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Li KX, Feng Y, Fan XX, Sun X, Li Y, Wu D, Liu L, Cui CP, Xiong X, Li HD, Zhou M, Ma HL, Liu Y, Zhang R, Li BY. Bradykinin-mediated estrogen-dependent depressor response by direct activation of female-specific distribution of myelinated Ah-type baroreceptor neurons in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:435-447. [PMID: 34964272 PMCID: PMC8841294 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To understand the direct impact of bradykinin in autonomic control of circulation through baroreflex afferent pathway. Methods The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored while bradykinin and its agonists were applied via nodose (NG) microinjection, the expression of bradykinin receptors (BRs) in the NG (1st‐order) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS, 2nd‐order) were tested in adult male, age‐matched female, and ovariectomized rats under physiological and hypertensive conditions. Additionally, bradykinin‐induced depolarization was also tested in identified baroreceptor and baroreceptive neurons using whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. Results Under physiological condition, bradykinin‐induced dose‐ and estrogen‐dependent reductions of MAP with lower estimated EC50 in females. B2R agonist mediated more dramatic MAP reduction with long‐lasting effect compared with B1R activation. These functional observations were consistent with the molecular and immunostaining evidences. However, under hypertensive condition, the MAP reduction was significantly less dramatic in N’‐Nitro‐L‐Arginine‐methyl ester (L‐NAME) induced secondary and spontaneous hypertension rats in males compared with female rats. Electrophysiological data showed that bradykinin‐elicited concentration‐dependent membrane depolarization with discharges during initial phase in identified myelinated Ah‐types baroreceptor neurons, not myelinated A‐types; while, higher concentration of bradykinin was required for depolarization of unmyelinated C‐types without initial discharges. Conclusion These datasets have demonstrated for the first time that bradykinin mediates direct activation of baroreflex afferent function to trigger estrogen‐dependent depressor response, which is due mainly to the direct activation/neuroexcitation of female‐specific myelinated Ah‐type baroreceptor neurons leading to a sexual dimorphism in parasympathetic domination of blood pressure regulation via activation of B2R/B1R expression in baroreflex afferent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiong-Xiong Fan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Peng Cui
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hu-Die Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai-Lan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of clinical Laboratory, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Sullivan SG, Paolacci S, Kiani AK, Bertelli M. Chiropractic care for hypertension: Review of the literature and study of biological and genetic bases. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020017. [PMID: 33170172 PMCID: PMC8023135 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i13-s.10524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hypertension is a multifactorial condition that is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Regulation of blood pressure greatly depends upon the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Alterations in the autonomic nervous system can lead to hypertension. In addition to nervous system control and individual physiologic state, various genes can directly influence autonomic responses. The complexity of blood pressure control is reflected in the 20-30% of individuals resistant to traditional pharmacological treatment, this indicates the need for alternative interventions. This article provides an integrative review and discussion of the key neurophysiologic and genetic factors that contribute to blood pressure regulation, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and manual therapy literature, and the manual therapy and blood pressure literature. METHODS To assess the effects of chiropractic on the management of hypertension we searched articles published from 1980 to 2019 in PubMed, the Index to Chiropractic Literature and CINAHL, using the keywords: chiropractic, spinal manipulation, hypertension, and blood pressure. RESULTS We found 38 original studies that analyzed the effect of chiropractic therapy on hypertension. Of these studies, 10 were case reports and the statistical significance of the effects of chiropractic on blood pressure was not evaluated on these articles, so we focused on the remaining 28 articles. CONCLUSIONS The results of the review relative to chiropractic care were promising, but often contradictory, suggesting more research should be done. In consideration of the complexity of ANS blood pressure control, an evaluation of patient presenting physiologic and genetic characteristics is recommended and could provide valuable insight relative to the likelihood of patient blood pressure related responsiveness to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gb Sullivan
- Office for Senior Health and Wellness, Dr. Sid E. Williams Center for Chiropractic Research, Life University, Marietta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI'S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy; MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy; EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy.
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Luo K, Yang P, Xu G. Risk of bradykinin B2 receptor -58T/C gene polymorphism on hypertension: A meta-analysis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 21:655-62. [PMID: 27007662 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The risk of bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2)-58T/C gene polymorphism on hypertension remains controversial. The Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Database, EBSCO, Embase, ISI, MEDLINE, and PubMed were retrieved, and relevant articles were selected. The significant association between BDKRB2 -58T/C gene polymorphism and risk of hypertension were found under C-allele comparison (odds ratio (OR): 1.22, 95% confidential intervals (CI): 1.05-1.42), recessive model (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07-1.64), dominant model (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58-0.94), homozygote model (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.11-2.47) and heterozygote model (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.43). The magnitude of the association between the BDKRB2-58T/C gene polymorphism and risk of hypertension was substantiated in Asians under C-allele comparison (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04-1.49), recessive model (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04-1.86), dominant model (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.56-0.93), homozygote model (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.09-2.90) and heterozygote model (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.07-1.49). No publication bias was found in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis suggested -58C allele and -58CC genotype increase the risk of hypertension in Asians and African-Americans. Inversely, -58TT genotype decreases the risk of hypertension in Asians and African-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiping Luo
- Medical Center of the Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pingping Yang
- Medical Center of the Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Gu W, Li Z, Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu J, Wen S. Association of the bradykinin receptors genes variants with hypertension: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 38:100-6. [PMID: 26362411 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was to investigate the role of bradykinin receptors genes polymorphisms on hypertension risk in Northern Han Chinese population. We also carried out a meta-analysis on Chinese to derive a more full assessment of this association. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 976 subjects from Northern Han Chinese and 7 studies with 1599 cases and 1425 controls were included in this case-control study and in the current meta-analysis, respectively. For the case-control study, we identified the genotypes of -58T/C and 1098A/G polymorphism in BDKRB2 and BDKRB1 genes, respectively, by TaqMan PCR method. Overall, we found significant association between the -58T/C polymorphism and the increased risk of hypertension in the allele comparison (p = 0.01, OR = 1.386, 95% CI [1.138-1.688]). Subgroup analysis by gender suggested that this obvious association could still be found in males, but not in females. For the 1098A/G polymorphism, no significant association was revealed in overall and subgroup analysis. For the meta-analysis involving the -58T/C polymorphism, a significant association between this polymorphism and hypertension was observed in the whole group. In Chinese Han subgroup, we found significant association with hypertension in allele comparison(C vs. T: p = 0.03, OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.03-1.59, pheterogeneity = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our case-control study indicated that -58T/C might be significantly associated with the increased risk of hypertension in Northern Han Chinese population, which was partially confirmed by our meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Zhao Li
- b Department of Cardiology , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoguang Wang
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Ya Liu
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Jilin Liu
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Shaojun Wen
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
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Girolami JP, Blaes N, Bouby N, Alhenc-Gelas F. Genetic manipulation and genetic variation of the kallikrein-kinin system: impact on cardiovascular and renal diseases. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 69:145-196. [PMID: 25130042 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in mice, with either gain or loss of function, and study of human genetic variability in KKS components which has been well documented at the phenotypic and genomic level, have allowed recognizing the physiological role of KKS in health and in disease. This role has been especially documented in the cardiovascular system and the kidney. Kinins are produced at slow rate in most organs in resting condition and/or inactivated quickly. Yet the KKS is involved in arterial function and in renal tubular function. In several pathological situations, kinin production increases, kinin receptor synthesis is upregulated, and kinins play an important role, whether beneficial or detrimental, in disease outcome. In the setting of ischemic, diabetic or hemodynamic aggression, kinin release by tissue kallikrein protects against organ damage, through B2 and/or B1 bradykinin receptor activation, depending on organ and disease. This has been well documented for the ischemic or diabetic heart, kidney and skeletal muscle, where KKS activity reduces oxidative stress, limits necrosis or fibrosis and promotes angiogenesis. On the other hand, in some pathological situations where plasma prekallikrein is inappropriately activated, excess kinin release in local or systemic circulation is detrimental, through oedema or hypotension. Putative therapeutic application of these clinical and experimental findings through current pharmacological development is discussed in the chapter.
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Śleszyńska M, Wierzba TH, Malinowski K, Tůmová T, Lammek B, Slaninová J, Prahl A. Novel Bradykinin Analogues Modified in the N-Terminal Part of the Molecule with a Variety of Acyl Substituents. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012; 18:117-124. [PMID: 22593719 PMCID: PMC3332343 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the current work we present some pharmacological characteristics of ten new analogues of bradykinin (Arg–Pro–Pro–Gly–Phe–Ser–Pro–Phe–Arg) modified in the N-terminal part of the molecule with a variety of acyl substituents. Of the many acylating agents used previously with B2 receptor antagonists, the following residues were chosen: 1-adamantaneacetic acid (Aaa), 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (Aca), 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid (t-Bba), 4-aminobenzoic acid (Aba), 12-aminododecanoic acid (Adc), succinic acid (Sua), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. Biological activity of the compounds was assessed in the in vivo rat blood pressure test and the in vitro rat uterus test. Surprisingly, N-terminal substitution of the bradykinin peptide chain itself with aforementioned groups resulted in antagonists of bradykinin in the pressor test and suppressed agonistic potency in the uterotonic test. These interesting findings need further studies as they can be helpful for designing more potent B2 receptor blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Śleszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz H. Wierzba
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Malinowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tereza Tůmová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo sq. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bernard Lammek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jiřina Slaninová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo sq. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Prahl
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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Śleszyńska M, Wierzba TH, Malinowski K, Borovičková L, Małuch I, Sobolewski D, Lammek B, Slaninová J, Prahl A. Novel analogues of bradykinin conformationally restricted in the C-terminal part of the molecule. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:366-72. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysfunction of baroreflex plays an important role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Recent studies suggest that approximately 40% of the variation in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) may be accounted for by genetic factors. However, only a few such genetic polymorphisms have been explicitly identified. METHODS A total of 182 normotensive young men were included in the study. They were tested for the occurrence of genotypes involving nine polymorphisms in six genes that have a role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. BRS was calculated from the spontaneous fluctuation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart interval, using a sequence method. RESULTS BRS was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), SBP, and family history of hypertension. Univariate analysis revealed that BRS is significantly associated with three of the polymorphisms studied. At the polymorphism T-786C in the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) gene, the subjects with TT genotype had lower BRS than subjects carrying either the TC or the CC genotype. At the polymorphism of C-344T in the aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2), subjects with the TT genotype had higher BRS as compared to those with CC. At the polymorphism of T-58C in the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) gene, subjects with CC genotype had lower BRS as compared to subjects with TT. A multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that 16% of the BRS variation could be explained by these three polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Baroreflex function plays an important role in regulating blood pressure, both in the short term and in the long term. Three polymorphisms that are associated with the variation in BRS were identified in the eNOS, CYP11B2, and B2R genes, respectively; overall, they accounted for 16% of the BRS variation.
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Tsianos GI, Evangelou E, Boot A, Zillikens MC, van Meurs JBJ, Uitterlinden AG, Ioannidis JPA. Associations of polymorphisms of eight muscle- or metabolism-related genes with performance in Mount Olympus marathon runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:567-74. [PMID: 20044476 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic endurance performance is probably partly under genetic control, but genetic association studies have yielded inconclusive results. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in eight muscle- or metabolism-related genes with endurance performance in participants of the Olympus Marathon running race. We recruited 438 athletes who participated in the 2007 and 2008 annual running events of the Olympus Marathon: a 43.8-km race with an ascent from sea level to 2,690-m altitude and then a descent to 300 m. Phenotypes of interest were the competitive event time at the specific Olympus Marathon where the athlete was enrolled, the fastest reported timing ever achieved in an Olympus Marathon, and how many kilometers per week the athlete ran during the previous year. Eleven polymorphisms in alpha(3)-actinin (ACTN3), AMP deaminase-1 (AMPD1), bradykinin B(2) receptor (BDKRB2), beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A), PPAR-alpha (PPARA), PPAR-delta (PPARD), and apoliprotein E (APOE) were evaluated. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing on the overall cohort of male athletes showed a significant deviation for BDKRB2 rs1799722 (P = 0.018; P = 0.006 when limited to 316 habitual male runners) with an excess of the TT genotype. Across all athletes, no associations showed nominal statistical significance for any of the three phenotypes, and the same was true when analyses were limited to men (n = 417). When limited to 316 male athletes who identified running as their preferred sport, ADRB2 rs1042713 had nominally significant associations with faster times for the minor (A) allele for the fastest time ever (P = 0.01). The direction of effect was identical as previously postulated only for BDKRB2 rs1799722 and ADRB2 rs1042713, indicating consistency. BDKRB2 rs1799722 and ADRB2 rs1042713 have some support for being implicated in endurance performance among habitual runners and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Tsianos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45 110, Greece
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Niu W, Qi Y, Gao P, Zhu D. A meta-analysis of the bradykinin B2 receptor gene --58C/T polymorphism with hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 411:324-8. [PMID: 20036225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have attempted to associate -58C/T polymorphism of bradykinin B2 receptor gene (BDKRB2) with hypertension, whereas results were often irreproducible. We performed a meta-analysis aiming to provide a comprehensive evaluation of this polymorphism and hypertension. METHODS Case-control reports published in English were searched totaling four studies with six populations (823 cases and 916 controls). Random-effects model was applied irrespective of between-study heterogeneity, and study quality was assessed in duplicate. RESULTS Compared with -58C allele carriers, those with -58T allele had a lower yet nonsignificant risk for hypertension (OR=0.86; 95% CI: 0.68-1.09; P=0.21). Lack of significance persisted after combining those with genotypes -58TC and -58TT together (OR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.67-1.09; P=0.21) or with -58TC and -58CC together (OR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.48-1.18; P=0.22) in association with hypertension. Sensitivity analyses by race indicated that comparison of -58T versus -58C generated a protective effect for hypertension in Asians (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.58-1.02; P=0.07) and African-Americans (OR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.43-0.98; P=0.04), but a risk effect in Caucasians (OR=1.22; 95% CI: 0.92-1.61; P=0.17). No publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that -58T allele exhibited a protective effect on hypertension in Asians and African-Americans, yet a risk effect in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Milan A, Caserta MA, Del Colle S, Dematteis A, Morello F, Rabbia F, Mulatero P, Pandian NG, Veglio F. Baroreflex sensitivity correlates with left ventricular morphology and diastolic function in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1655-64. [PMID: 17620963 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3281ddb0a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arterial hypertension is a common cause of cardiac organ damage, inducing morphological and functional modifications. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) control of the heart rate is a key mechanism of blood pressure homeostasis, and is impaired in patients with hypertension. This study sought to assess the association between BRS and left ventricular morphology and function. METHODS We studied 224 hypertensive patients (125 men; aged 47.8 +/- 10.8 years, mean +/- SD) compared with 51 normotensive control subjects (25 men, aged 45.7 +/- 12.5 years). Left ventricular morphology, systolic and diastolic function were evaluated by echocardiography. Spontaneous BRS was measured using the sequence method. RESULTS BRS was inversely associated with relative wall thickness (R = 0.17; P < 0.0001) and left ventricular mass index (R = 0.03; P = 0.01); in particular, BRS was significantly impaired in patients with concentric left ventricular remodelling (median [interquartile difference] 9.4 [4.1]) and hypertrophy (9.05 [3.9]) compared with the normal left ventricle (12.3 [5]; P < 0.001). BRS showed a significant association with systolic function evaluated by midwall fractional shortening (r = 0.28; P < 0.001), stroke volume (r = 0.27; P < 0.001), stroke work (r = 0.17; P < 0.05), and fractional shortening (r = 0.17; P < 0.05). BRS was significantly decreased in patients with diastolic dysfunction; it was lower in patients with diastolic dysfunction compared with both the control group and hypertensive patients with normal diastolic function. CONCLUSION BRS is associated with left ventricular morphology, systolic and diastolic function in hypertensive patients. In particular BRS is impaired in patients with diastolic dysfunction. These findings suggest a role for BRS as a target in arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Milan
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, Hypertension Unit, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Del Colle S, Milan A, Caserta M, Dematteis A, Naso D, Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Veglio F. Baroreflex sensitivity is impaired in essential hypertensives with central obesity. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21:473-8. [PMID: 17287838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, much interest has focussed on the potential interaction between sympathetic nervous system and global cardiovascular risk. We investigated how baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), an index of autonomic function, interacts with central obesity (CO) in an essential hypertensive (EH) population. We selected 170 EHs and 43 normotensives (NT), (median age 47.3+/-11.3 and 49.1+/-13 years, respectively). Anthropometric parameters were measured for each and BRS was evaluated by a non-invasive method using Portapres TNO. The BRS evaluation was made using the sequences method. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were significantly higher in EH (P<0.001 and P=0.007, respectively). BRS was significantly greater in NT (P=0.02), and was associated inversely with waist circumference (WC) (P=0.005), but not with SBP or with other metabolic risk factors. Body mass index, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, age and WC were not significantly different between the two groups. These results were confirmed by age pounded analysis. Finally, a separate analysis of the hypertensive group with CO (n=84) demonstrated a significantly lower BRS compared with the other hypertensive patients (n=86) (P<0.001). BRS is associated with WC but not with arterial pressure values and metabolic risk factors. Hypertensive subjects with CO show an impairment of BRS. Owing to its association with abdominal fat distribution and subsequently insulin resistance, BRS could represent a further and reliable index for evaluation of global cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Del Colle
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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Li M, Wang J, Xie HH, Shen FM, Su DF. The susceptibility of ventricular arrhythmia to aconitine in conscious Lyon hypertensive rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:211-5. [PMID: 17241523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present work was designed to investigate the relationship between hemodynamic parameters and the susceptibility of ventricular arrhythmia to aconitine in conscious Lyon hypertensive rats (LH). METHODS Male LH and Lyon low blood pressure rats (LL) were used. After the determination of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), ventricular arrhythmia was induced by aconitine infusion in conscious rats. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded during the period of infusion. RESULTS Compared with the LL rats, the LH rats possessed significantly higher BP, blood pressure variability and lower BRS. The threshold of aconitine required for ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest in the LH rats were significantly lower than those in the LL rats. It was found that all the hemodynamic parameters studied were not correlated with the threshold of aconitine required for arrhythmia, with the exception of BRS, which was positively related to the threshold of aconitine required for ventricular premature beat. CONCLUSION The LH rats possessed greater susceptibility to aconitine-induced ventricular arrhythmias when compared to the LL rats. This greater susceptibility could not be attributed to any one of the hemodynamic parameters alone studied in the LH rats. It is proposed that various hypertension-associated abnormalities, including the abnormal hemodynamics, may co-contribute to this vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Zavodna E, Honzikova N, Hrstkova H, Novakova Z, Moudr J, Jira M, Fiser B. Can we detect the development of baroreflex sensitivity in humans between 11 and 20 years of age? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:1275-83. [PMID: 17487236 DOI: 10.1139/y06-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine changes of baroreflex sensitivity in humans between 11 and 20 years of age. Continuous 5 min blood pressure recordings using a Finapres were taken in 415 healthy subjects while in a sitting, resting position (breathing at a frequency of 0.33 Hz). Beat-by-beat values of interbeat intervals (IBI) or heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Baroreflex sensitivity in ms/mmHg (BRS) and in mHz/mmHg (BRSf) was determined at an average frequency of 0.1 Hz by spectral analysis. BRS did not correlate with age, but BRSf significantly decreased with age (p < 0.001). BRS correlated with mean IBI (p < 0.001) in all subjects and also in the particular subgroups, but BRSf was IBI-independent. Results of multiregression equations were BRS = 1.37 – 0.56 × age (years) + 0.02 × IBI (ms) (p < 0.001 for BRS vs. age and for BRS vs. IBI); BRSf = 34.74 – 0.97 × age (years) – 0.001 × IBI (ms) (p < 0.001 only for BRS vs. age), where age was measured in years and IBI was measured in ms. The limits of BRS were estimated for the total group: 5th percentile, 3.9; 50th percentile, 9.1; and 95th percentile, 18.7 ms/mmHg; and limits for BRSf were 5th percentile, 8.5; 50th percentile, 16.4; and 95th percentile, 33.6 mHz/mmHg. We conclude that IBI-dependent BRS was unchanged in the particular age groups, but the standardization of BRS on IBI decreased with age. BRSf was IBI-independent and better reflected the development of the BRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zavodna
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Komenskeho nam. 2, CZ-662 43 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Riese H, Rijsdijk FV, Ormel J, van Roon AM, Neeleman J, Rosmalen JGM. Genetic influences on baroreflex sensitivity during rest and mental stress. J Hypertens 2006; 24:1779-86. [PMID: 16915027 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000242402.83709.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality and an indicator of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic regulation. Although the BRS is influenced by genetic factors, the evidence is limited, and it is unknown whether contributions of genes and environment to individual variation in BRS differ during rest and mental stress conditions. DESIGN AND METHODS In 250 female twins, electrocardiogram and continuous finger blood pressure (BP) were assessed during two rest and two mental stress conditions. BRS was calculated as the mean modulus between inter-beat-interval and systolic BP. Genetic model fitting was used to investigate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to individual differences in the BRS measures. RESULTS Familial resemblance for all conditions was found which was clearly mainly due to genetic contributions. A trend was found for higher genetic influences in the mental stress conditions (42 and 45%) compared to rest conditions (14 and 22%), and higher shared environmental effects in rest conditions (14 and 16%) compared to mental stress conditions (0.5 and 1%). Although their magnitude differed, the same genetic and shared environmental factors affected individual differences in BRS in all four conditions. CONCLUSION Genetic influences explained up to 45% of the individual variation in BRS. This considerable proportion of genetic variance would make BRS an useful candidate trait for future association and linkage studies in the search for genes influencing autonomic regulation and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriëtte Riese
- Department of Psychiatry, and Graduate School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Labudda-Dawidowska O, Wierzba TH, Prahl A, Kowalczyk W, Gawiński Ł, Plackova M, Slaninová J, Lammek B. New Bradykinin Analogues Modified in the C-Terminal Part with Sterically Restricted 1-Aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic Acid. J Med Chem 2005; 48:8055-9. [PMID: 16335929 DOI: 10.1021/jm0580353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a sterically constrained noncoded amino acid, 1-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (Acc), was substituted in position 8 of the peptide chain of bradykinin (BK) and position 6, 7, or 8 of its B2 receptor antagonist [D-Arg0,Hyp3,Thi,(5,8)D-Phe7]BK, previously synthesized by Stewart's group, to reduce the flexibility of the peptides, thus forcing the peptide backbone and side chains to adopt specific orientations. Knowing that acylation of the N-terminus of several known B2 blockers with a variety of bulky groups has consistently improved their antagonistic potency in the rat blood pressure assay, the Acc substituted analogues were also synthesized in the N-acylated form with 1-adamantaneacetic acid (Aaa). The activity of eight new analogues was assayed in isolated rat uterus and in rat blood pressure tests. The results clearly demonstrated the importance of the position in the peptide chain into which the sterically restricted Acc residue was inserted. Meanwhile, Acc at positions 6 and 7 led to reduction of antagonistic qualities or even restored the agonism, respectively. Acc at position 8 enhanced antagonistic qualities in both tests. The Acc at position 8 of BK strongly reduced the agonistic potency. In most cases acylation of the N-terminus led either to enhancement of antagonistic potencies or to further decrease of agonistic potency. Our findings offer new possibilities for designing new potent and selective B2 blockers.
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