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Adameova A, Shah AK, Dhalla NS. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Genesis of Ventricular Arrhythmias. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4200. [PMID: 32545595 PMCID: PMC7349053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias, mainly lethal arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, may lead to sudden cardiac death. These are triggered as a result of cardiac injury due to chronic ischemia, acute myocardial infarction and various stressful conditions associated with increased levels of circulating catecholamines and angiotensin II. Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie electrical instability of the heart promoting ventricular arrhythmias; however, oxidative stress which adversely affects ion homeostasis due to changes in the ion channel structure and function, seems to play a critical role in eliciting different types of ventricular arrhythmias. Prevention or mitigation of the severity of ventricular arrhythmias due to antioxidants has been indicated as the fundamental contribution in the field of preventive cardiology; however, novel interventions have to be developed for greater effectiveness and specificity in attenuating the adverse effects of oxidative stress. In this review, we have attempted to discuss proarrhythmic effects of oxidative stress differing in time and concentration dependence and highlight a molecular and cellular concept how it alters cardiac cell automaticity and conduction velocity sensitizing the probability of ventricular arrhythmias with resultant sudden cardiac death due to ischemic heart disease and other stressful situations. It is concluded that pharmacological approaches targeting multiple mechanisms besides oxidative stress might be more effective in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias than current antiarrhythmic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adameova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, and Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anureet K. Shah
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA;
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada;
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Adameova A, Elimban V, Ganguly PK, Dhalla NS. β-1 adrenoceptors and AT1 receptors may not be involved in catecholamine-induced lethal arrhythmias. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:570-576. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An excessive amount of catecholamines produce arrhythmias, but the exact mechanisms of this action are not fully understood. For this purpose, Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with or without atenolol, a β1-adrenoceptor blocker (20 mg/kg per day), for 15 days followed by injections of epinephrine for cumulative doses of 4 to 128 μg/kg. Another group of animals were pretreated with losartan, an angiotensin receptor (AT1) blocker (20 mg/kg per day), for comparison. Control animals received saline. Varying degrees of ventricular arrhythmias were seen upon increasing the dose of epinephrine, but the incidence and duration of the rhythm abnormalities as well as the number of episodes and severity of arrhythmias were not affected by treating the animals with atenolol or losartan. The levels of both epinephrine and norepinephrine were increased in the atenolol-treated rats but were unchanged in the losartan-treated animals after the last injection of epinephrine; the severity of arrhythmias did not correlate with the circulating catecholamine levels. These results indicate that both β1-adrenoceptors and AT1 receptors may not be involved in the pathogenesis of catecholamine-induced arrhythmias and support the view that other mechanisms, such as the oxidation products of catecholamines, may play a crucial role in the occurrence of lethal arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adameova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University 832 32 Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, Slovakia
| | - Vijayan Elimban
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Paul K. Ganguly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Diez ER, Altamirano LB, García IM, Mazzei L, Prado NJ, Fornes MW, Carrión FDC, Zumino AZP, Ferder L, Manucha W. Heart remodeling and ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmias linked to myocardial vitamin d receptors deficiency in obstructive nephropathy are reversed by paricalcitol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 20:211-20. [PMID: 24924917 DOI: 10.1177/1074248414538704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is often associated with chronic kidney disease and vice versa; myocardial vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are among the probable links between the 2 disorders. The vitamin D receptor activator paricalcitol protects against some renal and cardiovascular complications. However, the structural and electrophysiological effects of myocardial vitamin D receptor modification and its impact on the response to ischemia-reperfusion are currently unknown. This work attempted to determine whether obstructive nephropathy induced myocardial changes (in rats) linked to vitamin D receptor deficiency and to ventricular arrhythmias in Langendorff-perfused hearts. Unilateral ureteral-obstructed and Sham-operated rats were treated with either paricalcitol (30 ng/kg/d intraperitoneal) or vehicle for 15 days. In 5 hearts from each group, we found that obstructed rats showed a reduction in VDRs and an increase in angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression (messenger RNA and protein), suffered fibrosis (determined by Masson trichrome stain) and myofibril reduction with an increase in mitochondrial size, and had dilated crests (determined by electron microscopy). These changes were reversed by paricalcitol. In 8 additional hearts per group, we found that obstructed rats showed a higher incidence of ventricular fibrillation during reperfusion (after 10 minutes of regional ischemia) than did those treated with paricalcitol. The action potential duration was prolonged throughout the experiment in paricalcitol-treated rats. We conclude that the reduction in myocardial vitamin D receptor expression in obstructed rats might be related to myocardial remodeling associated with an increase in arrhythmogenesis and that paricalcitol protects against these changes by restoring myocardial vitamin D receptor levels and prolonging action potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Raúl Diez
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Liliana Berta Altamirano
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina Pathology Department, Medical Sciences College, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Isabel Mercedes García
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Luciana Mazzei
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Natalia Jorgelina Prado
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Miguel Walter Fornes
- Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fernando Darío Cuello Carrión
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Amira Zulma Ponce Zumino
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - León Ferder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Walter Manucha
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Mendoza, Argentina Pathology Department, Medical Sciences College, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Meems LMG, Cannon MV, Mahmud H, Voors AA, van Gilst WH, Silljé HHW, Ruifrok WPT, de Boer RA. The vitamin D receptor activator paricalcitol prevents fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in a murine model of pressure overload. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:282-9. [PMID: 22800987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the vitamin D-vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis has been shown to reduce blood pressure and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Besides cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis is a key element of adverse cardiac remodeling. We hypothesized that activation of the VDR by paricalcitol would prevent fibrosis and LV diastolic dysfunction in an established murine model of cardiac remodeling. METHODS Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Mice were treated with paricalcitol, losartan, or a combination of both for a period of four consecutive weeks. RESULTS The fixed aortic constriction caused similar increase in blood pressure, both in untreated and paricalcitol- or losartan-treated mice. TAC significantly increased LV weight compared to sham operated animals (10.2±0.7 vs. 6.9±0.3 mg/mm, p<0.05). Administration of either paricalcitol (10.5±0.7), losartan (10.8±0.4), or a combination of both (9.2±0.6) did not reduce LV weight. Fibrosis was significantly increased in mice undergoing TAC (5.9±1.0 vs. sham 2.4±0.8%, p<0.05). Treatment with losartan and paricalcitol reduced fibrosis (paricalcitol 1.6±0.3% and losartan 2.9±0.6%, both p<0.05 vs. TAC). This reduction in fibrosis in paricalcitol treated mice was associated with improved indices of LV contraction and relaxation, e.g. dPdtmax and dPdtmin and lower LV end diastolic pressure, and relaxation constant Tau. Also, treatment with paricalcitol and losartan reduced mRNA expression of ANP, fibronectin, collagen III and TIMP-1. DISCUSSION Treatment with the selective VDR activator paricalcitol reduces myocardial fibrosis and preserves diastolic LV function due to pressure overload in a mouse model. This is associated with a reduced percentage of fibrosis and a decreased expression of ANP and several other tissue markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M G Meems
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Postal code AB43, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Yesudas R, Gumaste U, Snyder R, Thekkumkara T. Tannic acid down-regulates the angiotensin type 1 receptor through a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:458-70. [PMID: 22322600 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of tannic acid (TA), a hydrolysable polyphenol, on angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression in continuously passaged rat liver epithelial cells. Under normal conditions, exposure of cells to TA resulted in the down-regulation of AT1R-specific binding in concentrations ranging from 12.5-100 μg/ml (7.34-58.78 μm) over a time period of 2-24 h with no change in receptor affinity to angiotensin II (AngII). The inhibitory effect of TA on AT1R was specific and reversible. In TA-treated cells, we observed a significant reduction in AngII-mediated intracellular calcium signaling, a finding consistent with receptor down-regulation. Under similar conditions, TA down-regulated AT1R mRNA expression without changing the rate of mRNA degradation, suggesting that TA's effect is mediated through transcriptional inhibition. Cells expressing recombinant AT1R without the native promoter show no change in receptor expression, whereas a pCAT reporter construct possessing the rat AT1R promoter was significantly reduced in activity. Furthermore, TA induced the phosphorylation of MAPK p42/p44. Pretreatment of the cells with a MAPK kinase (MEK)-specific inhibitor PD98059 prevented TA-induced MAPK phosphorylation and down-regulation of the AT1R. Moreover, there was no reduction in AngII-mediated intracellular calcium release upon MEK inhibition, suggesting that TA's observed inhibitory effect is mediated through MEK/MAPK signaling. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that TA inhibits AT1R gene expression and cellular response, suggesting the observed protective effects of dietary polyphenols on cardiovascular conditions may be, in part, through inhibition of AT1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Yesudas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Novel aspects of angiotensin II action in the heart. Implications to myocardial ischemia and heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 166:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. Can moderate elevations of parathyroid hormone acutely increase risk for ischemic cardiac arrhythmias? Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:581-3. [PMID: 19188028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is suggestive evidence that chronic elevations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), associated with poor vitamin D status or low calcium intake, can increase risk for insulin resistance, weight gain, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy, while stimulating production of acute phase reactants. New evidence that elevated PTH is prognostic for increased vascular mortality in very elderly subjects, prompts an examination of the possible impact of PTH on risk for arrhythmias. The cardiac effects of PTH are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors that activate phospholipase C (PLC). Catecholamines, angiotensin II, and endothelin have been shown to be arrhythmogenic for ischemic myocardium in animal studies; the receptors mediating this effect are all likewise linked to activation of PLC. Thus, it is reasonable to presume that a sufficient concentration of PTH can be arrhythmogenic in the ischemic heart. The extent to which this effect can be evoked by the high-normal PTH levels prevalent in many elderly subjects, can be assessed in epidemiological studies.
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Garg S, Narula J, Marelli C, Cesario D. Role of angiotensin receptor blockers in the prevention and treatment of arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:921-5. [PMID: 16516603 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is a key regulatory system that is activated in many forms of cardiovascular disease. It is well established that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are important therapeutic agents in the treatment of hypertension, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. More recent research has suggested that renin-angiotensin system activation may also play a critical role in the genesis of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The possible role of renin-angiotensin system activation in arrhythmogenesis suggests that ACE inhibitors and ARBs may be important therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of arrhythmias. This review summarizes the current evidence for the use of ARBs in the treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.
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Rocha MJA, Chen Y, Oliveira GR, Morris M. Physiological regulation of brain angiotensin receptor mRNA in AT1a deficient mice. Exp Neurol 2005; 195:229-35. [PMID: 16023638 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to study the physiological regulation of angiotensin (Ang) AT1b receptors using Ang AT1a knockout mice (AT1aKO). Ang AT1b mRNA was analyzed in forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem using in situ hybridization (ISH) under baseline and water-restricted conditions. Plasma was analyzed for osmolality, vasopressin, and corticosterone. Dehydration (24 h) increased osmolality and corticosterone and decreased body weight with no difference between groups. Plasma vasopressin was not different between the groups and was not stimulated by dehydration. Under water ad libitum conditions, there were no differences in AT1b mRNA expression in medial periventricular, anterior third ventricle (AV3V), and subfornical organ (SFO) between controls and AT1aKO. In contrast, there was higher expression in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) of AT1aKO vs. Controls (0.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.1 microCi/g, Control vs. AT1aKO in water ad libitum group). Dehydration increased AT1b expression in SFO in AT1aKO, but not in controls (0.6 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.06 microCi/g; water ad libitum vs. dehydrated). Emulsion autoradiography documents the detailed pattern of AT1b expression in brainstem of controls and AT1aKO. There was labeling in DMV, locus coeruleus, inferior olive, lateral reticular nucleus, and caudalis spinal trigemius. In conclusion, deletion of AT1a receptors produces a compensatory increase in AT1b receptor mRNA expression in brainstem, but not in hypothalamus or rostral forebrain. In addition, AT1aKO mice showed an enhanced response to dehydration in terms of AT1b mRNA expression in SFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Alves Rocha
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Avenue Café, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Jin D, Takai S, Okamoto Y, Muramatsu M, Miyazaki M. Chymase-derived angiotensin II and arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2004; 124:77-82. [PMID: 15277725 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.124.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell-derived chymase seems to be important in the regulation of local angiotensin (A) II formation in cardiovascular tissues. In human heart, chymase accounts for 80% of A II formation. Therefore, the chymase-dependent A II pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of A II-related cardiovascular diseases. For example, cardiac chymase was activated earlier than ACE and this activation lasted longer than that of ACE after myocardial infarction (MI) in hamsters. Treatment with a specific chymase inhibitor treatment, but not an ACE inhibitor, improved post-MI survival as well as cardiac function and the extent of the beneficial effects was similar to that observed for an AT1-receptor antagonist treatment in this model. The survival benefit after MI seems to be related to an antiarrhythmic effect of the chymase inhibitor because chymase inhibition reduces the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during periods of heart ischemia in a dog MI model. Thus, an antiarrhythmic effect of the chymase inhibitor may contribute to a reduction in mortality rate during the acute phase after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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Jin D, Takai S, Sakaguchi M, Okamoto Y, Muramatsu M, Miyazaki M. An antiarrhythmic effect of a chymase inhibitor after myocardial infarction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:490-7. [PMID: 14730006 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.061465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymase plays an important role in the regulation of local angiotensin (Ang) II formation in the cardiac tissue. We recently found that cardiac chymase was activated significantly and survival rate markedly improved by treatment with chymase inhibitors after myocardial infarction (MI) in hamsters. However, the mechanisms for this effect have not been established. Because lethal arrhythmias are generally believed to contribute to sudden cardiac death, we assessed whether inhibition of cardiac chymase would provide an antiarrhythmic effect during the 8-h ischemic period after 2-[4-(5-fluoro-3-methylbenzo-[b]thiophen-2-yl)sulfonamide-3-methanesulfonylphenyl]oxazole-4-carboxylicacid (TY51184) (a specific chymase inhibitor, 1 mg/kg i.v.) treatment by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in dogs. Effects of candesartan (an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg i.v.) in this model were also assessed. Total Ang II-forming activity and chymase activity in the infarcted heart were increased significantly 8 h after LAD ligation. A time-dependent elevation of Ang II in plasma was also observed. A decrease in plasma Ang II levels after TY51184 treatment occurred concomitantly with suppression of cardiac chymase activity. LAD ligation resulted in a large number of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). TY51184 and candesartan treatments largely suppressed the appearance of VAs, and the efficacy of the two agents was similar. These findings demonstrate that chymase inhibition can provide an antiarrhythmic effect after MI, and the reduction of Ang II by TY51184 may be mainly responsible for this beneficial effect. An antiarrhythmic effect of chymase inhibitors may contribute to reductions in the mortality rate during the acute phase after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Japan.
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Buikema H. Essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in cardiovascular disease: beyond overactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-sodium system. J Hypertens 2003; 21:265-7. [PMID: 12569254 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200302000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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