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Hang W, Yin ZX, Liu G, Zeng Q, Shen XF, Sun QH, Li DD, Jian YP, Zhang YH, Wang YS, Quan CS, Zhao RX, Li YL, Xu ZX. Piperlongumine and p53-reactivator APR-246 selectively induce cell death in HNSCC by targeting GSTP1. Oncogene 2018; 37:3384-3398. [PMID: 29348462 PMCID: PMC6014869 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TP53 mutations frequently occur in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients without human papillomavirus infection. The recurrence rate for these patients is distinctly high. It has been actively explored to identify agents that target TP53 mutations and restore wild-type (WT) TP53 activities in HNSCC. PRIMA-1 (p53-reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis-1) and its methylated analogue PRIMA-1Met (also called APR-246) were found to be able to reestablish the DNA-binding activity of p53 mutants and reinstate the functions of WT p53. Herein we report that piperlongumine (PL), an alkaloid isolated from Piper longum L., synergizes with APR-246 to selectively induce apoptosis and autophagic cell death in HNSCC cells, whereas primary and immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts and spontaneously immortalized non-tumorigenic human skin keratinocytes (HaCat) are spared from the damage by the co-treatment. Interestingly, PL-sensitized HNSCC cells to APR-246 are TP53 mutation-independent. Instead, we demonstrated that glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), a GST family member that catalyzes the conjugation of GSH with electrophilic compounds to fulfill its detoxification function, is highly expressed in HNSCC tissues. Administration of PL and APR-246 significantly suppresses GSTP1 activity, resulting in the accumulation of ROS, depletion of GSH, elevation of GSSG, and DNA damage. Ectopic expression of GSTP1 or pre-treatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) abrogates the ROS elevation and decreases DNA damage, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death prompted by PL/APR-246. In addition, administration of PL and APR-246 impedes UMSCC10A xenograft tumor growth in SCID mice. Taken together, our data suggest that HNSCC cells are selectively sensitive to the combination of PL and APR-246 due to a remarkably synergistic effect of the co-treatment in the induction of ROS by suppression of GSTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, No. 6 Jizhao Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zhi-Xian Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, No. 6 Jizhao Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, No. 6 Jizhao Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Ping Jian
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Shi Quan
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui-Xun Zhao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Deliu Z, Tamas T, Chowdhury J, Aqil M, Bassiony M, Radosevich JA. Expression of cross-tolerance to a wide range of conditions in a human lung cancer cell line after adaptation to nitric oxide. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317723778. [PMID: 28936924 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317723778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that A549, a human lung adenocarcinoma, can be adapted to nitric oxide (NO●). NO● is a nitrogen-based free radical that is synthesized by a family of enzymes known as nitric oxide synthases. NO● has been shown to be overexpressed in patient populations of different cancers. In addition, it has been observed that patients who express high levels of nitric oxide synthases tend to have poorer clinical outcomes than those with low levels of expression. The original cell line A549 (parent) and the adapted A549-HNO (high nitric oxide) cell line serve as a useful model system to investigate the role of NO● in tumor progression and prognosis. We have previously shown that the A549-HNO-adapted cells grow aggressively when compared to A549-parent cells. Furthermore, we have shown that the A549-HNO-adapted cells exhibit a higher percentage of cell viability when exposed to ultraviolet and X-ray radiation than the A549-parent cells. Cancer patients who develop resistance to one treatment often become resistant to other previously unencountered forms of treatment. This phenomenon is known as cross-tolerance. To determine whether NO● is a potential cross-tolerance causing agent, we have expanded our research by conducting parallel studies to a variety of other agents and conditions beyond radiation and ultraviolet exposure. We exposed both cell lines to varying levels of chemotherapeutic drugs (taxol and doxorubicin), temperature, pH, calcium chloride, cadmium chloride, copper chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous chloride, and sodium-R-lipoic acid. Our results show that the A549-HNO cells exhibit greater viability than the A549-parent cells when exposed to each of the various conditions. Therefore, NO● is one potential driving force that can make tumor cells exhibit cross-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Deliu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy Tamas
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juel Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madeeha Aqil
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maaly Bassiony
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James A Radosevich
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Soares PDO, Maluf Cury P, Mendoza López RV, Cernea CR, Fukuyama EE, Livingstone Alves Figueiredo D, Gorgonio da Nobrega F, Curioni OA, Nunes FD, Ajub Moyses R, Bueno Garcia ML. GTSP1 expression in non-smoker and non-drinker patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182600. [PMID: 28817620 PMCID: PMC5560606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The main risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are tobacco and alcohol consumption and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, in a subset of patients, no risk factors can be identified. Glutathione S-transferase π (GTSP1) is a carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme that is activated by exposure to carcinogens, and it is associated with a reduction in response to toxic therapies. We studied the expression of GTSP1 in tumor and non-tumor tissue samples from patients with and without these risks to identify whether GTSP1 expression differs according to exposure to carcinogens. Materials and methods Non-smoker/non-drinker (NSND) and smoker/drinker (SD) patients were matched according to age, gender, tumor site, TNM stage, grade and histological variants to establish 47 pairs of patients who have been previously tested for HPV. GTSP1 immunostaining was analyzed using a semi-quantitative method with scores ranging from 0 to 3 according to the area of immunostaining. Results GTSP1 expression was detected in the tumors of both groups. GTSP1 expression was higher in the non-tumor margins of SD patients (p = 0.004). There was no association between GTSP1 expression and positivity for HPV. No differences in survival were observed according to GTSP1 staining in tumors and non-tumor margins. Conclusion This study showed that GTSP1 was expressed in tumors of HNSCC patients regardless of smoking, drinking or HPV infection status. The difference in GTSP1 expression in non-tumor margins between the two groups may have been due to two possible reasons. First, elevated GTSP1 expression in SD patients might be the result of activation of GTSP1 in response to exposure to carcinogens. Second, alternatively, impairment in the detoxifying system of GTSP1, as observed by the reduced expression of GTSP1, might make patients susceptible to carcinogens other than tobacco and alcohol, which may be the underlying mechanism of carcinogenesis in the absence of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela de Oliveira Soares
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo / LIM-28—São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maluf Cury
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine–Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Roberto Cernea
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo / LIM-28—São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika Erina Fukuyama
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Instituto do Câncer Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otavio Alberto Curioni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Heliópolis São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Department of Oral Pathology Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ajub Moyses
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo / LIM-28—São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Lúcia Bueno Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mouh FZ, Mzibri ME, Slaoui M, Amrani M. Recent Progress in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Research. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1595-608. [PMID: 27221827 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as a type of breast carcinoma that is negative for expression of oestrogene and progesterone hormone receptors (ER, PR) and HER2. This form of breast cancer is marked by its aggressiveness, low survival rate and lack of specific therapies. Recently, important molecular characteristics of TNBC have been highlighted and led to the identification of some biomarkers that could be used in diagnosis, as therapeutic targets or to assess the prognosis. In this review, we summarize recent progress in TNBC research focusing on the genetic and epigenetic alterations of TNBC and the potential use of these biomarkers in the targeted therapy for better management of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Mouh
- Equipe deRecherche ONCOGYMA, University of Mohamed V, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Morocco E-mail :
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Ma HL, Yu C, Liu Y, Tan YR, Qiao JK, Yang X, Wang LZ, Li J, Chen Q, Chen FX, Zhang ZY, Zhong LP. Decreased expression of glutathione S-transferase pi correlates with poorly differentiated grade in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:193-200. [PMID: 25047743 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-long Ma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Cong Yu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yi-ran Tan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jin-ke Qiao
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Li-zhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratories; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Fu-xiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratories; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhi-yuan Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Lai-ping Zhong
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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6
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Part I. Molecular and cellular characterization of high nitric oxide-adapted human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:203-14. [PMID: 23238815 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of understanding of the casual mechanisms behind the observation that some breast adenocarcinomas have identical morphology and comparatively different cellular growth behavior. This is exemplified by a differential response to radiation, chemotherapy, and other biological intervention therapies. Elevated concentrations of the free radical nitric oxide (NO), coupled with the up-regulated enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which produces NO, are activities which impact tumor growth. Previously, we adapted four human breast cancer cell lines: BT-20, Hs578T, T-47D, and MCF-7 to elevated concentrations of nitric oxide (or high NO [HNO]). This was accomplished by exposing the cell lines to increasing levels of an NO donor over time. Significantly, the HNO cell lines grew faster than did each respective ("PARENT") cell line even in the absence of NO donor-supplemented media. This was evident despite each "parent" being morphologically equivalent to the HNO adapted cell line. Herein, we characterize the HNO cells and their biological attributes against those of the parent cells. Pairs of HNO/parent cell lines were then analyzed using a number of key cellular activity criteria including: cell cycle distribution, DNA ploidy, response to DNA damage, UV radiation response, X-ray radiation response, and the expression of significant cellular enzymes. Other key enzyme activities studied were NOS, p53, and glutathione S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) expression. HNO cells were typified by a far more aggressive pattern of growth and resistance to various treatments than the corresponding parent cells. This was evidenced by a higher S-phase percentage, variable radioresistance, and up-regulated GST-pi and p53. Taken collectively, this data provides evidence that cancer cells subjected to HNO concentrations become resistant to free radicals such as NO via up-regulated cellular defense mechanisms, including p53 and GST-pi. The adaptation to NO may explain how tumor cells acquire a more aggressive tumor phenotype.
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Polachini GM, Sobral LM, Mercante AMC, Paes-Leme AF, Xavier FCA, Henrique T, Guimarães DM, Vidotto A, Fukuyama EE, Góis-Filho JF, Cury PM, Curioni OA, Michaluart Jr P, Silva AMA, Wünsch-Filho V, Nunes FD, Leopoldino AM, Tajara EH. Proteomic approaches identify members of cofilin pathway involved in oral tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50517. [PMID: 23227181 PMCID: PMC3515627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prediction of tumor behavior for patients with oral carcinomas remains a challenge for clinicians. The presence of lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor but it is limited in predicting local relapse or survival. This highlights the need for identifying biomarkers that may effectively contribute to prediction of recurrence and tumor spread. In this study, we used one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and immunodetection methods to analyze protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Using a refinement for classifying oral carcinomas in regard to prognosis, we analyzed small but lymph node metastasis-positive versus large, lymph node metastasis-negative tumors in order to contribute to the molecular characterization of subgroups with risk of dissemination. Specific protein patterns favoring metastasis were observed in the “more-aggressive” group defined by the present study. This group displayed upregulation of proteins involved in migration, adhesion, angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, anti-apoptosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, whereas the “less-aggressive” group was engaged in keratinocyte differentiation, epidermis development, inflammation and immune response. Besides the identification of several proteins not yet described as deregulated in oral carcinomas, the present study demonstrated for the first time the role of cofilin-1 in modulating cell invasion in oral carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana M. Polachini
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lays M. Sobral
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana F. Paes-Leme
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia C. A. Xavier
- Departamento de Propedêutica e Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador,BA, Brazil
| | - Tiago Henrique
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas M. Guimarães
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Vidotto
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica E. Fukuyama
- Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Instituto do Câncer Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José F. Góis-Filho
- Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Instituto do Câncer Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia M. Cury
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio A. Curioni
- Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Heliópolis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Michaluart Jr
- Divisão de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana M. A. Silva
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Victor Wünsch-Filho
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio D. Nunes
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia M. Leopoldino
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eloiza H. Tajara
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Masood N, Kayani MA. Expression patterns of carcinogen detoxifying genes (CYP1A1, GSTP1 & GSTT1) in HNC patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 19:89-94. [PMID: 22918668 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogen detoxifying genes may be involved in pathogenesis of head and neck cancer (HNC). CYP1A1 is phase I enzyme that converts carcinogens into water soluble compounds which are easily excreted from body. GSTs constitute phase II detoxification enzymes that recognize these highly electrophilic compounds and detoxify them. Abnormal expression of these genes can potentially lead to cancer initiation. In present study, we analyzed protein expression of these genes in a total of 192 HNC patients and noncancerous healthy control serum samples screened for GSTs specific activity by ELISA. Furthermore, expression of these molecules was also determined in 49 HNC tissues/ adjacent control tissue by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. Mean serum GSTs specific activity was found to be 7.7 (+11.5)U/L in HNC patients and 11.4 (+7.5)U/L in controls. Significant decrease (P < 0.05) in GSTs specific activity was observed in HNC patients compared with controls (P < 0.001). Data for immunohistochemistry showed that CYP1A1 and GSTT1 was down expressed whereas GSTP1 was over expressed in HNC tissues compared with adjacent normal control tissues. Results of immunohistochemistry revealed 63 % HNC tissues had weak, 27 % moderate and 10 % strong staining for CYP1A1. For GSTT1, 27 % HNC tissues had no staining, 49 % weak staining, 16 % moderate and 8 % strong staining. Similarly for GSTP1, percentages for weak, moderate and strong staining were 6 %, 12 % and 82 % respectively. These reduced proteins observed in cancer patients highlight a potential breach on DNA repair mechanism when compared with control. Thus altered expression of these detoxifying molecules may collectively contribute to HNC development in Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Masood
- Cancer Genetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Tarjan G, Haines GK, Vesper BJ, Xue J, Altman MB, Yarmolyuk YR, Khurram H, Elseth KM, Roeske JC, Aydogan B, Radosevich JA. Part II. Initial molecular and cellular characterization of high nitric oxide-adapted human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:87-98. [PMID: 20963646 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not understood why some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, despite having identical morphology, demonstrate different tumor aggressiveness, including radioresistance. High levels of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) and increased expression of the NO-producing enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been implicated in tumor progression. We previously adapted three human tongue cancer cell lines to high NO (HNO) levels by gradually exposing them to increasing concentrations of an NO donor; the HNO cells grew faster than their corresponding untreated ("parent") cells, despite being morphologically identical. Herein we initially characterize the HNO cells and compare the biological properties of the HNO and parent cells. HNO/parent cell line pairs were analyzed for cell cycle distribution, DNA damage, X-ray and ultraviolet radiation response, and expression of key cellular enzymes, including NOS, p53, glutathione S-transferase-pi (GST-pi), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1), and checkpoint kinases (Chk1, Chk2). While some of these properties were cell line-specific, the HNO cells typically exhibited properties associated with a more aggressive behavior profile than the parent cells (greater S-phase percentage, radioresistance, and elevated expression of GST-pi/APE1/Chk1/Chk2). To correlate these findings with conditions in primary tumors, we examined the NOS, GST-pi, and APE1 expression in human tongue squamous cell carcinomas. A majority of the clinical samples exhibited elevated expression levels of these enzymes. Together, the results herein suggest cancer cells exposed to HNO levels can develop resistance to free radicals by upregulating protective mechanisms, such as GST-pi and APE1. These upregulated defense mechanisms may contribute to their aggressive expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tarjan
- Department of Pathology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Paradise WA, Vesper BJ, Goel A, Waltonen JD, Altman KW, Haines GK, Radosevich JA. Nitric oxide: perspectives and emerging studies of a well known cytotoxin. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2715-45. [PMID: 20717533 PMCID: PMC2920563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11072715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO•) is known to play a dual role in human physiology and pathophysiology. At low levels, NO• can protect cells; however, at higher levels, NO• is a known cytotoxin, having been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and progression. While the majority of research devoted to understanding the role of NO• in cancer has to date been tissue-specific, we herein review underlying commonalities of NO• which may well exist among tumors arising from a variety of different sites. We also discuss the role of NO• in human physiology and pathophysiology, including the very important relationship between NO• and the glutathione-transferases, a class of protective enzymes involved in cellular protection. The emerging role of NO• in three main areas of epigenetics—DNA methylation, microRNAs, and histone modifications—is then discussed. Finally, we describe the recent development of a model cell line system in which human tumor cell lines were adapted to high NO• (HNO) levels. We anticipate that these HNO cell lines will serve as a useful tool in the ongoing efforts to better understand the role of NO• in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Paradise
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mails: (W.A.P.); (B.J.V.)
- Department of Jesse Brown, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Vesper
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mails: (W.A.P.); (B.J.V.)
- Department of Jesse Brown, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Joshua D. Waltonen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; E-Mail:
| | | | - G. Kenneth Haines
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James A. Radosevich
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mails: (W.A.P.); (B.J.V.)
- Department of Jesse Brown, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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11
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Schwartz JL, Panda S, Beam C, Bach LE, Adami GR. RNA from brush oral cytology to measure squamous cell carcinoma gene expression. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:70-7. [PMID: 18197850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA expression analysis of oral keratinocytes can be used to detect early stages of disease such as oral cancer or to monitor on-going treatment responses of the same or other oral diseases. A limitation is the inability to obtain high quality RNA from oral tissue without using biopsies. While oral cytology cell samples can be obtained from patients in a minimally invasive manner they have not been validated for quantitative analysis of RNA expression. METHODS As a starting point in the analysis of tumor markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we examined RNA in brush cytology samples from hamsters treated with dibenzo[a,l]pyrene to induce oral carcinoma. Three separate samples from each animal were assessed for expression of candidate marker genes and control genes measured with real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Brush oral cytology samples from normal mucosa were shown to consist almost exclusively of epithelial cells. Remarkably, ss-2 microglobulin and cytochrome p450, 1B1 (CYP1B1) RNA showed potential utility as markers of OSCC in samples obtained in this rapid and non-surgical manner. CONCLUSION Brush oral cytology may prove useful as a source of RNA for gene expression analysis during the progression of diseases of the oral epithelium such as OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
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12
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Bostwick DG, Meiers I, Shanks JH. Glutathione S-transferase: differential expression of alpha, mu, and pi isoenzymes in benign prostate, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1394-401. [PMID: 17555796 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) comprise a family of enzymes which are critical for inactivation of toxins and carcinogens. We examined the cellular expression of multiple subclasses of GST immunohistochemically in 25 radical prostatectomy specimens with clinically localized prostate cancer. Gleason scores ranged from 5 to 9, and pathologic stages varied from pT2a to pT3b (all N0M0). Antibodies were directed against GST Ya, Yc, and Yk (alpha subclass), Yb1 (micro subclass), and YPr (pi subclass). The percentage of positive cells and intensity of staining was assessed for benign epithelium, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma. GSTalpha (Ya) was detected in 30% of cells (mean) in benign acini, 4.9% of cells in high-grade PIN, and 4.5% of cells in adenocarcinoma. The corresponding results for alpha (Yk), micro (Yb1), and pi (Yp) were 12.7%, 10.9%, and 3.5%; 8.7%, 5.2%, and 0.6%; and 66.7,% 0%, and 0%, respectively. GST Yc (alpha subclass) displayed the lowest level of expression, with diffuse weak staining in scattered benign secretory cells and only single cells (<1%) in high-grade PIN and carcinoma. These results demonstrate consistent reduction or loss of expression of all subclasses of GST with progression of prostatic neoplasia from benign epithelium to high-grade PIN and carcinoma. We hypothesize that carcinogenesis in the prostate results from impaired cellular handling of mutagenic agents owing to reduction or loss of expression of multiple GST and other detoxifying and antimutagenesis agents.
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13
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Meiers I, Shanks JH, Bostwick DG. Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) hypermethylation in prostate cancer: review 2007. Pathology 2007; 39:299-304. [PMID: 17558856 DOI: 10.1080/00313020701329906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic carcinoma is characterised by the silencing of the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene (GSTP1), which encodes a detoxifying enzyme. The silencing of GSTP1 results from aberrant methylation at the CpG island in the promoter-5' and occurs in the vast majority of cases of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate cancers. We review the potential novel role of GSTP1 and its related expression in prostate cancer. The loss of expression (silencing) of the GSTP1 gene is the most common (>90%) genetic alteration reported to date in prostate cancer. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR assays allow detection of GSTP1 methylation in prostate biopsies and may improve the sensitivity of cancer detection. Advances in the epigenetic characterisation of prostate cancer have enabled the development of DNA methylation assays that may soon be used in diagnostic testing of serum and tissue for prostate cancer. Inhibition of aberrant promoter methylation could theoretically prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Meiers
- Department of Pathology, Bostwick Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Bentz B. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as a model of oxidative-stress and cancer. J Surg Oncol 2007; 96:190-1. [PMID: 17443719 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Bentz BG, Hammer ND, Milash B, Klein S, Burnett DM, Radosevich JA, Haines, III GK. The Kinetics and Redox State of Nitric Oxide Determine the Biological Consequences in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2007; 28:301-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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16
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Abstract
Glutathione transferases are a multi-gene family of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a wide range of both endogenous and exogenous substrates. These polymorphic enzymes, which form part of an adaptive response to chemical and oxidative stress, are widely distributed and ubiquitously expressed and are subject to regulation by a number of structurally unrelated chemicals. One of these enzymes, GST P, has been the focus of much research in recent years in relation to its involvement in the etiology of disease, particularly cancer. As part of our research efforts into GST P, we have developed a mouse line that lacks this enzyme and have used this model to investigate the consequences of the absence of GST P on tumorigenesis, drug metabolism, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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17
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Turella P, Pedersen JZ, Caccuri AM, De Maria F, Mastroberardino P, Lo Bello M, Federici G, Ricci G. Glutathione transferase superfamily behaves like storage proteins for dinitrosyl-diglutathionyl-iron complex in heterogeneous systems. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42294-9. [PMID: 12871931 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305569200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance and kinetics experiments have been made to determine the formation, stability, and fate of the natural nitric oxide carrier, dinitrosyl-diglutathionyl-iron complex (DNDGIC), in heterogeneous systems approaching in vivo conditions. Both in human placenta and rat liver homogenates DNDGIC is formed spontaneously from GSH, S-nitroso-glutathione, and trace amounts of ferrous ions. DNDGIC is unstable in homogenates depleted of glutathione S-transferase (GST); an initial phase of rapid decomposition is followed by a slower decay, which is inversely proportional to the concentration. In the crude human placenta homogenate, GSTP1-1, which represents 90% of the cytosolic GST isoenzymes, is the preferential target for DNDGIC. It binds the complex almost stoichiometrically and stabilizes it for several hours (t1/2 = 8 h). In the presence of an excess of DNDGIC, negative cooperativity in GSTP1-1 opposes the complete loss of the usual detoxicating activity of this enzyme. In the rat liver homogenate, multiple endogenous GSTs (mainly Alpha and Mu class isoenzymes) bind the complex quantitatively and stabilize it (t1/2 = 4.5 h); negative cooperativity is also seen for these GSTs. Thus, the entire pool of cytosolic GSTs, with the exception of the Theta GST, represents a target for stoichiometric amounts of DNDGIC and may act as storage proteins for nitric oxide. These results confirm the existence of a cross-link between NO metabolism and the GST superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Turella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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18
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Vondracek M, Weaver DA, Sarang Z, Hedberg JJ, Willey JC, Wärngård L, Grafström RC. Transcript profiling of enzymes involved in detoxification of xenobiotics and reactive oxygen in human normal and simian virus 40 T antigen-immortalized oral keratinocytes. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:776-82. [PMID: 12115477 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic detoxification capacity may critically regulate the susceptibility of human tissues to cancer development. We used standardized and quantitative, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (StaRT-PCR) and microarray chip techniques to analyze transcript levels of multiple detoxification enzymes in cultured normal human oral keratinocytes (NOK) and the Siman virus 40 T antigen-immortalized oral keratinocyte line SVpgC2a, viewing the latter as a model of a benign tumor state. With good agreement between the 2 methodologies, NOK and SVpgC2a were found to express transcripts for cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), factors related to CYP induction and enzymes involved in conjugation reactions or detoxification of reactive oxygen. The cell types expressed similar levels of CYP 2B6/7, CYP 2E1, P450 oxidoreductase, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator, sulfotransferase 1A1, sulfotransferase 1A3, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase M3, glutathione S-transferase pi and catalase, superoxide dismutase 1, glutathione peroxidase 1 and glutathione peroxidase 3. In contrast, SVpgC2a exhibited comparatively higher levels of CYP1A1, 1B1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, glutathione S-transferase M1, 2, 4, 5, glutathione S-transferase theta 1 and superoxide dismutase 2 and comparatively lower levels of UDP glycosyltransferase 2 and microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1. Some transcripts, e.g., CYP 2A6/7, were not detected by either standard, non quantitative RT-PCR or the above methods, whereas others were barely quantifiable by StaRT-PCR, i.e., were present at 1-10 molecules/10(6) molecules of actin. Overall, the expression analysis demonstrated presence of mRNA for multiple enzymes involved in foreign compound metabolism and detoxification pathways, including several enzymes not previously reported for oral epithelium. Generally, the comparison of NOK from 2 individuals indicated relatively similar transcript levels of these enzymes. In contrast, differences between NOK and SVpgC2a, e.g., for CYP1B1, may reflect alteration caused by immortalization and aid identification of early stage tumor markers in oral epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vondracek
- Experimental Carcinogenesis, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chandra RK, Bentz BG, Haines GK, Robinson AM, Radosevich JA. Expression of glutathione s-transferase pi in benign mucosa, Barrett's metaplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Head Neck 2002; 24:575-81. [PMID: 12112555 DOI: 10.1002/hed.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione s-transferase pi (GSTpi) is an enzyme that provides cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by free radicals, which have been implicated in carcinogenesis. METHODS Forty-three consecutive specimens from 19 patients were reviewed to identify samples of squamous mucosa, Barrett's metaplasia, adenocarcinoma, and peritumoral inflammation. Serial sections were stained with an anti-GSTpi polyclonal antibody, and GSTpi expression was quantified for each histologic group. RESULTS GSTpi expression was diminished in peritumoral mononuclear inflammatory cells (p <.001) compared with squamous epithelium, Barrett's metaplasia, or adenocarcinoma. Barrett's metaplasia exhibited decreased GSTpi expression compared with squamous mucosa (p =.045). GSTpi expression by >50% of adenocarcinoma cells was associated with an increased risk (2.25x) of disease at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS GSTpi is prominently expressed in esophageal squamous mucosa and adenocarcinoma. Mononuclear cells may be susceptible to oxidative damage secondary to weak GSTpi production. GSTpi may protect the tumor cells themselves from the cytotoxic effects of free radicals. The biochemical role of GSTpi expression in malignant transformation deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Chandra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Searle Bldg. 12-561, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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20
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Al Moustafa AE, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Batist G, Hernandez-Perez M, Serruya C, Alpert L, Black MJ, Sladek R, Foulkes WD. Identification of genes associated with head and neck carcinogenesis by cDNA microarray comparison between matched primary normal epithelial and squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:2634-40. [PMID: 11965536 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2001] [Revised: 01/17/2002] [Accepted: 01/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify genes involved in head and neck carcinogenesis, we compared the gene expression profile in matched primary normal epithelial cells and primary head and neck cancer cells from the same patients. A cDNA microarray analysis consisting of 12 530 human genes revealed significant changes in the expression of 213 genes, with 91 genes being up-regulated and 122 being down-regulated. This comprehensive list of genes includes those associated with signal transduction (growth factors), cell structure, cell cycle, transcription, apoptosis, and cell-cell adhesion. Further analysis of nine genes involved in cell-cell interaction, using Western blot and/or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR of four paired cell lines supported the reliability of our microarray analysis. More specifically, our study provides the first evidence that claudin-7 and connexin 31.1 are down-regulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) compared to normal cells. These findings provide a large body of information regarding gene expression profiles associated with head and neck carcinogenesis, and also represent a source of potential targets for HNSCC prevention and/or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine, McGill Center for Translational Research in Cancer, 3755, Ch. de la Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
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