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Tutunea-Fatan E, Arumugarajah S, Suri RS, Edgar CR, Hon I, Dikeakos JD, Gunaratnam L. Sensing Dying Cells in Health and Disease: The Importance of Kidney Injury Molecule-1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:795-808. [PMID: 38353655 PMCID: PMC11164124 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), also known as T-cell Ig and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1), is a widely recognized biomarker for AKI, but its biological function is less appreciated. KIM-1/TIM-1 belongs to the T-cell Ig and mucin domain family of conserved transmembrane proteins, which bear the characteristic six-cysteine Ig-like variable domain. The latter enables binding of KIM-1/TIM-1 to its natural ligand, phosphatidylserine, expressed on the surface of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. KIM-1/TIM-1 is expressed in a variety of tissues and plays fundamental roles in regulating sterile inflammation and adaptive immune responses. In the kidney, KIM-1 is upregulated on injured renal proximal tubule cells, which transforms them into phagocytes for clearance of dying cells and helps to dampen sterile inflammation. TIM-1, expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer T cells, is essential for cell activation and immune regulatory functions in the host. Functional polymorphisms in the gene for KIM-1/TIM-1, HAVCR1 , have been associated with susceptibility to immunoinflammatory conditions and hepatitis A virus-induced liver failure, which is thought to be due to a differential ability of KIM-1/TIM-1 variants to bind phosphatidylserine. This review will summarize the role of KIM-1/TIM-1 in health and disease and its potential clinical applications as a biomarker and therapeutic target in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tutunea-Fatan
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabitha Arumugarajah
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita S. Suri
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassandra R. Edgar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ingrid Hon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Kong X, Fu M, Niu X, Jiang H. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression, Relationship to Immune Infiltration and Prognosis of TIM-1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1086. [PMID: 33014768 PMCID: PMC7498659 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TIM-1 is a critical gene that regulates T-helper cell development. However, little research has revealed the distribution, prognosis, and immune infiltration of TIM-1 in cancers. TCGA, GEO, Oncomine, TIMER, Kaplan-Meier, PrognoScan, GEPIA, TISIDB, and HPA databases were used to analyze TIM-1 in cancers. High TIM-1 expression was observed in bladder, cholangio, head and neck, colorectal, gastric, kidney, liver, lung adenocarcinoma, skin, uterine corpus endometrial, and pancreatic cancers compared to the normal tissues, and immunofluorescence shows that TIM-1 is mainly localized in vesicles. Simultaneously, high TIM-1 expression was closely related with poorer overall survival in gastric, lung adenocarcinoma, and poorer disease-specific survival in gastric cancer in the TCGA cohort, and was validated in the GEO cohort. Moreover, high expression of TIM-1, correlated with clinical relevance of gastric cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, was associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in lung adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer. Finally, immunohistochemistry showed TIM-1 expression was higher in lung adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer compared to the normal tissues. In summary, we applied integrated bioinformatics approaches to suggest that TIM-1 can be used as a prognostic biomarker in gastric and lung adenocarcinoma, which might provide a novel direction to explore the pathogenesis of gastric and lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, China
| | - Meili Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, China
| | - Xing Niu
- Department of Second Clinical College, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, China
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HAVCR1 (CD365) and Its Mouse Ortholog Are Functional Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Cellular Receptors That Mediate HAV Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02065-17. [PMID: 29437974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02065-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1), classified as CD365, was initially discovered as an HAV cellular receptor using an expression cloning strategy. Due to the lack of HAV receptor-negative replication-competent cells, it was not possible to fully prove that HAVCR1 was a functional HAV receptor. However, biochemistry, classical virology, and epidemiology studies further supported the functional role of HAVCR1 as an HAV receptor. Here, we show that an anti-HAVCR1 monoclonal antibody that protected African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells against HAV infection only partially protected monkey Vero E6 cells and human hepatoma Huh7 cells, indicating that these two cell lines express alternative yet unidentified HAV receptors. Therefore, we focused our work on AGMK cells to further characterize the function of HAVCR1 as an HAV receptor. Advances in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 technology allowed us to knock out the monkey ortholog of HAVCR1 in AGMK cells. The resulting AGMK HAVCR1 knockout (KO) cells lost susceptibility to HAV infection, including HAV-free viral particles (vpHAV) and exosomes purified from HAV-infected cells (exo-HAV). Transfection of HAVCR1 cDNA into AGMK HAVCR1 KO cells restored susceptibility to vpHAV and exo-HAV infection. Furthermore, transfection of the mouse ortholog of HAVCR1, mHavcr1, also restored the susceptibility of AGMK HAVCR1 KO cells to HAV infection. Taken together, our data clearly show that HAVCR1 and mHavcr1 are functional HAV receptors that mediate HAV infection. This work paves the way for the identification of alternative HAV receptors to gain a complete understanding of their interplay with HAVCR1 in the cell entry and pathogenic processes of HAV.IMPORTANCE HAVCR1, an HAV receptor, is expressed in different cell types, including regulatory immune cells and antigen-presenting cells. How HAV evades the immune response during a long incubation period of up to 4 weeks and the mechanism by which the subsequent necroinflammatory process clears the infection remain a puzzle that most likely involves the HAV-HAVCR1 interaction. Based on negative data, a recent paper from the S. M. Lemon and W. Maury laboratories (A. Das, A. Hirai-Yuki, O. Gonzalez-Lopez, B. Rhein, S. Moller-Tank, R. Brouillette, L. Hensley, I. Misumi, W. Lovell, J. M. Cullen, J. K. Whitmire, W. Maury, and S. M. Lemon, mBio 8:e00969-17, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00969-17) suggested that HAVCR1 is not a functional HAV receptor, nor it is it required for HAV infection. However, our data, based on regain of the HAV receptor function in HAVCR1 knockout cells transfected with HAVCR1 cDNA, disagree with their findings. Our positive data show conclusively that HAVCR1 is indeed a functional HAV receptor and lays the ground for the identification of alternative HAV receptors and how they interact with HAVCR1 in cell entry and the pathogenesis of HAV.
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Schweigert O, Dewitz C, Möller-Hackbarth K, Trad A, Garbers C, Rose-John S, Scheller J. Soluble T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM)-1 and -4 generated by A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM)-10 and -17 bind to phosphatidylserine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:275-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century, there were striking increases in the incidences of many chronic inflammatory disorders in the rich developed countries. These included autoimmune disorders such as Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Although genetics and specific triggering mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and viruses are likely to be involved, the increases have been so rapid that any explanation that omits environmental change is incomplete. This chapter suggests that a series of environmental factors, most of them microbial, have led to a decrease in the efficiency of our immunoregulatory mechanisms because we are in a state of evolved dependence on organisms with which we co-evolved (and that had to be tolerated) as inducers of immunoregulatory circuits. These organisms ("Old Friends") are depleted from the modern urban environment. Rather than considering fetal programming by maternal microbial exposures, neonatal programming, the hygiene hypothesis, gut microbiota, and diet as separate and competing hypotheses, I attempt here to integrate these ideas under a single umbrella concept that can provide the missing immunoregulatory environmental factor that is needed to explain the recent increases in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A W Rook
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Perry S, Hussain R, Parsonnet J. The impact of mucosal infections on acquisition and progression of tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:246-51. [PMID: 21412228 PMCID: PMC5480373 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than one-third of the world's population, or over 2 billion people, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative pathogen of tuberculosis in humans. Why only 10% of those infected develop active disease while the remainder harbor latent infection remains one of the greatest scientific and public health mysteries. Bacterial persistence is characterized by a dynamic state of immunological tolerance between pathogen and host. The critical role of CD4(+) T cells in defense against intracellular pathogens became evident during epidemiological studies of HIV-1 infection, which showed a clear inverse relationship between CD4(+) T-cell count in peripheral blood and increased risk of infection with M. tuberculosis, pneumocystis and Toxoplasma gondii. There is also growing evidence of a common mucosal immune system, whereby immune cells activated at one mucosal site may disseminate to remote effector sites. In this commentary, we review emerging evidence from human studies that the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection is influenced by concurrent mucosal infections, using Helicobacter pylori and geohelminths as examples. Understanding how the complexity of microbial exposures influences host immunity may have important implications for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perry
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - J Parsonnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Ehlers S, Kaufmann SHE. Infection, inflammation, and chronic diseases: consequences of a modern lifestyle. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:184-90. [PMID: 20399709 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, pneumonia, dysentery, and helminth infestations, still constitute a profound threat in developing countries. Curiously, their decline in high-income societies is paralleled by an unprecedented emergence of allergic disorders, notably asthma and atopy, and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Several changes in lifestyle are associated with this transition, including diminished exposure to soil and animals, nutritional bias, obesity and increased exposure to pollutants and antibiotics, which all impact the intestinal microbiota. Understanding the mechanistic links behind the epidemiological observations, the complexity of a changing microbiome, and the immunoregulatory consequences of microbial encounter in barrier organs was the subject of the 99(th) Dahlem Conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehlers
- Cluster of Excellence Inflammation at Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), Research Center Borstel, Microbial Inflammation Research, Parkallee 1, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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Rook GAW. The gut, immunoregulation and micro-organisms from man's evolutionary past. NUTR BULL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2010.01823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rook GAW. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:70-9. [PMID: 20415854 PMCID: PMC2841838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current synthesis of the 'hygiene hypothesis' suggests that the recent increase in chronic inflammatory disorders is at least partly attributable to immunodysregulation resulting from lack of exposure to microorganisms that have evolved an essential role in the establishment of the immune system. This document provides a background for discussion of the following propositions. 1. The essential role of these organisms is an example of 'evolved dependence'. 2. The most relevant organisms are those that co-evolved with mammals, and already accompanied early hominids in the Paleolithic. 3. More recently evolved 'childhood infections' are not likely to have evolved this role, and recent epidemiology supports this contention. 4. This mechanism is interacting with other modern environmental changes that also lead to enhanced inflammatory responses [inappropriate diet, obesity, psychological stress, vitamin D deficiency, pollution (dioxins), etc.]. 5. The range of chronic inflammatory disorders that is affected is potentially larger than usually assumed [allergies, autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, but also vascular disease, some cancers, depression/anxiety (when accompanied by raised inflammatory cytokines), and perhaps neurodegenerative disorders and type 2 diabetes].
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Affiliation(s)
- G A W Rook
- Department Infection, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Wang XT, Zheng PY, Luo Y, Liu ZQ, Zhang LL. TIM4 and TIM1 modulate the function of CD4 +CD25 + T regulatory cells in mice with food allergy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:3507-3513. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i34.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the function of T regulatory (Treg) cells and determine the role of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIM4) and TIM1 in modulating the function of Treg cells in mice with food allergy.
METHODS: Thirty-two BALB/c mice fed an ovalbumin (OVA)-free diet were randomly and equally divided into four groups: normal saline (NS) group, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) plus OVA group, anti-TIM1 antibody plus SEB and OVA group, and anti-TIM4 antibody plus SEB and OVA group. Mice in the four groups were sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of NS, SEB/OVA, anti-TIM1/SEB/OVA, and anti-TIM4/SEB/OVA on days 0, 3 and 9, respectively. All mice (except the NS group) were challenged by intraperitoneal injections of SEB/OVA on days 7 and 14, respectively. The expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) mRNA in the jejunum and spleen and TIM4 mRNA in the jejunum was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of TGF-β1 and IL-10 proteins in the jejunum was detected by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Compared with the NS group, the expression levels of FOXP3 mRNA in the jejunum and spleen significantly decreased (0.401 ± 0.145 vs 0.732 ± 0.162 and 0.407 ± 0.082 vs 0.691 ± 0.145, respectively; both P < 0.05), the expression level of TIM4 mRNA increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the levels of TGF-β1 in the serum and jejunum decreased significantly (7859.853 ± 126.704 ng/L vs 8342.814 ± 488.461 ng/L and 108.834 ± 9.634 ng/L vs 156.298 ± 12.002 ng/L, respectively; both P < 0.05) in the SEB/OVA group. In contrast, the expression levels of FOXP3 mRNA in the jejunum and spleen and TGF-β1 in the serum and jejunum were significantly higher in the anti-TIM1/SEB/OVA and anti-TIM4/SEB/OVA groups than in the SEB/OVA group (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Treg cells in SEB/OVA-sensitized mice are dysfunctional. Pretreatment with anti-TIM1 or anti-TIM4 can restore the function of Treg cells, suggesting that the TIM4-TIM1 pathway may play a key role in the development of food allergy.
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Rook GA. The changing microbial environment and chronic inflammatory disorders. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2008; 4:117-24. [PMID: 20525133 PMCID: PMC2868866 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-4-3-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
: There is much to be gained from examining human diseases within the expanding framework of Darwinian medicine. This is particularly true of those conditions that change in frequency as populations develop from the human "environment of evolutionary adaptedness" to the living conditions of the rich industrialized countries. This development entails major changes in lifestyle, leading to reductions in contact with environmental microorganisms and helminths that have evolved a physiologic role as drivers of immunoregulatory circuits. It is suggested that a deficit in immunoregulation in rich countries is contributing not only to increases in the incidence of allergic disorders but also to increases in other chronic inflammatory conditions that are exacerbated by a failure to terminate inappropriate inflammatory reponses. These include autoimmunity, neuroinflammatory disorders, atherosclerosis, depression associated with raised inflammatory cytokines, and some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Aw Rook
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Degauque N, Mariat C, Kenny J, Zhang D, Gao W, Vu MD, Alexopoulos S, Oukka M, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH, Kuchroo V, Zheng XX, Strom TB. Immunostimulatory Tim-1-specific antibody deprograms Tregs and prevents transplant tolerance in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:735-41. [PMID: 18079964 DOI: 10.1172/jci32562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell Ig mucin (Tim) molecules modulate CD4(+) T cell responses. In keeping with the view that Tim-1 generates a stimulatory signal for CD4(+) T cell activation, we hypothesized that an agonist Tim-1-specific mAb would intensify the CD4(+) T cell-dependant allograft response. Unexpectedly, we determined that a particular Tim-1-specific mAb exerted reciprocal effects upon the commitment of alloactivated T cells to regulatory and effector phenotypes. Commitment to the Th1 and Th17 phenotypes was fostered, whereas commitment to the Treg phenotype was hindered. Moreover, ligation of Tim-1 in vitro effectively deprogrammed Tregs and thus produced Tregs unable to control T cell responses. Overall, the effects of the agonist Tim-1-specific mAb on the allograft response stemmed from enhanced expansion and survival of T effector cells; a capacity to deprogram natural Tregs; and inhibition of the conversion of naive CD4(+) T cells into Tregs. The reciprocal effects of agonist Tim-1-specific mAbs upon effector T cells and Tregs serve to prevent allogeneic transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Degauque
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Transplant Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Rook GAW, Hamelmann E, Brunet LR. Mycobacteria and allergies. Immunobiology 2007; 212:461-73. [PMID: 17544831 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycobacteria was inevitable throughout mammalian evolution. Most mycobacteria are saprophytic environmental organisms that are enormously abundant in soil and untreated water and evoke immune responses in the residents of developing countries. A few species are pathogens. For example Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), infects approximately 1/3 of the world's population. Many individuals also receive vaccination with the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), which is an attenuated form of the organism causing bovine TB. In order to understand the possible role that mycobacteria might have in the increases in allergic disorders over the last decades, it is necessary to dissect out these different mycobacterial influences. Above all it is essential, when analysing tuberculin test results, to distinguish between individuals who have latent TB and those who do not. Only then can probable effects of diverse types of exposure emerge. There is no doubt that in animal models mycobacteria can both prevent and treat allergic responses either by boosting Th1 or by driving allergen-specific regulatory T cells (RegT). Clinical trials in man remain inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A W Rook
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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von Hertzen LC, Laatikainen T, Mäkelä MJ, Jousilahti P, Kosunen TU, Petays T, Pussinen PJ, Haahtela T, Vartiainen E. Infectious burden as a determinant of atopy-- a comparison between adults in Finnish and Russian Karelia. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 140:89-95. [PMID: 16554659 DOI: 10.1159/000092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of the influence of pathogen exposure on the development of atopy and atopic disease is not unequivocal. We investigated the association between markers of infections and occurrence of atopy among adults in eastern Finland and western Russia, two adjacent areas with profound differences in living conditions and lifestyles. METHODS Randomly selected adults aged 25-54 years from Finland (n = 790) and from Russia (n = 387) participated in the study. Skin prick tests were performed to 11 common airborne allergens, and at least one positive prick reaction was considered to indicate atopy. Antibodies to different pathogens including hepatitis A virus (HAV), Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Chlamydia pneumoniae and the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were measured. RESULTS In Finland 34.3% and in Russia 23.3% of the study population was atopic (p < 0.001). Seroprevalences to all these pathogens were significantly higher among the Russians. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only H. pylori was inversely associated with atopy in Russia. A further stepwise analysis revealed that H. pylori alone can explain 32% of the difference in atopy between the countries, and T. gondii, A. actinomycetemcomitans, HSV and C. pneumoniae had a slightly additive effect, whereas, unexpectedly, seropositivity to HAV and, to a lesser extent, P. gingivalis had an opposite effect. The net result of the stepwise analysis showed that 44% of the difference in atopy between the countries could be explained by seropositivity to these seven pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Seropositivity to select pathogens, particularly to H. pylori, could explain a substantial part of the difference in atopy prevalence between Finland and Russia. Exposure to HAV was not associated with protection against atopy in this adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena C von Hertzen
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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