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Choi EJ, Xu P, El-Khatib FM, Huynh LM, Yafi FA. Hypogonadism and its treatment among prostate cancer survivors. Int J Impot Res 2020; 33:480-487. [PMID: 33311575 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-020-00387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adult-onset hypogonadism (AOH) is associated with sexual dysfunction, poor bone mineralization, decreased muscle mass, metabolic syndrome disorder, and cognitive suppression. Historically, testosterone has been contraindicated in men with a history of prostate cancer. However, there has been a modern resurgence in re-evaluating this belief. Not only can testosterone be safely utilized to alleviate AOH symptoms in prostate cancer survivors, it has been also touted as a treatment option for aggressive prostatic cancer. While much work remains in understanding the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer, those who survive this disease should not be automatically turned away from an opportunity to be treated and restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Choi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Perry Xu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Farouk M El-Khatib
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Linda M Huynh
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Faysal A Yafi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA.
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Bell MA, Campbell JD, Joice G, Sopko NA, Burnett AL. Shifting the Paradigm of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Prostate Cancer. World J Mens Health 2018; 36:103-109. [PMID: 29623698 PMCID: PMC5924951 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, testosterone and prostate cancer have been demonstrated to have a positive association leading providers to forgo testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with concurrent histories of hypogonadism and prostate cancer. This paradigm has been gradually shifting with our evolving understanding of the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer and the gaining popularity of the saturation model. Newer data suggests improved quality of life for men with hypogonadism after TRT leading to a more tempered view of the effects of this treatment and its risk in prostate cancer. As more reports emerge of TRT in men who have either undergone definitive treatment for prostate cancer or are on active surveillance, some providers see a role for TRT in these patients despite non-consensus in clinical guidelines. It is critical that we examine evidence currently available, while we await more rigorous data to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bell
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Campbell
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gregory Joice
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikolai A Sopko
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Elzanaty S, Rezanezhad B, Dohle G. Association between Serum Testosterone and PSA Levels in Middle-Aged Healthy Men from the General Population. Curr Urol 2017; 10:40-44. [PMID: 28559776 DOI: 10.1159/000447149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between serum testosterone and PSA levels in middle-aged healthy men from the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on 119 healthy men from the general population, total testosterone and PSA levels were measured. Demographic data regarding BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, smoking, and alcohol consumption were also collected. Men were classified into two groups according to testosterone levels; hypogonadal (testosterone ≤ 12 nmol/l), and eugonadal (testosterone > 12 nmol/l). RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 55 years (range 46-60 years). No significant correlation between serum testosterone and PSA levels was found (p = 0.60). PSA levels were similar when compared between hypogonadal and eugonadal men (1.4 µg/l vs. 1.4 µg/l, p = 0.90). When using a multivariate analysis model adjusted for the age of the subjects, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, smoking, and alcohol consumption, a positive significant association between testosterone and PSA levels was found (β = 0.03, 95 % CI = 0.003-0.062, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Only after adjusted multivariate analysis, our results indicated that testosterone was associated with PSA levels in middle-aged healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Elzanaty
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Research, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Babak Rezanezhad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gert Dohle
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Leung KMYB, Alrabeeah K, Carrier S. Update on Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Hypogonadal Men. Curr Urol Rep 2015; 16:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-015-0523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cooper LA, Page ST. Androgens and prostate disease. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:248-55. [PMID: 24407178 PMCID: PMC3955334 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature has established the anabolic benefi ts of testosterone (T) therapy in hypogonadal men. However, there remains a paucity of data regarding the risks of exogenous androgen use in older men and the potential for adverse effects on the prostate gland. Whether T therapy in older, hypogonadal men might worsen lower urinary tract symptoms or exacerbate, unmask, or even incite prostate cancer development has tempered enthusiasm for T therapy, while known prostatic disease has served as a relative contraindication to T therapy. Androgens are necessary for the development and maintenance of the prostate gland. However, epidemiologic studies do not consistently fi nd a positive relationship between endogenous serum androgen concentrations and the risk of prostate disease. Recent data demonstrate that 5α-reductase inhibitors decrease the risk of low-grade prostate cancer, suggesting that modifying androgen metabolism may have beneficial effects on prostate health, yet similar reductions in high-grade disease have not been observed, thereby questioning the true clinical benefits of these agents for chemoprevention. Knowing how to best investigate the relationship between androgens and the development of prostate disease given the lack of large, randomized trials is difficult. Accumulating data challenges the assumption that alterations in serum androgens have parallel effects within the prostate hormonal environment or change androgen-regulated processes within the gland. Long-term intervention studies are needed to truly ascertain the effects of androgen manipulation on prostate tissue and disease risk. However, available data do not support the notion that restoring serum androgens to normal physiologic ranges drives prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Stephanie T Page
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- University of Washington and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Atan A, Tuncel A, Yesil S, Balbay D. Serum testosterone level, testosterone replacement treatment, and prostate cancer. Adv Urol 2013; 2013:275945. [PMID: 24159331 PMCID: PMC3789297 DOI: 10.1155/2013/275945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in the number of individuals seeking testosterone (T) replacement treatment (TRT) due to a decrease in their blood T levels. Prostate cancer (PCa) is also an important issue in the same age group. However, we, urologists, are anxious about PCa development after T treatment. This is because it has been assumed that T may cause PCa or exacerbate insidious PCa which is already present. In this paper, recent developments regarding the relationship between serum levels of sex hormone and prostate tissue, the causal relationship between T and development of PCa, the effect of TRT on the group of patients who are at high risk of developing PCa, the suitability of TRT for patients who have already been diagnosed with PCa, and the effect of TRT on serum prostate-specific antigen level are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atan
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Besevler, 06125 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Altug Tuncel
- Ministry of Health, Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital Third Department of Urology, Sihhiye, 06120 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Yesil
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Besevler, 06125 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Balbay
- Sisli Memorial Hospital, Department of Urology, 34120 Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
This article is intended as a review of the available clinical data outlining the risks and benefits of testosterone (androgen) replacement therapy, specifically addressing the issue of the relationship between exogenous androgen administration and prostate cancer risk. There is controversy over whether androgen replacement is a risk factor for incident prostate cancer. Our review of current clinical information revealed that to date, no study or review has definitively shown that androgen replacement therapy is an independent risk factor for development of prostate cancer. Androgen administration seems to be beneficial in decreasing fatal cardiovascular events, body fat mass, and insulin resistance. Overall, the current clinical data seems to suggest that androgen replacement is an appropriate therapeutic option for men with symptomatic hypogonadism provided that patients continue to receive regular prostate screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, New York - Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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Abstract
An effective, safe, reversible, and acceptable method of contraception is an important component of reproductive health and provides the opportunity of shared responsibility for family planning for both partners. Female hormonal contraceptives have been proven to be safe, reversible, available and widely acceptable by different populations. In contrast, male hormonal contraception, despite significant progress showing contraceptive efficacy comparable to female hormonal methods during last three decades, has not yet led to an approved product. Safety of a pharmaceutical product is an appropriate concern but the majority of male hormonal contraceptive clinical trials have not reported significant short term safety concerns. While the absence of serious adverse effects is encouraging, the studies have been designed for efficacy endpoints not long term safety. In this review we summarize potential risks and benefits of putative male hormonal contraceptives on reproductive and non-reproductive organs. While the review covers what we believe will be the likely class of drugs used for male hormonal contraception a true assessment of long term risks and benefits cannot be achieved without an available product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Ilani
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Oermann EK, Suy S, Hanscom HN, Kim JS, Lei S, Yu X, Zhang G, Ennis B, Rohan JP, Piel N, Sherer BA, Borum D, Chen VJ, Batipps GP, Constantinople NL, Dejter SW, Bandi G, Pahira J, McGeagh KG, Adams-Campbell L, Jha R, Dawson NA, Collins BT, Dritschilo A, Lynch JH, Collins SP. Low incidence of new biochemical and clinical hypogonadism following hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) monotherapy for low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2011; 4:12. [PMID: 21439088 PMCID: PMC3083385 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-4-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CyberKnife is an appealing delivery system for hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) because of its ability to deliver highly conformal radiation therapy to moving targets. This conformity is achieved via 100s of non-coplanar radiation beams, which could potentially increase transitory testicular irradiation and result in post-therapy hypogonadism. We report on our early experience with CyberKnife SBRT for low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients and assess the rate of inducing biochemical and clinical hypogonadism. Methods Twenty-six patients were treated with hypofractionated SBRT to a dose of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions. All patients had histologically confirmed low- to intermediate-risk prostate adenocarcinoma (clinical stage ≤ T2b, Gleason score ≤ 7, PSA ≤ 20 ng/ml). PSA and total testosterone levels were obtained pre-treatment, 1 month post-treatment and every 3 months thereafter, for 1 year. Biochemical hypogonadism was defined as a total serum testosterone level below 8 nmol/L. Urinary and gastrointestinal toxicity was assessed using Common Toxicity Criteria v3; quality of life was assessed using the American Urological Association Symptom Score, Sexual Health Inventory for Men and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaires. Results All 26 patients completed the treatment with a median 15 months (range, 13-19 months) follow-up. Median pre-treatment PSA was 5.75 ng/ml (range, 2.3-10.3 ng/ml), and a decrease to a median of 0.7 ng/ml (range, 0.2-1.8 ng/ml) was observed by one year post-treatment. The median pre-treatment total serum testosterone level was 13.81 nmol/L (range, 5.55 - 39.87 nmol/L). Post-treatment testosterone levels slowly decreased with the median value at one year follow-up of 10.53 nmol/L, significantly lower than the pre-treatment value (p < 0.013). The median absolute fall was 3.28 nmol/L and the median percent fall was 23.75%. There was no increase in biochemical hypogonadism at one year post-treatment. Average EPIC sexual and hormonal scores were not significantly changed by one year post-treatment. Conclusions Hypofractionated SBRT offers the radiobiological benefit of a large fraction size and is well-tolerated by men with low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Early results are encouraging with an excellent biochemical response. The rate of new biochemical and clinical hypogonadism was low one year after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Oermann
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in contraceptive options for women over the last 50 yr, world population continues to grow rapidly. Scientists and activists alike point to the devastating environmental impacts that population pressures have caused, including global warming from the developed world and hunger and disease in less developed areas. Moreover, almost half of all pregnancies are still unwanted or unplanned. Clearly, there is a need for expanded, reversible, contraceptive options. Multicultural surveys demonstrate the willingness of men to participate in contraception and their female partners to trust them to do so. Notwithstanding their paucity of options, male methods including vasectomy and condoms account for almost one third of contraceptive use in the United States and other countries. Recent international clinical research efforts have demonstrated high efficacy rates (90-95%) for hormonally based male contraceptives. Current barriers to expanded use include limited delivery methods and perceived regulatory obstacles, which stymie introduction to the marketplace. However, advances in oral and injectable androgen delivery are cause for optimism that these hurdles may be overcome. Nonhormonal methods, such as compounds that target sperm motility, are attractive in their theoretical promise of specificity for the reproductive tract. Gene and protein array technologies continue to identify potential targets for this approach. Such nonhormonal agents will likely reach clinical trials in the near future. Great strides have been made in understanding male reproductive physiology; the combined efforts of scientists, clinicians, industry and governmental funding agencies could make an effective, reversible, male contraceptive an option for family planning over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Page
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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