Hindy
- American Center Neurology and Psychiatry, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Antidepressive-Like Effect of Aegle marmelos Leaf Extract in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behaviour in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6479953. [PMID: 36593774 PMCID: PMC9805397 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6479953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Depression is a psychiatric disorder leading to anhedonia and lack of interest and motivation. Depressive symptoms are triggered by stressful life events, and patients with major depression are at significantly increased risk of attempting suicide. The crucial concern in depression treatment with antidepressant medications is that few weeks are required to show the therapeutic effect along with moderate side effects. The use of herbal medications is a new strategy for the treatment of depression which is often based on medicinal plants.Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (family: Rutaceae) is reported to have several actions on the central nervous system producing beneficial effects in anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and convulsion. Thus, the current investigation designed to assess the antidepressant activity of the standardized hydroethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos (EAM) leaves in male rats exposed to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm. Methods Rats were divided in 5 groups. The control group was not subjected to experimental CUMS paradigm, while 4 other groups were subjected to CUMS paradigm to induce depression-like behaviour from day 1 to day 28. Following the CUMS paradigm, 4 groups were divided as CUMS disease control, CUMS+EAM (150 mg/kg, p.o.), CUMS+EAM (300 mg/kg, p.o.), and CUMS+imipramine (15 mg/kg, p.o.), and treatment was given for seven consecutive days to the respective groups (day 29 to day 35). Behavioural parameters such as open field test, forced swim test, sucrose feeding test, and tail suspension test on day 1, day 28, and day 35 were measured, and biochemical parameters such as plasma corticosterone level, serotonergic system (5-HT, 5-HIAA, and 5-HT/5-HIAA), mitochondrial function, and proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were estimated in hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions of the brain on day 35, after the behavioural observations. On the other hand, phytochemical profile of Aegle marmelos was done. Results On day 35, EAM (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time during the tail suspension test from 208.66 ± 4.72 s to 108.83 ± 4.81 s and forced swim test from 200.16 ± 4.12 s to 148.5 ± 4.58 s. It also enhanced the behavioural parameters in the open field test such as ambulation from 26.5 ± 2.14 to 56.5 ± 1.80, rearing from 8.33 ± 0.71 to 19 ± 0.57, time spent in centre from 9.16 ± 0.9 to 17.16 ± 0.79 s, total distance travelled from 2.36 ± 0.12 to 4.68 ± 0.10 m, and anhedonia in the sucrose feeding test from 109.33 ± 1.08 to 135.83 ± 3.91 mL. The stimulation of the HPA axis resulting elevated corticosterone level caused by CUMS was reduced by EAM (300 mg/kg) from 80.12 ± 2.020 to 48.25 ± 2.407 μg/dL. Furthermore, EAM (300 mg/kg) increase CUMS-induced changes in serotonin (5-HT) level in HIP and PFC from 3.132 ± 0.09586 to 4.518 ± 0.1812 and 4.308 ± 0.1593 to 5.262 ± 0.1014 ng/mg protein, respectively. EAM (300 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the CUMS-induced changes in proinflammatory cytokine production and mitochondrial function in HIP and PFC. One group used to determine the acute toxicity as per OECD-23 standard protocol which resulted that 300 mg/kg EAM has no significant acute toxicity. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of standardized hydroalcoholic extract of AM was found 95.024 ± 2.431 and 36.820 ± 3.41, respectively, and additional identification tests showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Conclusion On the basis of findings, EAM can be inferred as a potential antidepressant-like effect of this plan in preclinical research.
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Li J, Lu C, Gao Z, Feng Y, Luo H, Lu T, Sun X, Hu J, Luo Y. SNRIs achieve faster antidepressant effects than SSRIs by elevating the concentrations of dopamine in the forebrain. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108237. [PMID: 32710978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental disorder with a high disability rate worldwide. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the most common agents for antidepressant use. SSRIs and SNRIs are believed to achieve antidepressant effects through the activation of serotonergic or noradrenergic systems. However, whether the dopaminergic system is involved remains unclear. In our study, a genetically encoded dopamine sensor and in vivo fiber photometry recordings were used to measure the dopamine concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) after acute intraperitoneal injection of SSRIs or SNRIs. Combined with the behavioral tests, we found that SNRIs increased dopamine concentrations in both the mPFC and the NAc and showed faster antidepressant effects than SSRIs. To verify the enhanced dopamine levels induce the faster antidepressant effects of SNRIs, we employed dopamine receptor antagonists to specifically block the dopaminergic function. The results showed that the faster antidepressant effects of SNRIs were weakened by the dopamine receptor antagonists. Altogether, our study reveals that SNRIs achieve faster antidepressant effects than SSRIs by elevating the dopamine concentrations in the mPFC and the NAc. Our work proposes further mechanisms for the first-line antidepressants, which provides more basis for clinical treatments. This article is part of the special issue on Stress, Addiction and Plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zilong Gao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (CIBR), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yifan Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Huoqing Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tangsheng Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Xia Sun
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Yanli Luo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Fernandez-Lopez L, Pellegrini M, Rotolo MC, Luna Maldonado A, Falcon M, Mancini R. Development and validation of a method for analysing of duloxetine, venlafaxine and amitriptyline in human bone. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Novel serotonin transporter regulators: Natural aristolane- and nardosinane- types of sesquiterpenoids from Nardostachys chinensis Batal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15114. [PMID: 29118341 PMCID: PMC5678126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin transporter (SERT) is a classic target of drug discovery for neuropsychiatric and digestive disorders, and against those disorders, plants of Nardostachys genus have been valued for centuries in the systems of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurvedic and Unani. Herein, chemical investigation on the roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys chinensis Batal. led to the isolation of forty sesquiterpenoids including six new aristolane-type sesquiterpenoids and six new nardosinane-type sesquiterprenoids. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, combined with analyses of circular dichroism and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. To explore natural product scaffolds with SERT regulating activity, a high-content assay for measurement of SERT function in vitro was conducted to evaluate the SERT regulating properties of these isolates. In conclusion, eleven compounds could be potential natural product scaffolds for developing drug candidates targeting SERT. Among which, kanshone C of aristolane-type sesquiterpenoid inhibited SERT most strongly, while desoxo-nachinol A of nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoid instead enhanced SERT potently.
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The recent progress in animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 77:99-109. [PMID: 28396255 PMCID: PMC5605906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental illness with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the growing number of studies that have emerged, the precise underlying mechanisms of MDD remain unknown. When studying MDD, tissue samples like peripheral blood or post-mortem brain samples are used to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Unfortunately, there are many uncontrollable factors with such samples such as medication history, age, time after death before post-mortem tissue was collected, age, sex, race, and living conditions. Although these factors are critical, they introduce confounding variables that can influence the outcome profoundly. In this regard, animal models provide a crucial approach to examine neural circuitry and molecular and cellular pathways in a controlled environment. Further, manipulations with pharmacological agents and gene editing are accepted methods of studying depression in animal models, which is impossible to employ in human patient studies. Here, we have reviewed the most widely used animal models of depression and delineated the salient features of each model in terms of behavioral and neurobiological outcomes. We have also illustrated the current challenges in using these models and have suggested strategies to delineate the underlying mechanism associated with vulnerability or resilience to developing depression.
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Xu Y, Bai SJ, Lan XH, Qin B, Huang T, Xie P. Randomized controlled trials of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in treating major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 49:S0100-879X2016000600704. [PMID: 27240293 PMCID: PMC4897997 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20164806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New generation antidepressant therapies, including serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs), were introduced in the late 1980s; however, few comprehensive studies have compared the benefits and risks of various contemporary treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) in young patients. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases was conducted from 1970 to January 2015. Only clinical trials that randomly assigned one SNRI or placebo to patients aged 7 to 18 years who met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder were included. Treatment success, dropout rate, and suicidal ideation/attempt outcomes were measured. Primary efficacy was determined by pooling the risk ratios (RRs) of treatment response and remission. Acceptability was determined by pooling the RRs of dropouts for all reasons and for adverse effects as well as suicide-risk outcomes. Five trials with a total of 973 patients were included. SNRIs were not significantly more effective than placebo for treatment response but were for remission. The comparison of patients taking SNRIs that dropped out for all reasons and those taking placebo did not reach statistical significance. Significantly more patients taking SNRIs dropped out for adverse effects than those taking placebo. No significant difference was found in suicide-related risk outcomes. SNRI therapy does not display a superior efficacy and is not better tolerated compared to placebo in these young patients. However, duloxetine has a potential beneficial effect for depression in young populations, showing a need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S J Bai
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X H Lan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - B Qin
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - T Huang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - P Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Stasiuk W, Szopa A, Serefko A, Wyska E, Świąder K, Dudka J, Wlaź P, Poleszak E. Influence of the selective antagonist of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, traxoprodil, on the antidepressant-like activity of desipramine, paroxetine, milnacipran, and bupropion in mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:387-396. [PMID: 27900470 PMCID: PMC5310560 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical studies indicated that a blockade of the NMDA receptor complex creates new opportunities for the treatment of affective disorders, including depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of traxoprodil (10 mg/kg) on the activity of desipramine (10 mg/kg), paroxetine (0.5 mg/kg), milnacipran (1.25 mg/kg), and bupropion (10 mg/kg), each at sub-therapeutic doses. Moreover, brain levels of traxoprodil and tested agents were determined using HPLC. The obtained results were used to ascertain the nature of occurring interaction between traxoprodil and studied antidepressants. The experiment was carried out on naïve adult male Albino Swiss mice. Traxoprodil and other tested drugs were administered intraperitoneally. The influence of traxoprodil on the activity of selected antidepressants was evaluated in forced swim test (FST). Locomotor activity was estimated to exclude false positive/negative data. To assess the influence of traxoprodil on the concentration of used antidepressants, their levels were determined in murine brains using HPLC. Results indicated that traxoprodil potentiated activity of all antidepressants examined in FST and the observed effects were not due to the increase in locomotor activity. Only in the case of co-administration of traxoprodil and bupropion, increased bupropion concentrations in brain tissue were observed. All tested agents increased the traxoprodil levels in the brain. Administration of a sub-active dose of traxoprodil with antidepressants from different chemical groups, which act via enhancing monoaminergic transduction, caused the antidepressant-like effect in FST in mice. The interactions of traxoprodil with desipramine, paroxetine, milnacipran, and bupropion occur, at least partially, in the pharmacokinetic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Stasiuk
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, PL-20080, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL-20093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Serefko
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL-20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL-30688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Świąder
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL-20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 8, PL-20093, Lublin, Poland
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL-20950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL-20033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL-20093, Lublin, Poland
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Tamano R, Ishida M, Asaki T, Hasegawa M, Shinohara S. Effect of spinal monoaminergic neuronal system dysfunction on pain threshold in rats, and the analgesic effect of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Neurosci Lett 2016; 615:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zhou K, Jia N, Jiang N, Wang F, Kou J. Beneficial effect of Danggui-Shaoyao-San, a traditional Chinese medicine, on drowsiness induced by chronic restraint stress. Neurosci Lett 2015; 597:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Thase ME, Fayyad R, Cheng RFJ, Guico-Pabia CJ, Sporn J, Boucher M, Tourian KA. Effects of desvenlafaxine on blood pressure in patients treated for major depressive disorder: a pooled analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:809-20. [PMID: 25758058 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor desvenlafaxine on blood pressure and incidence of new onset hypertension in pooled short-term studies and in two longer-term, randomized withdrawal studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data from patients randomly assigned to desvenlafaxine 10 mg to 400 mg/day or placebo in 11 short-term (8-12 weeks), fixed-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) were pooled for analysis; two desvenlafaxine randomized withdrawal studies (36 and 46 weeks) were analyzed separately. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT00072774, NCT00073762, NCT00277823, NCT00300378, NCT00384033, NCT00798707, NCT00863798, NCT01121484, NCT00824291, NCT01432457, NCT00075257, NCT00887224. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes included change from baseline in supine systolic blood pressure (SSBP) and supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP), assessed using a mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) analysis, and incidence of hypertension (defined as three consecutive second SDBP measures ≥90 mm Hg AND increase of ≥10 mm Hg from baseline and/or SSBP ≥140 mm Hg AND increase of ≥10 mm Hg), analyzed using Cochran Mantel Hanzael tests. Potential predictors of change in SSBP and SDBP at LOCF were examined by including predictor variables in a regression model. RESULTS In the pooled, short-term studies, mean changes from baseline over time in SSBP and SDBP were statistically significant compared with placebo for the desvenlafaxine doses of 10 mg/day or greater for SSBP (p ≤ 0.0004; MMRM) and 25 mg/day or greater for SDBP (p ≤ 0.0449; MMRM). The proportion of patients with new onset hypertension differed significantly from placebo for the 50, 200, and 400 mg/day doses (1.9%, 2.4%, 4.8%, respectively, vs 0.8%; all p ≤ 0.0244). Predictors of change in BP included baseline SDBP, baseline SSBP, dose, body mass index, gender, age, race, and history of hypertension. LIMITATIONS Data were pooled from studies which differed somewhat in study design and patient demographics. None of the studies were originally designed to examine treatment effects on BP. Study entry criteria limit generalization of these results to medically stable patients with a primary diagnosis of MDD. CONCLUSIONS Short-term desvenlafaxine treatment was associated with small but statistically significant increases in SSBP and SDBP.
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Citó MCO, Silva MIG, Santos LKX, Fernandes ML, Melo FHC, Aguiar JAC, Lopes IS, Sousa PB, Vasconcelos SMM, Macêdo DS, Sousa FCF. Antidepressant-like effect of Hoodia gordonii in a forced swimming test in mice: evidence for involvement of the monoaminergic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:57-64. [PMID: 25493384 PMCID: PMC4288494 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hoodia gordonii is a plant species used traditionally in southern Africa to suppress appetite. Recently, it has been associated with a significant increase in blood pressure and pulse rate in women, suggesting sympathomimetic activity. The present study investigated the possible antidepressant-like effects of acute and repeated (15 days) administration of H. gordonii extract (25 and 50 mg/kg, po) to mice exposed to a forced swimming test (FST). Neurochemical analysis of brain monoamines was also carried out to determine the involvement of the monoaminergic system on these effects. Acute administration of H. gordonii decreased the immobility of mice in the FST without accompanying changes in general activity in the open-field test during acute treatment, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. The anti-immobility effect of H. gordonii was prevented by pretreatment of mice with PCPA [an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis], NAN-190 (a 5-HT1A antagonist), ritanserin (a 5-HT2A/2C antagonist), ondansetron (a 5-HT3A antagonist), prazosin (an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), SCH23390 (a D1 receptor antagonist), yohimbine (an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), and sulpiride (a D2 receptor antagonist). A significant increase in 5-HT levels in the striatum was detected after acute administration, while 5-HT, norepinephrine and dopamine were significantly elevated after chronic treatment. Results indicated that H. gordonii possesses antidepressant-like activity in the FST by altering the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C O Citó
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M I G Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - L K X Santos
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M L Fernandes
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F H C Melo
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J A C Aguiar
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - I S Lopes
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P B Sousa
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S M M Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - D S Macêdo
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F C F Sousa
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Han M, Ma X, Jin Y, Zhou W, Cao J, Wang Y, Zhou S, Wang G, Zhu Y. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of novel cinnamamide derivatives as antidepressant agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5284-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Accelerated hypertension after venlafaxine usage. Case Rep Psychiatry 2014; 2014:659715. [PMID: 25328745 PMCID: PMC4190979 DOI: 10.1155/2014/659715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Venlafaxine is the first antidepressant that acts via inhibiting serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. Hypertension is observed in doses exceeding 300 mg/day and is the most feared complication. We report a patient with accelerated hypertension after venlafaxine use observed at a dose of 150 mg/day. A 23-year-old patient with symptoms of insomnia, depression, anhedonia, fatigue admitted our clinic. Venlafaxine at a dose of 75 mg/day was initiated after he was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. After 5 months, venlafaxine dose was uptitrated to 150 mg/day due to inadequate response to drug. After using venlafaxine for ten months at the dose of 150 mg/day, he admitted our clinic with headache and epistaxis. He was hospitalized after his blood pressure was measured as 210/170 mmHg. No secondary causes for hypertension were found, and venlafaxine treatment was considered possible etiologic factor. After stopping venlafaxine treatment, his blood pressure was reverted back to normal limits. While mild elevation of blood pressure could be observed after venlafaxine treatment, this case shows that accelerated hypertension with a diastolic blood pressure rise above 120 mmHg could be observed at relatively low doses of venlafaxine. Close monitoring of blood pressure is necessary after initiation of treatment, as accelerated hypertension could cause endorgan damage with potentially catastrophic results.
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Yuen EY, Qin L, Wei J, Liu W, Liu A, Yan Z. Synergistic regulation of glutamatergic transmission by serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in prefrontal cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25177-85. [PMID: 25056951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoamine system in the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in various mental disorders and has been the major target of anxiolytics and antidepressants. Clinical studies show that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) produce better therapeutic effects than single selective reuptake inhibitors, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we found that low dose SNRIs, by acting on 5-HT(1A) and α2-adrenergic receptors, synergistically reduced AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and AMPAR surface expression in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons via a mechanism involving Rab5/dynamin-mediated endocytosis of AMPARs. The synergistic effect of SNRIs on AMPARs was blocked by inhibition of activator of G protein signaling 3, a G protein modulator that prevents reassociation of G(i) protein α subunit and prolongs the βγ-mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, the depression of AMPAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents by SNRIs required p38 kinase activity, which was increased by 5-HT(1A) and α2-adrenergic receptor co-activation in an activator of G protein signaling 3-dependent manner. These results have revealed a potential mechanism for the synergy between the serotonin and norepinephrine systems in the regulation of glutamatergic transmission in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Y Yuen
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Luye Qin
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Jing Wei
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215
| | - Wenhua Liu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Aiyi Liu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and
| | - Zhen Yan
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214 and Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215
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Abstract
Agents interfering with the reuptake of catecholamines and tryptamines are well-known drugs capable of treating serious illnesses, including depression, pain and dependence. Further therapeutic applications and use have been tested and an increase in the variety of the chemical templates has been achieved in the last few years. This review attempts to give an organic overview of molecules capable of simultaneously interfering with the reuptake of all the three major monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine/noradrenaline and serotonin).
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Rane RA, Napahde S, Bangalore PK, Sahu NU, Shah N, Kulkarni YA, Barve K, Lokare L, Karpoormath R. Synthesis and evaluation of novel marine bromopyrrole alkaloid-based derivatives as potential antidepressant agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:593-602. [PMID: 24797717 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report synthesis and screening of a series of twenty derivatives of bromopyrrole alkaloids with aroyl hydrazone feature for antidepressant activity by forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and actophotometer method. The molecules were further evaluated for in vitro human MAO's inhibitory activities. The tested compounds exhibited moderate to good antidepressant activity compared with standard fluoxetine. Among these, most promising antidepressant derivatives 5b (%DID = 60.48), 5e (%DID = 59), and 5j (%DID = 74.86) reduced immobility duration of 50-70% at 30 mg/kg dose levels in FST. Further, derivative 5b, 5e, and 5j displayed good antidepressant activity with %DID value of 47.50, 46.62, and 52.49, respectively, in TST compared with standard fluoxetine (66.56% DID). Compound 5b showed high in vitro MAO-A potency and selectivity (Ki MAO-A (μM) = 2.4 ± 0.99, SI = 0.06) with promising pharmacological activity recognizing its potential as antidepressant lead candidate for further drug development. Study revealed that the presence of halogen atoms such as chlorine and fluorine at ortho- and/or para-position of phenyl ring and N-alkylation of pyrrole core is favored features for antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh A Rane
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Dahale AB, Narayanaswamy JC, Venkatasubramanian G, Bagewadi VI. Successful use of agomelatine and venlafaxine combination in major depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:e3. [PMID: 24120022 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Bhalchandra Dahale
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India.
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Suh JH, Lee YY, Lee HJ, Kang M, Hur Y, Lee SN, Yang DH, Han SB. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets followed by high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of duloxetine in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 75:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Synthesis and Antidepressant Activity of Some New 5-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-3-(substituted aryl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazoline Derivatives. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/637205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study refers to the synthesis of new antidepressant candidates using the indole scaffold. In an attempt to identify potential lead antidepressant agents, a number of indole molecules, incorporating isoxazoline, were synthesized by microwave-assisted synthesis. The antidepressant activity of the synthesized compounds(3a–3n)was evaluated by forced swim test in mice and their locomotor activity was assessed using actophotometry. The present paper showed significant antidepressant activity for all compounds of the series and no significant change in locomotor activity of mice. Compounds3dand3jwere found to be potent molecules of this series, when compared with the reference drugs imipramine and fluoxetine. It clearly demonstrated that replacement of aromatic core by appropriate heterocycles such as pyridine and pyrrole on the 5-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-3-(Phenyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazoline(3a)would generate more potent derivatives. Thus, these compounds can serve as potential leads for further antidepressant studies.
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Prashanth M, Revanasiddappa HD, Lokanatha Rai K, Veeresh B. Synthesis, characterization, antidepressant and antioxidant activity of novel piperamides bearing piperidine and piperazine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7065-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Therapeutic Reviews aim to provide essential independent information for health professionals about drugs used in palliative and hospice care. Additional content is available on www.palliativedrugs.com. Country-specific books (Hospice and Palliative Care Formulary USA, and Palliative Care Formulary, British and Canadian editions) are also available and can be ordered from www.palliativedrugs.com. The series editors welcome feedback on the articles (hq@palliativedrugs.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Howard
- Duchess of Kent House, Reading, United Kingdom, Oxford
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23
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de Sousa FCF, Oliveira ICM, Silva MIG, de Melo CTV, Santiago VR, de Castro Chaves R, Fernandes ML, Gutierrez SJC, Vasconcelos SMM, Macêdo DS, Filho JMB. Involvement of monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of riparin I fromAniba riparia(Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 28:95-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - Iris Cristina Maia Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Gomes Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - Carla Thiciane Vasconcelos de Melo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - Vívian Romero Santiago
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - Raquell de Castro Chaves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | | | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - Danielle Silveira Macêdo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127 60430-270 Fortaleza-Ceará Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics Technology; Federal University of Paraíba; João Pessoa-Paraíba Brazil
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24
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González-Trujano ME, Alvarado-Vásquez N, Mendoza-Sotelo J, López G, Estrada-Camarena E, Martínez-Mota L, Moreno J. Alterations on the morphology, nitric oxide synthesis and activity of platelets reproduced in rats as possible biomarkers for depression are reversed by fluoxetine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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General and comparative efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants in the acute treatment of depressive disorders: a report by the WPA section of pharmacopsychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261 Suppl 3:207-45. [PMID: 22033583 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current gold standard approaches to the treatment of depression include pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic interventions with social support. Due to current controversies concerning the efficacy of antidepressants in randomized controlled trials, the generalizability of study findings to wider clinical practice and the increasing importance of socioeconomic considerations, it seems timely to address the uncertainty of concerned patients and relatives, and their treating psychiatrists and general practitioners. We therefore discuss both the efficacy and clinical effectiveness of antidepressants in the treatment of depressive disorders. We explain and clarify useful measures for assessing clinically meaningful antidepressant treatment effects and the types of studies that are useful for addressing uncertainties. This includes considerations of methodological issues in randomized controlled studies, meta-analyses, and effectiveness studies. Furthermore, we summarize the differential efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants with distinct pharmacodynamic properties, and differences between studies using antidepressants and/or psychotherapy. We also address the differential effectiveness of antidepressant drugs with differing modes of action and in varying subtypes of depressive disorder. After highlighting the clinical usefulness of treatment algorithms and the divergent biological, psychological, and clinical efforts to predict the effectiveness of antidepressant treatments, we conclude that the spectrum of different antidepressant treatments has broadened over the last few decades. The efficacy and clinical effectiveness of antidepressants is statistically significant, clinically relevant, and proven repeatedly. Further optimization of treatment can be helped by clearly structured treatment algorithms and the implementation of psychotherapeutic interventions. Modern individualized antidepressant treatment is in most cases a well-tolerated and efficacious approach to minimize the negative impact of otherwise potentially devastating and life-threatening outcomes in depressive disorders.
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26
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Tian JW, Jiang WL, Zhong Y, Meng Q, Gai Y, Zhu HB, Hou J, Xing Y, Li YX. Preclinical pharmacology of TP1, a novel potent triple reuptake inhibitor with antidepressant properties. Neuroscience 2011; 196:124-30. [PMID: 21925241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs) that block the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT) are being developed as a new class of antidepressant that may have better efficacy and fewer side effects compared with traditional antidepressants. The purpose of this study was to characterize a new chemical entity, 4-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethyl] phenyl 4-methoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TP1). TP1 was designed as a prodrug of desvenlafaxine. Competitive radioligand binding assays were performed using cells expressing the human dopamine (DA) transporter (hDAT), the human serotonin (5-HT) transporter (hSERT), and the human norepinephrine (NE) transporter (hNET) with K(i) values for TP1 of 190 nM, 2076 nM, and 1023 nM, respectively. Uptake assays were performed with IC(50) values for TP1 of 712 nM, 521 nM, and 628 nM, respectively. TP1 (0.06 mmol/kg, orally) rapidly penetrated rat brain and hypothalamus, translated into desvenlafaxine within 1 h, and demonstrated higher bioavailability and better pharmacokinetic properties than desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS). TP1 (0.06 mmol/kg, orally) significantly increased extracellular levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT compared with baseline in the rat hypothalamus by microdialysis assay. In dose-response assays, oral administration of TP1 reduced the time of immobility in a dose-dependent manner during tail suspension test and forced swimming test (FST). This antidepressant-like effect manifests in the absence of significant increases in motor activity even at doses of up to 32 mg/kg. The ability of TP1 to inhibit the reuptake of three biogenic amines closely linked to the etiology of depression may result in a therapeutic profile different from antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and/or NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-W Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies and School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
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27
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Teixeira CPL, de Melo CTV, de Araújo FLO, de Carvalho AMR, Silva MIG, Barbosa-Filho JM, Macêdo DS, de Barros Viana GS, de Sousa FCF. Antidepressant-like effect of riparin II fromAniba ripariain mice: evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27:129-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Kristensen AS, Andersen J, Jørgensen TN, Sørensen L, Eriksen J, Loland CJ, Strømgaard K, Gether U. SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:585-640. [PMID: 21752877 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) belonging to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) gene family (also referred to as the neurotransmitter-sodium-symporter family or Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters) comprise a group of nine sodium- and chloride-dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. The SLC6 NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis by mediating uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. The transporters are targets for a wide range of therapeutic drugs used in treatment of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Furthermore, psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have the SLC6 NTTs as primary targets. Beginning with the determination of a high-resolution structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian SLC6 transporters in 2005, the understanding of the molecular structure, function, and pharmacology of these proteins has advanced rapidly. Furthermore, intensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of the activity of this important class of transporters, leading to new methodological developments and important insights. This review provides an update of these advances and their implications for the current understanding of the SLC6 NTTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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de Oliveira KN, Costa P, Santin JR, Mazzambani L, Bürger C, Mora C, Nunes RJ, de Souza MM. Synthesis and antidepressant-like activity evaluation of sulphonamides and sulphonyl-hydrazones. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4295-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Discovery and synthesis of novel 3-phenylcoumarin derivatives as antidepressant agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1937-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Antidepressant activity of methyl jasmonate, a plant stress hormone in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Shelke SM, Bhosale SH. Synthesis, antidepressant evaluation and QSAR studies of novel 2-(5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-ylthio)-N-(substituted phenyl)acetamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4661-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Vu AT, Cohn ST, Zhang P, Kim CY, Mahaney PE, Bray JA, Johnston GH, Koury EJ, Cosmi SA, Deecher DC, Smith VA, Harrison JE, Leventhal L, Whiteside GT, Kennedy JD, Trybulski EJ. 1-(Indolin-1-yl)-1-phenyl-3-propan-2-olamines as potent and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2051-62. [PMID: 20131864 DOI: 10.1021/jm901559e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to identify new selective and potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) for multiple indications by structural modification of the previous 3-(arylamino)-3-phenylpropan-2-olamine scaffold led to the discovery of a novel series of 1-(indolin-1-yl)-1-phenyl-3-propan-2-olamines (9). Investigation of the structure-activity relationships revealed that small alkyl substitution at the C3 position of the indoline ring enhanced selectivity for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) over the serotonin transporter (SERT). Several compounds bearing a 3,3-dimethyl group on the indoline ring, 9k, 9o,p, and 9s,t, exhibited potent inhibition of NET (IC(50) = 2.7-6.5 nM) and excellent selectivity over both serotonin and dopamine transporters. The best example from this series, 9p, a potent and highly selective NRI, displayed oral efficacy in a telemetric rat model of ovariectomized-induced thermoregulatory dysfunction, a mouse p-phenylquinone (PPQ) model of acute visceral pain, and a rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Vu
- Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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Central cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist administration prevents endotoxic hypotension affecting norepinephrine release in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area. Shock 2010; 32:614-20. [PMID: 19295473 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181a4fd8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that LPS lowers arterial pressure during sepsis by stimulating release of TNF-alpha and other vasoactive mediators from macrophages. However, recent data from this and other laboratories have shown that LPS hypotension can be prevented by inhibiting afferent impulse flow in the vagus nerve, by blocking neuronal activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract, or by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamic area (POA). These findings suggest that the inflammatory signal is conveyed from the periphery to the brain via the vagus nerve, and that endotoxic shock is mediated through a central mechanism that requires activation of POA neurons. In the present study, we tested whether central cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors participate in the control of arterial pressure during endotoxemia based on evidence that hypothalamic neurons express CB1 receptors and synthesize the endogenous CB anandamide. We found that intracerebroventricular administration of rimonabant, a CB1 receptor antagonist, inhibited the fall in arterial pressure evoked by LPS significantly in both conscious and anesthetized rats. Rimonabant attenuated both the immediate fall in arterial pressure evoked by LPS and the second, delayed hypotensive phase that leads to tissue ischemia and death. Rimonabant also prevented the associated LPS-induced rise in extracellular fluid norepinephrine concentrations in the POA. Furthermore, rimonabant attenuated the associated increase in plasma TNF-alpha concentrations characteristic of the late phase of endotoxic hypotension. These data indicate that central CB1 receptors may play an important role in the initiation of endotoxic hypotension.
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36
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Chen ST, Chen SJ. Treating Depression Comorbid With Parkinson's Disease by Duloxetine. Tzu Chi Med J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1016-3190(10)60042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Başterzi AD, Yazici K, Buturak V, Cimen B, Yazici A, Eskandari G, Tot Acar S, Taşdelen B. Effects of venlafaxine and fluoxetine on lymphocyte subsets in patients with major depressive disorder: a flow cytometric analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:70-5. [PMID: 19804808 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have yielded conflicting results concerning flow cytometric lymphocyte analyses in patients with depression. Data about the effect of antidepressants on lymphocyte subsets are also contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine effects of venlafaxine versus fluoxetine on lymphocyte subsets in depressive patients. METHODS Sixty-nine patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) according to DSM-IV and 36 healthy controls are included in the study. Sixty-nine patients were randomized to take fluoxetine (FLX) (n=33) or venlafaxine (VEN) (n=36). Serum lymphocyte subsets included CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16/56, CD19, CD45, Anti-HLA-DR which were measured by flow cytometric analyses at baseline and 6 weeks after the start of treatment. The severity of depression was evaluated with Hamilton rating scale for depression. RESULTS At baseline, patients with MDD had significantly lower CD16/56 ratio and higher CD45 ratio compared to the controls. Although numerically higher in the VEN treated patients, treatment response rates between the FLX (53%) and the VEN (75%) groups were not different statistically. CD45 values decreased significantly in the VEN group at the end of the 6 week treatment period whereas no difference was observed in the FLX group. By the 6th week, treatment responders showed a significantly higher CD16/56 ratio than non-responders. Baseline severity of depression and anxiety was positively correlated with baseline CD45 ratio and negatively correlated with baseline CD16/56 ratio. We did not observe consistent changes in the absolute number of circulating B or T cells, nor in the helper/inducer (CD4) or suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) subsets. CONCLUSIONS CD16/56 was lower in patients with MDD and increased in treatment responders at 6th week. CD45 ratio was higher in patients with MDD than healthy subjects; it decreased with antidepressant treatment and was positively correlated with the severity of depression. Antidepressant treatment contributes to immune regulation in patients with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Devrim Başterzi
- Department of Psychiatry, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Zeytinlibahçe Cad., 33079-Mersin, Turkey.
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Borowicz KK, Furmanek-Karwowska K, Morawska M, Luszczki JJ, Czuczwar SJ. Effect of acute and chronic treatment with milnacipran potentiates the anticonvulsant activity of conventional antiepileptic drugs in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 207:661-9. [PMID: 19841905 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression often coexists with epilepsy. Simultaneous therapy of the two diseases may be associated with pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic and antidepressant drugs. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of acute and chronic treatment with intraperitoneal milnacipran (MLN), a selective serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, on the protective activity of valproate, carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin, or phenobarbital (PB) in the maximal electroshock (MES) test in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electroconvulsions were produced by an alternating current (50 Hz, 25 mA) delivered via ear-clip electrodes. Motor coordination and long-term memory were evaluated in the chimney test and passive-avoidance task, respectively. Brain concentrations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Given acutely, MLN at 10 mg/kg increased the convulsive threshold. Acute MLN applied at the subprotective dose of 5 mg/kg enhanced the anticonvulsant effects of CBZ and PB. Chronic treatment with MLN (5-30 mg/kg once daily for 2 weeks) did not affect either the electroconvulsive threshold or the anticonvulsant action of all studied conventional antiepileptic drugs. Since the antidepressant did not affect brain concentrations of antiepileptics used in the study, the revealed interactions seem to be of pharmacodynamic nature. Moreover, acute and chronic MLN, AEDs, and their combinations did not produce significant motor and long-term memory impairment. CONCLUSIONS Acute, but not chronic, treatment with MLN can increase the effectiveness of some AEDs against MES-induced seizures in mice. It seems that MLN may also be considered as a candidate drug for clinical trials in patients with epilepsy and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Borowicz
- Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Lublin Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8, Lublin, Poland.
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Witkin JM, Li X. New approaches to the pharmacological management of major depressive disorder. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2009; 57:347-79. [PMID: 20230766 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective and safe therapies for major depressive disorder (MDD), the current arsenal of antidepressant therapies does not fully satisfy the needs of patients or physicians. Many patients are only partial responders or are treatment resistant and side effects interfere with compliance. The majority of antidepressants directly affect monoamine neurotransmission within the central nervous system. Moving beyond this mechanism has been a challenge because of the lack of knowledge about the underlying etiology and pathophysiology of MDD. Provided in this report is a review of some of the major new advances in MDD research that suggest the possibility of novel and improved future therapeutic options. Emphasis is placed on studies of unipolar, but not bipolar, depression. New therapies include dual and triple monoamine uptake inhibitors, non-conventional antidepressants such as tianeptine, and a number of augmentation strategies. In addition, studies are underway on a number of mechanisms of action that might yield the next therapeutic advance. These include agents that interact with endocannabiniod systems, examination of natural products, and compounds that influence neuropeptide systems such as galanin and melanin-concentrating hormone, and growth and neurotrophic factors. Epigenetic mechanisms involving histone modification are also being explored. An area of intensive investigation is glutamate neurotransmission. Data support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor antagonists are effective in MDD individuals resistant to conventional therapies. The potential of metabotropic glutamate receptors as novel targets is also discussed. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that amplification of AMPA receptor function is a critical link in the transduction processes involved antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Peritogiannis V, Antoniou K, Mouka V, Mavreas V, Hyphantis TN. Duloxetine-induced hypomania: case report and brief review of the literature on SNRIs-induced mood switching. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23:592-6. [PMID: 18562441 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108089841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Manic switching during antidepressant treatment has been reported with every class of antidepressant drugs. Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have been increasingly used for the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression and are well tolerated and sufficiently effective because of their dual mechanism of action. A case of duloxetine-induced hypomania in a non-bipolar patient is presented, and a brief review of all cases of SNRIs' induced mania and hypomania has been carried out. The available data suggest that SNRIs, especially venlafaxine, can induce mood switching in patients with bipolar depression and in certain patients with unipolar depression, but the potential of duloxetine and milnacipran to induce manic or hypomanic symptoms cannot be disregarded. Switching appears to be dose-related and treatment initiation with lower doses and upward titration when needed may be preferable in selected cases and may help minimizing the risk of mood switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Peritogiannis
- Mobile Psychiatric Unit of the Prefectures of Ioannina and Thesprotia, Society for the Promotion of Mental Health in Epirus, 38 G. Papandreou str., Ioannina 45444, Greece.
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Machado M, Einarson TR. Comparison of SSRIs and SNRIs in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized clinical trials. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009; 35:177-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K. Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3677-92. [PMID: 19557250 DOI: 10.1039/b903035m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic monoamine transporters are integral membrane proteins that perform active transport of extracellular dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine into cells. These transporters are targets for therapeutic agents such as antidepressants, as well as addictive substances such as cocaine and amphetamine. Seminal advances in the understanding of the structure and function of this transporter family have recently been accomplished by structural studies of a bacterial transporter, as well as medicinal chemistry and pharmacological studies of mammalian transporters. This feature article focuses on antidepressant drugs that act on the serotonin and/or the norepinephrine transporters. Specifically, we focus on structure-activity relationships of these drugs with emphasis on relationships between their molecular properties and the current knowledge of transporter structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Andersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Vu AT, Cohn ST, Terefenko EA, Moore WJ, Zhang P, Mahaney PE, Trybulski EJ, Goljer I, Dooley R, Bray JA, Johnston GH, Leiter J, Deecher DC. 3-(Arylamino)-3-phenylpropan-2-olamines as a new series of dual norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2464-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhao RK, Cheng G, Tang J, Song J, Peng WX. Pharmacokinetics of duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers: A randomized, open-label, single- and multiple-dose study. Clin Ther 2009; 31:1022-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Objectives: To compare the efficacy and pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, drug interaction and adverse effect profiles of duloxetine and venlafaxine. Methods: A systematic review of the literature pertaining to duloxetine and venlafaxine was conducted using a computer-aided search of MEDLINE and EMBASE for the period January 1988 to May 2008 with the following search terms: venlafaxine and duloxetine and depression, clinical studies, pharmacology, drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, safety, case reports and review articles. Results: Duloxetine and venlafaxine have comparable efficacy and share similar pharmacologic profiles but differ somewhat in their pharmacokinetic profiles, drug interactions and adverse effects. Both agents block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and both are substrates for the cytochrome P450 2D6 isoenzyme; however, duloxetine inhibits these enzymes to a moderate extent, whereas venlafaxine is only a weak inhibitor. Furthermore, duloxetine is more extensively bound to protein than venlafaxine. Venlafaxine is more likely to elevate blood pressure in a dose-related manner. Both duloxetine and venlafaxine have the potential to cause hepatic injury. Conclusions: Although venlafaxine and duloxetine have similar efficacy in the treatment of depression, differences in their adverse effects and pharmacokinetic profiles suggest that one agent may be preferred over the other in certain patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Zerjav
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Services, Coquitlam (Zerjav); the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Zerjav); the Fraser Health Authority, Vancouver (Tse); and the Department of Psychiatry, Prince George Regional Hospital, Prince George (Scott), British Columbia. Contact
| | - Gordon Tse
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Services, Coquitlam (Zerjav); the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Zerjav); the Fraser Health Authority, Vancouver (Tse); and the Department of Psychiatry, Prince George Regional Hospital, Prince George (Scott), British Columbia. Contact
| | - Michael J.W. Scott
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Services, Coquitlam (Zerjav); the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Zerjav); the Fraser Health Authority, Vancouver (Tse); and the Department of Psychiatry, Prince George Regional Hospital, Prince George (Scott), British Columbia. Contact
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Başterzi AD, Yazici K, Aslan E, Delialioğlu N, Taşdelen B, Tot Acar S, Yazici A. Effects of fluoxetine and venlafaxine on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:281-5. [PMID: 19110026 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies demonstrated that depressed patients had low serum BDNF levels which correlated with the severity of their depression, and antidepressant treatment increases levels of serum BDNF in depressed patients. It was speculated that agents acting on both noradrenergic and serotonergic transporters might have a greater influence on BDNF levels. The aim of our study was to determine effects of venlafaxine vs. fluoxetine on serum BDNF levels in depressive patients. METHODS Forty-three patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV are included in the study. Forty-three patients were randomized to take fluoxetine (22 cases) or venlafaxine (21 cases). Serum levels of BDNF were measured by ELISA at baseline and 6 weeks after the start of treatment. RESULTS Baseline levels of BDNF were not significantly different between the patient group and the controls. But male patients and the male controls showed statistical differences with respect to baseline BDNF levels. BDNF levels of the patient group did not change with treatment. Yet, the increase of BDNF levels was close to statistically significant in the fluoxetine group, whereas not significant in the venlafaxine group. There were no significant differences in baseline and 6th week BDNF levels between the responders and the non-responders. CONCLUSION Further studies controlling for a wide variety of confounding variables are needed, which may help to reach a clear conclusion about the potential of BDNF as a biomarker for depression or as a predictor of antidepressant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Devrim Başterzi
- Department of Psychiatry, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Zeytinlibahçe Cad., 33079-Mersin, Turkey.
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Singh GK, Garabadu D, Muruganandam A, Joshi VK, Krishnamurthy S. Antidepressant activity of Asparagus racemosus in rodent models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 91:283-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Baghai TC, Eser D, Möller HJ. Effects of different antidepressant treatments on the core of depression. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2008. [PMID: 18979944 PMCID: PMC3181885 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2008.10.3/tcbaghai] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Core symptoms of depression are a combination of psychological and somatic symptoms, often combined with psychomotor and cognitive disturbances. Diagnostic classification of depression including the concepts of melancholic, endogenous, or severe depression describe severely depressed patients suffering from most of the core symptoms, together with clinical characteristics of a cyclic unipolar or bipolar course, lower placebo response rates, higher response rates to electroconvulsive therapy, to antidepressant treatments with dually or mixed modes of action, or to lithium augmentation. Higher rates ofhypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and specific electroencephalograph patterns have also been shown in this patient group. Summarizing the symptomatology of depression in these patients, a broad overlap between the abovementioned subgroups can be suggested. Because the positive diagnosis of those core symptoms of depression may include clinical consequences, it would be of use to integrate all the mentioned concepts in the upcoming new versions of the diagnostic systems DSM-V and ICD-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Baghai
- Dept of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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Wang YT, Tan QR, Sun LL, Cao J, Dou KF, Xia B, Wang W. Possible therapeutic effect of a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sinisan, on chronic restraint stress related disorders. Neurosci Lett 2008; 449:215-9. [PMID: 19007859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the liver is the origin or most associated with stress related disorders such as depression. Sinisan, a TCM prescription, has been used as a hepatic protectant. We examined whether Sinisan exerts therapeutic effects in an experimental animal model: the chronic restraint stress (CRS) model. Sinisan was administered in the animal's drinking water at a concentration of 100mg/kg for 21 days (7 days pre-CRS and 14 days during the CRS). Spatial learning and memory were measured 24h after the CRS procedures using the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Aggressive behavior and body weight were determined as well. The Sinisan treatment decreased aggressive behaviors and reversed CRS-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory as well as decreased rate of growth. In conclusion, our results suggest that Sinisan does exert measurable therapeutic effects in an experimental chronic stress model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tong Wang
- Department of Psychosomatics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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