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Ocaranza MP, Moya J, Jalil JE, Lavandero S, Kalergis AM, Molina C, Gabrielli L, Godoy I, Córdova S, Castro P, Mac Nab P, Rossel V, García L, González J, Mancilla C, Fierro C, Farías L. Rho-kinase pathway activation and apoptosis in circulating leucocytes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1413-1427. [PMID: 31778027 PMCID: PMC6991691 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased Rho‐kinase activity in circulating leucocytes is observed in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, there is little information in HFrEF regarding other Rho‐kinase pathway components an on the relationship between Rho‐kinase and apoptosis. Here, Rho‐kinase activation levels and phosphorylation of major downstream molecules and apoptosis levels were measured for the first time both in HFrEF patients and healthy individuals. Methods Cross‐sectional study comparing HFrEF patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 19). Rho‐kinase activity in circulating leucocytes (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) was determined by myosin light chain phosphatase 1 (MYPT1) and ezrin‐radixin‐moesin (ERM) phosphorylation. Rho‐kinase cascade proteins phosphorylation p38‐MAPK, myosin light chain‐2, JAK and JNK were also analysed along with apoptosis. Results MYPT1 and ERM phosphorylation were significantly elevated in HFrEF patients, (3.9‐ and 4.8‐fold higher than in controls, respectively). JAK phosphorylation was significantly increased by 300% over controls. Phosphorylation of downstream molecules p38‐MAPK and myosin light chain‐2 was significantly higher by 360% and 490%, respectively, while JNK phosphorylation was reduced by 60%. Catecholamine and angiotensin II levels were significantly higher in HFrEF patients, while angiotensin‐(1‐9) levels were lower. Apoptosis in circulating leucocytes was significantly increased in HFrEF patients by 2.8‐fold compared with controls and significantly correlated with Rho‐kinase activation. Conclusion Rho‐kinase pathway is activated in PMBCs from HFrEF patients despite optimal treatment, and it is closely associated with neurohormonal activation and with apoptosis. ROCK cascade inhibition might induce clinical benefits in HFrEF patients, and its assessment in PMBCs could be useful to evaluate reverse remodelling and disease regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Ocaranza
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departament of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Molina
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castro
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Mac Nab
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Rossel
- Department of Medicine, Hospital del Salvador, Medical School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena García
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier González
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Mancilla
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Fierro
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Farías
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Mata-Greenwood E, Blood AB, Sands LD, Bragg SL, Xiao D, Zhang L. A novel rodent model of pregnancy complications associated with genetically determined angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E52-E62. [PMID: 29360395 PMCID: PMC6087725 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00289.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown Norway (BN) and Lewis (LW) inbred rat strains harbor different angiotensin-converting enzyme ( Ace) polymorphisms that result in higher ACE activity in BN than LW rats. Thus we hypothesized that pregnant BN rats would show pregnancy complications linked to angiotensin II (AII) activity. We performed longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in pregnant LW and BN rats. We found that BN rats have significantly higher ACE activity and AII levels at prepregnancy and throughout pregnancy compared with LW rats, except at midgestation. BN placentas and maternal kidneys had significantly higher expression of AII receptor 1 (AGTR1) and lower expression of AGTR2 than the respective LW placentas and maternal kidneys. Renin-angiotensin system activation in BN rats correlated with hypertension and proteinuria at gestational days 17-21, which were resolved after delivery. In addition, BN rat pregnancies were characterized by significant fetal loss, restricted growth in surviving fetuses, decreased uteroplacental blood flows, and decreased trophoblast remodeling of uterine arteries compared with LW pregnancies. Short-term losartan treatment significantly increased uteroplacental blood flow and fetal weight and decreased maternal blood pressure (BP) and proteinuria in BN pregnancies. In contrast, losartan treatment significantly decreased uteroplacental blood flow and fetal weight but had no significant effect on maternal BP in LW pregnancies. We conclude that Ace polymorphisms play an important role in the reproductive phenotype of BN and LW rats and that BN rats are a novel model of pregnancy complications in association with genetically controlled, increased ACE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Mata-Greenwood
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Arlin B Blood
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - LeeAnna D Sands
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Shannon L Bragg
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
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Fierro C, Novoa U, González V, Ocaranza MP, Jalil JE. Simultaneous Rho kinase inhibition in circulating leukocytes and in cardiovascular tissue in rats with high angiotensin converting enzyme levels. Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:309-17. [PMID: 27128553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA and its direct target Rho kinase (ROCK) play important roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Activated ROCK phosphorylates intracellular proteins with detrimental effects on cardiovascular remodeling. Increased ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes is observed in hypertension and in heart failure, but its relationship with ROCK activation in the myocardium and vessels is unknown. We hypothesized that ROCK activation and phosphorylation/activation of some of its key downstream molecules in the heart and arterial wall are reflected in circulating leukocytes. METHODS Phosphorylation of MYPT1, ERM and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB were determined in the left ventricle (LV), aortic wall and circulating leukocytes in rats with high (Brown Norway, BN) and low (Lewis) angiotensin converting enzyme. A group of BN rats received the ROCK inhibitor fasudil (7days). RESULTS Compared to Lewis rats, in the BN group phosphorylated levels of MYPT1, ERM and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB were increased (P<0.05) in the LV (67%, 92%, 52% and 98%, respectively); in the aortic wall (57%, 51%, 68% and 66%, respectively) and in circulating leukocytes (61%, 72%, 49% and 105%, respectively). Fasudil reduced all these levels to those observed in Lewis rats. Phosphorylated MYPT1, ERM, and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB in circulating leukocytes were significantly correlated with their respective LV and aortic wall levels (excepting p65-NF-κB in aorta). CONCLUSION ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes reflects activation of this signaling pathway in the myocardium and aortic wall in this model, and supports its value as a potential cardiovascular remodeling marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fierro
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Veronica González
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Harrap
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B.H.) and School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (B.J.M.)
| | - Brian J. Morris
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (S.B.H.) and School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (B.J.M.)
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Ocaranza MP, Moya J, Barrientos V, Alzamora R, Hevia D, Morales C, Pinto M, Escudero N, García L, Novoa U, Ayala P, Díaz-Araya G, Godoy I, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Jalil JE, Michea L. Angiotensin-(1-9) reverses experimental hypertension and cardiovascular damage by inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme/Ang II axis. J Hypertens 2014; 32:771-83. [PMID: 24463937 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the biological effects of angiotensin-(1-9), but available evidence shows that angiotensin-(1-9) has beneficial effects in preventing/ameliorating cardiovascular remodeling. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated whether angiotensin-(1-9) decreases hypertension and reverses experimental cardiovascular damage in the rat. METHODS AND RESULTS Angiotensin-(1-9) (600 ng/kg per min for 2 weeks) reduced already-established hypertension in rats with early high blood pressure induced by angiotensin II infusion or renal artery clipping. Angiotensin-(1-9) also improved cardiac (assessed by echocardiography) and endothelial function in small-diameter mesenteric arteries, cardiac and aortic wall hypertrophy, fibrosis, oxidative stress, collagen and transforming growth factor type β - 1 protein expression (assessed by western blot). The beneficial effect of angiotensin-(1-9) was blunted by coadministration of the angiotensin type 2(AT2) receptor blocker PD123319 (36 ng/kg per min) but not by coadministration of the Mas receptor blocker A779 (100 ng/kg per min). Angiotensin-(1-9) treatment also decreased circulating levels of Ang II, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and oxidative stress in aorta and left ventricle. Whereas, Ang-(1-9) increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels in aorta as well as plasma nitrate levels. CONCLUSION Angiotensin-(1-9) reduces hypertension, ameliorates structural alterations (hypertrophy and fibrosis), oxidative stress in the heart and aorta and improves cardiac and endothelial function in hypertensive rats. These effects were mediated by the AT2 receptor but not by the angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Ocaranza
- aDivision de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago bMillennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy cInstituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago dAdvanced Center for Chronic Diseases & Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile eDepartment of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Kamilic J, Hamming I, Lely AT, Korstanje R, Schulze U, Poppinga WJ, Turner AJ, Clarke NE, van Goor H, Navis GJ. Rat Ace allele variation determines susceptibility to AngII-induced renal damage. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:420-9. [PMID: 21788250 DOI: 10.1177/1470320311415886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ace b/l polymorphism in rats is associated with differential tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and activity, and susceptibility to renal damage. Same polymorphism was recently found in outbred Wistar rat strain with b allele accounting for higher renal ACE, and provided a model for studying renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) response behind the innate high or low ACE conditions. METHODS We investigated the reaction of these alleles on chronic angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. Wistar rats were selected to breed male homozygotes for the b (WU-B) or l allele (WU-L) (n = 12). For each allele, one group (n = 6) received AngII infusion via an osmotic minipump (435 ng/kg/min) for 3 weeks. The other group (n = 6) served as a control. RESULTS WU-B had higher ACE activity at baseline then WU-L. Interestingly, baseline renal ACE2 expression and activity were higher in WU-L. AngII infusion induced the same increase in blood pressure in both genotypes, no proteinuria, but caused tubulo-interstitial renal damage with increased α-SMA and monocyte/macrophage influx only in WU-B (p < 0.05). Low ACE WU-L rats did not develop renal damage. CONCLUSION AngII infusion causes proteinuria-independent renal damage only in rats with genetically predetermined high ACE while rats with low ACE seemed to be protected against the detrimental effect of AngII. Differences in renal ACE2, mirroring those in ACE, might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kamilic
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hamming I, Goor HV, Navis GJ. Rat Ace allele variation determines susceptibility to AngII-induced renal damage. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 70:1377-8; author reply 1378. [PMID: 16988743 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ace b/l polymorphism in rats is associated with differential tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and activity, and susceptibility to renal damage. Same polymorphism was recently found in outbred Wistar rat strain with b allele accounting for higher renal ACE, and provided a model for studying renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) response behind the innate high or low ACE conditions. METHODS We investigated the reaction of these alleles on chronic angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. Wistar rats were selected to breed male homozygotes for the b (WU-B) or l allele (WU-L) (n = 12). For each allele, one group (n = 6) received AngII infusion via an osmotic minipump (435 ng/kg/min) for 3 weeks. The other group (n = 6) served as a control. RESULTS WU-B had higher ACE activity at baseline then WU-L. Interestingly, baseline renal ACE2 expression and activity were higher in WU-L. AngII infusion induced the same increase in blood pressure in both genotypes, no proteinuria, but caused tubulo-interstitial renal damage with increased α-SMA and monocyte/macrophage influx only in WU-B (p < 0.05). Low ACE WU-L rats did not develop renal damage. CONCLUSION AngII infusion causes proteinuria-independent renal damage only in rats with genetically predetermined high ACE while rats with low ACE seemed to be protected against the detrimental effect of AngII. Differences in renal ACE2, mirroring those in ACE, might be involved.
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Rho kinase inhibition activates the homologous angiotensin-converting enzyme-angiotensin-(1-9) axis in experimental hypertension. J Hypertens 2011; 29:706-15. [PMID: 21330937 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283440665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II (Ang II) levels depend on renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and on the homologous angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). Increased ACE and Ang II levels are associated with higher Rho kinase activity. However, the relationship between Rho kinase activation and ACE2 in hypertension is unknown. OBJECTIVE The role of the Rho kinase signaling pathway in both enzymatic activity and aortic gene expression of ACE2 in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive rats was assessed in the present study. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared with sham animals, Rho kinase activity was higher by 400% (P<0.05) in the aortic wall of the DOCA hypertensive rats. In addition to blood pressure reduction, the specific Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil reduced aortic Rho kinase activity to levels observed in the sham control group and increased ACE2 enzymatic activity (by 83% in plasma and by 52% in the aortic wall, P<0.05), ACE2, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) aortic mRNA levels (by 340 and 40%, respectively, P<0.05) with respect to the untreated hypertensive DOCA rats. Fasudil also increased significantly plasma levels of Ang-(1-9) in normotensive and in the hypertensive rats. Aortic mRNA and protein levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the untreated DOCA rats and were normalized by fasudil administration. CONCLUSION In experimental hypertension, Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibition reduces blood pressure and increases ACE2 levels and activity. At the same time, ROCK inhibition reduces angiotensin II and increases Ang-(1-9) plasma levels. Fasudil also increases vascular eNOS mRNA levels and reduces aortic overexpression of the remodeling promotion proteins TGF-β1, PAI-1, and MCP-1. This effect might additionally contribute to the antihypertensive and antiremodeling effects of ROCK inhibition in hypertension.
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Ceroni A, Moreira ED, Mostarda CT, Silva GJJ, Krieger EM, Irigoyen MC. Acegene dosage influences the development of renovascular hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:490-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Copaja Soto M, Valenzuela R, Saldaña A, Paz Ocaranza M, Jalil JE, Vio C, Lijnen P, Ordenes GE, Vivar Sanchez R, Lavandero S, Díaz-Araya G. Early expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 correlates with the onset of isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats with distinct angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 9:154-62. [PMID: 18957386 DOI: 10.1177/1470320308096408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isoproterenol treatment of Brown Norway and Lewis rats (high and low plasma angiotensin-I-converting enzyme activity, respectively) results in similar cardiac hypertrophy but higher cardiac fibrosis in Brown Norway rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were infused in vivo with isoproterenol for two or 10 days. Cardiac fibrosis and inflammation were evaluated histochemically. We measured the mRNAs of pro-fibrotic factors (transforming growth factor beta(1), endothelin-1) and pro-inflammatory factors (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). In studies with cardiac fibroblasts incubated with isoproterenol in vitro , we measured cell proliferation, angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and matrix metalloprotease 2 activities and deposition of collagen type I and fibronectin. RESULTS After treatment with isoproterenol for two days, there were large areas of myocardial injury and numerous inflammatory foci in the left ventricle, these being greater in Brown-Norway than in Lewis rats. After treatment with isoproterenol for 10 days, there were large areas of damage with extensive collagen deposition only in the left ventricle; both strains exhibited this damage which was, however, more severe in Brown-Norway than in Lewis rats. After treatment with isoproterenol for two, but not 10, days, greater amounts of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA were found in Brown Norway than in Lewis rats. Cell proliferation, activities of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and matrix metalloprotease 2, amounts of collagen type I and fibronectin were similar in cardiac fibroblasts from both strains; changes after isoproterenol (10 microM) were also similar in both strains. CONCLUSION We conclude that the greater cardiac fibrosis in Brown Norway rats treated with isoproterenol correlates with the early and higher expression of proinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Copaja Soto
- Centro FONDAP Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kamilic J, Lely AT, van Goor H, Buikema H, Tent H, Navis GJ, Korstanje R. Differential ACE expression among tissues in allele-specific Wistar rat lines. Mamm Genome 2009; 20:170-9. [PMID: 19255705 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene accounts for half of the variance in plasma ACE activity. The deletion allele is associated with high plasma ACE activity, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease. In rat, a similar association is found between the B and L alleles of a microsatellite marker in the ACE gene. We identified the B/L variation in the Wistar outbred rat and bred two lines homozygous for the two alleles (WU-B and WU-L). ACE activity was measured in serum, heart, kidney, and aorta homogenates. Immunohistochemistry and ACE mRNA expression were performed in heart, kidney, and aortic tissue. Aortic rings were collected and stimulated with AngI, AngII, and AngI with Lisinopril to measure ACE functional activity by vasoconstrictor response. Serum, heart, and kidney ACE activity and kidney mRNA expression were two-fold higher in WU-B. Kidney staining showed a clear difference in tubular ACE expression, with more staining in WU-B. While in aorta ACE activity and mRNA expression was twofold higher in WU-L, functional conversion of AngI was higher in WU-B, indicating either a functional difference in AngI to AngII conversion between the two alleles due to different splicing or the presence of other factors involved in the conversion that are differentially expressed as the result of differences in the ACE alleles. The newly developed WU-B and WU-L lines show tissue-specific differences in ACE expression and activity. This provides an experimental tool to study the pathophysiologic consequences of differences in ACE alleles in renal and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kamilic
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Windt WA, van Dokkum RP, Kluppel CA, Jeronimus-Stratingh CM, Hut F, de Zeeuw D, Henning RH. Therapeutic resistance to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is related to pharmacodynamic and -kinetic factors in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 580:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rivera P, Ocaranza MP, Lavandero S, Jalil JE. Rho kinase activation and gene expression related to vascular remodeling in normotensive rats with high angiotensin I converting enzyme levels. Hypertension 2007; 50:792-8. [PMID: 17785632 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.095117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway is a new mechanism of remodeling and vasoconstriction. Few data are available regarding ROCK activation when angiotensin I-converting enzyme is high and blood pressure is normal. We hypothesized that ROCK is activated in the vascular wall in normotensive rats with genetically high angiotensin I-converting enzyme levels, and it causes increased vascular expression of genes promoting vascular remodeling and also oxidative stress. Aortic ROCK activation, mRNA and protein levels (of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor [TGF]-beta(1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1]), NADPH oxidase activity, and O(2)(*-) production were measured in normotensive rats with genetically high (Brown Norway [BN]) and low (Lewis) angiotensin-I-converting enzyme levels and in BN rats treated with the ROCK antagonist fasudil (100 mg/kg per day) for 7 days. ROCK activation was 12-fold higher in BN versus Lewis rats (P<0.05) and was reduced with fasudil by 100% (P<0.05). Aortic TGF-beta1, PAI-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA levels were higher in BN versus Lewis rats by 300%, 180%, and 1000%, respectively (P<0.05). Aortic TGF-beta1, PAI-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 protein levels were higher in BN versus Lewis rats (P<0,05). Fasudil reduced TGF-beta1 and PAI-1 mRNA and TGF-beta1, PAI-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 protein aortic levels to those observed in Lewis rats. Aortic reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity and (*)O(2)(-) production were increased by 88% and 300%, respectively, in BN rats (P<0.05) and normalized by fasudil. In conclusion, ROCK is significantly activated in the aortic wall in normotensive rats with genetically high angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and angiotensin II, and it causes activation of genes that promote vascular remodeling and also increases vascular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rivera
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical School, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wang P, Tang F, Li R, Zhang H, Chen S, Liu P, Huang H. Contribution of different Nox homologues to cardiac remodeling in two-kidney two-clip renovascular hypertensive rats: effect of valsartan. Pharmacol Res 2007; 55:408-17. [PMID: 17324585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences have shown that hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were associated with an overactivity of NAD(P)H oxidase. It is unknown, however, which isoform of NAD(P)H oxidase yields O(2)*(-) formation in heart and aorta in two-kidney, two-clip (2K2C) hypertensive rats in vivo and thus is responsible for the development of cardiac remodeling. We examined the pathological change of NAD(P)H oxidase homologues and tested the effect of valsartan on the cardiac remodeling in 2K2C renovascular hypertensive rats. Four weeks after male Sprague-Dawley rats accepted 2K2C or sham operation, 2K2C hypertensive (>160 mmHg) rats were divided into vehicle-treated (2K2C) and valsartan (30 mg kg(-1) per day, for 6 weeks)-treated (2K2C+Val) groups, which were compared with sham-operated controls (Sham). At week 10, 2K2C hypertensive rats showed increased serum level of angiotensin II (Ang II), MDA and blood pressure (BP), obvious cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, increased O(2)*(-) production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity and expression in aorta and heart. The heart in 2K2C hypertensive rats preferred to use NADH as substrate while the aorta used both NADH and NADPH. Valsartan treatment decreased BP, ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, decreased O(2)*(-) production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in aorta and heart. Nox2 and Nox4 protein expression increased in heart, while Nox1 and Nox4 increased in aorta in 2K2C hypertensive rats, which were all normalized after valsartan treatment. In conclusion, these data indicate that different Nox expression might account for substrate preference and the formation of O(2)*(-) by NAD(P)H oxidase resulting from elevated Ang II in the 2K2C model contributes to the development of renovascular hypertension and subsequent cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ocaranza MP, Palomera C, Román M, Bargetto J, Lavandero S, Jalil JE. Effect of hypertension on angiotensin-(1–7) levels in rats with different angiotensin-I converting enzyme polymorphism. Life Sci 2006; 78:1535-42. [PMID: 16229862 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine circulating angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1,7)] levels in rats with different angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes and to evaluate the effect of hypertension on levels of this heptapeptide, plasma levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7) were determined by HPLC and radioimmunoassay in (a) normotensive F0 and F2 homozygous Brown Norway (BN; with high ACE) or Lewis (with low ACE) rats and (b) in hypertensive F2 homozygous male rats (Goldblatt model). Genotypes were characterized by PCR and plasma ACE activity measured by fluorimetry. Plasma ACE activity was 2-fold higher (p < 0.05) in homozygous BN compared to homozygous Lewis groups. In the Goldblatt groups, a similar degree of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in rats with both genotypes. Plasma Ang II levels were between 300-400% higher (p < 0.05) in the BN than in the Lewis rats, without increment in the hypertensive animals. Plasma Ang-(1-7) levels were 75-87% lower in the BN rats (p < 0.05) and they were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the hypertensive rats from both genotypes. Plasma levels of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) levels were inversely correlated in the normotensive rats (r = -0.64; p < 0.001), but not in the hypertensive animals. We conclude that there is an inverse relationship between circulating levels of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) in rats determined by the ACE gene polymorphism. This inverse relation is due to genetically determined higher ACE activity. Besides, plasma levels of Ang-(1-7) increase in renovascular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Ocaranza
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical School, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Jalil JE, Pérez A, Ocaranza MP, Bargetto J, Galaz A, Lavandero S. Increased Aortic NADPH Oxidase Activity in Rats With Genetically High Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Levels. Hypertension 2005; 46:1362-7. [PMID: 16230508 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000188980.57312.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In humans and rats, angiotensin I–converting enzyme activity is significantly determined by a gene polymorphism. Homozygous Brown Norway rats have higher plasma angiotensin I–converting enzyme activity and circulating angiotensin II (Ang II) levels than Lewis rats. Because Ang II induces NAD(P)H oxidase activation, we hypothesized here that Brown Norway rats have higher vascular NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion production than Lewis rats. Homozygous Brown Norway (n=15) and Lewis (n=13) male rats were used. Plasma angiotensin I–converting enzyme activity (by fluorimetry), Ang II levels (by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay), and aortic NAD(P)H oxidase activity, as well as superoxide anion production (by chemiluminescence with lucigenin) were measured. Plasma angiotensin I–converting enzyme activity and Ang II levels were 100% higher in Brown Norway rats than in Lewis rats (
P
<0.05). Aortic angiotensin I– converting enzyme, but not Ang II, was elevated (
P
<0.05). Aortic superoxide anion production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity were 300% and 260% higher in Brown Norway than in Lewis rats, respectively (
P
<0.05), which was not observed in Brown Norway rats treated with candesartan (10 mg/kg per day for 7 days). Endothelial NO synthase activity in the aorta from Brown Norway rats was significantly lower than in Lewis rats. However, inducible NO synthase activity and both endothelial NO synthase and inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein levels were similar in both genotypes. In summary, Brown Norway rats have higher vascular NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion production than Lewis rats, suggesting the presence of a higher level of vascular oxidative stress in rats with genetically higher angiotensin I–converting enzyme levels. This effect is mediated through the angiotensin I receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Jalil
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical School, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Ocaranza MP, Díaz-Araya G, Carreño JE, Muñoz D, Riveros JP, Jalil JE, Lavandero S. Polymorphism in gene coding for ACE determines different development of myocardial fibrosis in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286:H498-506. [PMID: 14527934 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00102.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease is still controversial. In the rat, a microsatellite marker in the ACE gene allows differentiation of the ACE gene polymorphism among strains with different ACE levels. We tested the hypothesis that this ACE gene polymorphism determines the extent of cardiac fibrosis induced by isoproterenol (Iso) in the rat. We used a male F2generation (homozygous LL and BB ACE genotypes determined by polymerase chain reaction) derived from two rat strains [Brown-Norway (BB) and Lewis (LL)] that differ with respect to their plasma ACE activities. For induction of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiac fibrosis, rats were infused with Iso (5 mg·kg–1·day–1) or saline (control) for 10 days and euthanized at day 1 after the last injection. The interstitial collagen volumetric fraction (ICVF), collagen I, and fibronectin content, but not collagen III content, were significantly higher in the homozygous BB rats than in homozygous LL rats. Differences in metalloprotease (MMP)-9, but not in MMP-2 activities as well as in cardiac cell proliferation, were also detected between LL and BB rats treated with Iso. LV ACE activity was higher in BB rats than LL rats and correlated with ICVF ( r = 0.61, P < 0.002). No changes were observed in plasma ACE activities, ANG II plasma or LV levels, plasma renin activity, and ACE and ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA levels in the LV of rats with the two different ACE polymorphisms. Iso induced a similar degree of LVH [assessed by an increase in LV weight 100 per body weight, LV-to-right ventricle (RV) ratio, and LV protein content] in LL and BB rats. We concluded that rats in the F2generation with high plasma ACE activity developed more fibrosis but to a similar degree of LVH compared with rats with low plasma ACE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Ocaranza
- Departamento Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, P. Universidad Católica de Chile
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18
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Williams SM, Haines JL, Moore JH. The use of animal models in the study of complex disease: all else is never equal or why do so many human studies fail to replicate animal findings? Bioessays 2004; 26:170-9. [PMID: 14745835 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of the genetics of complex human disease has met with limited success. Many findings with candidate genes fail to replicate despite seemingly overwhelming physiological data implicating the genes. In contrast, animal model studies of the same genes and disease models usually have more consistent results. We propose that one important reason for this is the ability to control genetic background in animal studies. The fact that controlling genetic background can produce more consistent results suggests that the failure to replicate human findings in the same diseases is due to variation in interacting genes. Hence, the contrasting nature of the findings from the different study designs indicates the importance of non-additive genetic effects on human disease. We discuss these issues and some methodological approaches that can detect multilocus effects, using hypertension as a model disease. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the BioEssays website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0265-9247/suppmat/index.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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19
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Jalil JE, Palomera C, Ocaranza MP, Godoy I, Román M, Chiong M, Lavandero S. Levels of plasma angiotensin-(1-7) in patients with hypertension who have the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme deletion/deletion genotype. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92:749-51. [PMID: 12972127 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In patients with hypertension who have the DD-ACE genotype (higher angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] activity), plasma levels of angiotensin-(1-7) are 4 times lower than in patients with the II-ACE genotype (lower ACE levels). Angiotensin II levels are similar in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Jalil
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical School, Pontifica Catholic University of Chile, Marcoleta 367, Room 19, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Amenta F, Di Tullio MA, Tomassoni D. Arterial hypertension and brain damage--evidence from animal models (review). Clin Exp Hypertens 2003; 25:359-80. [PMID: 12940473 DOI: 10.1081/ceh-120023545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is an important risk factor for cerebrovascular disease including stroke and has also a role in the development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and vascular dementia (VaD). Research on pathophysiology and treatment of hypertensive brain damage may benefit from the availability of animal models. This paper has reviewed the main animal models of hypertension in which brain damage is documented. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) represent the animal model more largely used. In these rats cerebrovascular changes, brain atrophy, loss of nerve cells in cerebrocortical areas, and glial reaction were documented. Several changes observed in SHR are similar to those found by in vivo imaging studies in essential hypertensives. It is documented that brain gets benefit from lowering abnormally elevated blood pressure and that reduction of hypertension protects brain from stroke and probably reduces the incidence of VaD. The influence of anti-hypertensive treatment on brain structure and function in animal models of hypertension is reviewed. Among classes of drugs investigated, dihydropyridine-type Ca2+ antagonists were those with a most documented protective effect on hypertensive brain damage. Limits and perspectives in the use of animal models for assessing brain damage caused by hypertension and protection from it are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amenta
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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