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MacLeod AK, Coquelin KS, Huertas L, Simeons FRC, Riley J, Casado P, Guijarro L, Casanueva R, Frame L, Pinto EG, Ferguson L, Duncan C, Mutter N, Shishikura Y, Henderson CJ, Cebrian D, Wolf CR, Read KD. Acceleration of infectious disease drug discovery and development using a humanized model of drug metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315069121. [PMID: 38315851 PMCID: PMC10873626 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315069121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A key step in drug discovery, common to many disease areas, is preclinical demonstration of efficacy in a mouse model of disease. However, this demonstration and its translation to the clinic can be impeded by mouse-specific pathways of drug metabolism. Here, we show that a mouse line extensively humanized for the cytochrome P450 gene superfamily ("8HUM") can circumvent these problems. The pharmacokinetics, metabolite profiles, and magnitude of drug-drug interactions of a test set of approved medicines were in much closer alignment with clinical observations than in wild-type mice. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania donovani, and Trypanosoma cruzi was well tolerated in 8HUM, permitting efficacy assessment. During such assessments, mouse-specific metabolic liabilities were bypassed while the impact of clinically relevant active metabolites and DDI on efficacy were well captured. Removal of species differences in metabolism by replacement of wild-type mice with 8HUM therefore reduces compound attrition while improving clinical translation, accelerating drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kenneth MacLeod
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin-Sebastien Coquelin
- Division of Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, DundeeDD2 4GD, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Huertas
- Global Health Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid28760, Spain
| | - Frederick R. C. Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Casado
- Global Health Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid28760, Spain
| | - Laura Guijarro
- Global Health Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid28760, Spain
| | - Ruth Casanueva
- Global Health Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid28760, Spain
| | - Laura Frame
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Erika G. Pinto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Ferguson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Duncan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Mutter
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Shishikura
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, DundeeDD2 4GD, United Kingdom
| | - David Cebrian
- Global Health Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid28760, Spain
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, DundeeDD2 4GD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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Inesta-Vaquera F, Miyashita L, Grigg J, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Defining the in vivo mechanism of air pollutant toxicity using murine stress response biomarkers. Sci Total Environ 2023; 888:164211. [PMID: 37196967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution can cause a wide range of serious human diseases. For the informed instigation of interventions which prevent these outcomes there is an urgent need to develop robust in vivo biomarkers which provide insights into mechanisms of toxicity and relate pollutants to specific adverse outcomes. We exemplify for a first time the application of in vivo stress response reporters in establishing mechanisms of air pollution toxicity and the application of this knowledge in epidemiological studies. We first demonstrated the utility of reporter mice to understand toxicity mechanisms of air pollutants using diesel exhaust particles compounds. We observed that nitro-PAHs induced Hmox1 and CYP1a1 reporters in a time- and dose-dependent, cell- and tissue-specific manner. Using in vivo genetic and pharmacological approaches we confirmed that the NRF2 pathway mediated this Hmox1-reporter induction stress reporter activity. We then correlated the activation of stress-reporter models (oxidative stress/inflammation, DNA damage and Ah receptor -AhR- activity) with responses in primary human nasal cells exposed to chemicals present in particulate matter (PM; PM2.5-SRM2975, PM10-SRM1648b) or fresh roadside PM10. To exemplify their use in clinical studies, Pneumococcal adhesion was assessed in exposed primary human nasal epithelial cells (HPNEpC). The combined use of HPNEpC and in vivo reporters demonstrated that London roadside PM10 particles induced pneumococcal infection in HPNEpC mediated by oxidative stress responses. The combined use of in vivo reporter models with human data thus provides a robust approach to define the relationship between air pollutant exposure and health risks. Moreover, these models can be used in epidemiological studies to hazard ranking environmental pollutants by considering the complexity of mechanisms of toxicity. These data will facilitate the relationship between toxic potential and the level of pollutant exposure in populations to be established and potentially extremely valuable tools for intervention studies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Inesta-Vaquera
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | | | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Iñesta Vaquera F, Ferro F, McMahon M, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Potential of in vivo stress reporter models to reduce animal use and provide mechanistic insights in toxicity studies. F1000Res 2023; 11:1164. [PMID: 37427015 PMCID: PMC10329194 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.123077.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical risk assessment ensures protection from the toxic effects of drugs and manmade chemicals. To comply with regulatory guidance, studies in complex organisms are required, as well as mechanistic studies to establish the relevance of any toxicities observed to man. Although in vitro toxicity models are improving, in vivo studies remain central to this process. Such studies are invariably time-consuming and often involve large numbers of animals. New regulatory frameworks recommend the implementation of "smart" in vivo approaches to toxicity testing that can effectively assess safety for humans and comply with societal expectations for reduction in animal use. A major obstacle in reducing the animals required is the time-consuming and complexity of the pathological endpoints used as markers of toxicity. Such endpoints are prone to inter-animal variability, subjectivity and require harmonisation between testing sites. As a consequence, large numbers of animals per experimental group are required. To address this issue, we propose the implementation of sophisticated stress response reporter mice that we have developed. These reporter models provide early biomarkers of toxic potential in a highly reproducible manner at single-cell resolution, which can also be measured non-invasively and have been extensively validated in academic research as early biomarkers of stress responses for a wide range of chemicals at human-relevant exposures. In this report, we describe a new and previously generated models in our lab, provide the methodology required for their use and discuss how they have been used to inform on toxic risk (likelihood of chemical causing an adverse health effect). We propose our in vivo approach is more informative (refinement) and reduces the animal use (reduction) compared to traditional toxicity testing. These models could be incorporated into tiered toxicity testing and used in combination with in vitro assays to generate quantitative adverse outcome pathways and inform on toxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Febe Ferro
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Michael McMahon
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Iñesta Vaquera F, Ferro F, McMahon M, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Potential of in vivo stress reporter models to reduce animal use and provide mechanistic insights in toxicity studies. F1000Res 2023; 11:1164. [PMID: 37427015 PMCID: PMC10329194 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.123077.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical risk assessment ensures protection from the toxic effects of drugs and manmade chemicals. To comply with regulatory guidance, studies in complex organisms are required, as well as mechanistic studies to establish the relevance of any toxicities observed to man. Although in vitro toxicity models are improving, in vivo studies remain central to this process. Such studies are invariably time-consuming and often involve large numbers of animals. New regulatory frameworks recommend the implementation of "smart" in vivo approaches to toxicity testing that can effectively assess safety for humans and comply with societal expectations for reduction in animal use. A major obstacle in reducing the animals required is the time-consuming and complexity of the pathological endpoints used as markers of toxicity. Such endpoints are prone to inter-animal variability, subjectivity and require harmonisation between testing sites. As a consequence, large numbers of animals per experimental group are required. To address this issue, we propose the implementation of sophisticated stress response reporter mice that we have developed. These reporter models provide early biomarkers of toxic potential in a highly reproducible manner at single-cell resolution, which can also be measured non-invasively and have been extensively validated in academic research as early biomarkers of stress responses for a wide range of chemicals at human-relevant exposures. In this report, we describe a new and previously generated models in our lab, provide the methodology required for their use and discuss how they have been used to inform on toxic risk (likelihood of chemical causing an adverse health effect). We propose our in vivo approach is more informative (refinement) and reduces the animal use (reduction) compared to traditional toxicity testing. These models could be incorporated into tiered toxicity testing and used in combination with in vitro assays to generate quantitative adverse outcome pathways and inform on toxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Febe Ferro
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Michael McMahon
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Systems and Cellular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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5
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Henderson CJ, McLaren AW, Kapelyukh Y, Wolf CR. Improving the predictive power of xenograft and syngeneic anti-tumour studies using mice humanised for pathways of drug metabolism. F1000Res 2023; 11:1081. [PMID: 37065929 PMCID: PMC10090862 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122987.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development is an expensive and time-consuming process, with only a small fraction of drugs gaining regulatory approval from the often many thousands of candidates identified during target validation. Once a lead compound has been identified and optimised, they are subject to intensive pre-clinical research to determine their pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, procedures which inevitably involve significant numbers of animals - mainly mice and rats, but also dogs and monkeys in much smaller numbers and for specific types of drug candidates. Many compounds that emerge from this process, having been shown to be safe and efficacious in pre-clinical studies, subsequently fail to replicate this outcome in clinical trials, therefore wasting time, money and, most importantly, animals. Due to high rates of metabolism and a differing spectrum of metabolites (some pharmacologically active) in rodents, species differences in drug metabolism can be a major impediment to drug discovery programmes and confound the extrapolation of animal data to humans. To circumvent this, we have developed a complex transgenic mouse model – 8HUM - which faithfully replicates human Phase I drug metabolism (and its regulation), and which will generate more human-relevant data from fewer animals in a pre-clinical setting and reduce attrition in the clinic. One key area for the pre-clinical application of animals in an oncology setting – almost exclusively mice - is their use in anti-tumour studies. We now further demonstrate the utility of the 8HUM mouse using a murine melanoma cell line as a syngeneic tumour and also present an immunodeficient version 8HUM_Rag2 -/- - for use in xenograft studies. These models will be of significant benefit not only to Pharma for pre-clinical drug development work, but also throughout the drug efficacy, toxicology, pharmacology, and drug metabolism communities, where fewer animals will be needed to generate more human-relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Aileen W. McLaren
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Yury Kapelyukh
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
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6
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Henderson CJ, McLaren AW, Kapelyukh Y, Wolf CR. Improving the predictive power of xenograft and syngeneic anti-tumour studies using mice humanised for pathways of drug metabolism. F1000Res 2022; 11:1081. [PMID: 37065929 PMCID: PMC10090862 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122987.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development is an expensive and time-consuming process, with only a small fraction of drugs gaining regulatory approval from the often many thousands of candidates identified during target validation. Once a lead compound has been identified and optimised, they are subject to intensive pre-clinical research to determine their pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, procedures which inevitably involve significant numbers of animals - mainly mice and rats, but also dogs and monkeys in much smaller numbers and for specific types of drug candidates. Many compounds that emerge from this process, having been shown to be safe and efficacious in pre-clinical studies, subsequently fail to replicate this outcome in clinical trials, therefore wasting time, money and, most importantly, animals. The poor predictive power of animal models in pre-clinical studies is predominantly due to lack of efficacy or safety reasons, which in turn can be attributed mainly to the significant species differences in drug metabolism between humans and animals. To circumvent this, we have developed a complex transgenic mouse model – 8HUM - which faithfully replicates human Phase I drug metabolism (and its regulation), and which will generate more human-relevant data [REFINEMENT] from fewer animals [REDUCTION] in a pre-clinical setting and reduce attrition in the clinic. One key area for the pre-clinical application of animals in an oncology setting – almost exclusively mice - is their use in anti-tumour studies. We now further demonstrate the utility of the 8HUM mouse using a murine melanoma cell line as a syngeneic tumour and also present an immunodeficient version 8HUM_Rag2-/- - for use in xenograft studies. These models will be of significant benefit not only to Pharma for pre-clinical drug development work, but also throughout the drug efficacy, toxicology, pharmacology, and drug metabolism communities, where fewer animals will be needed to generate more human-relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Aileen W. McLaren
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Yury Kapelyukh
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
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7
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Schmitgen MM, Horvath J, Mundinger C, Wolf DN, Sambataro F, Hirjak D, Kubera MK, Koenig J, Wolf CR. Neuronale Korrelate von Cue-Reactivity bei Personen mit
Smartphonesucht. Suchttherapie 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Horvath
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | | | - D N Wolf
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | | | | | - M K Kubera
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - J Koenig
- Uniklinik Köln, Köln
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - C R Wolf
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of drug candidates is becoming increasingly dependent upon in vitro models of hepatic metabolism and toxicity. Predominant among these is the HepG2 cell line, although HepaRG is becoming increasingly popular because of its perceived closer resemblance to human hepatocytes. We review the functionality of these cell lines in terms of Phase I protein expression, basal cytochrome P450-dependent activity, and utility in P450 induction studies. Our analysis indicates that HepG2 cells are severely compromised: proteomic studies show that they express few key proteins in common with hepatocytes and they lack drug-metabolizing capacity. Differentiated HepaRGs are more hepatocyte-like than HepG2s, but they also have limitations, and it is difficult to assess their utility because of the enormous variability in data reported, possibly arising from the complex differentiation protocols required to obtain hepatocyte-like cells. This is exacerbated by the use of DMSO in the induction protocol, together with proprietary supplements whose composition is a commercial secret. We conclude that, while currently available data on the utility of HepaRG generates a confusing picture, this line does have potential utility in drug metabolism studies. However, to allow studies to be compared directly a standardized, reproducible differentiation protocol is essential and the cell line's functionality in terms of known mechanisms of P450 regulation must be demonstrated. We, therefore, support the development of regulatory guidelines for the use of HepaRGs in induction studies as a first step in generating a database of consistent, reliable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Stanley
- Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, UK.,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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9
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van de Wetering C, Manuel AM, Sharafi M, Aboushousha R, Qian X, Erickson C, MacPherson M, Chan G, Adcock IM, ZounematKermani N, Schleich F, Louis R, Bohrnsen E, D'Alessandro A, Wouters EF, Reynaert NL, Li J, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Lundblad LKA, Poynter ME, Dixon AE, Irvin CG, van der Vliet A, van der Velden JL, Janssen-Heininger YM. Glutathione-S-transferase P promotes glycolysis in asthma in association with oxidation of pyruvate kinase M2. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102160. [PMID: 34624602 PMCID: PMC8502950 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1-dependent increases in glycolysis promote allergic airways disease in mice and disruption of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activity is critical herein. Glutathione-S-transferase P (GSTP) has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis and regulates the oxidation state of proteins via S-glutathionylation. We addressed whether GSTP-dependent S-glutathionylation promotes allergic airways disease by promoting glycolytic reprogramming and whether it involves the disruption of PKM2. METHODS We used house dust mite (HDM) or interleukin-1β in C57BL6/NJ WT or mice that lack GSTP. Airway basal cells were stimulated with interleukin-1β and the selective GSTP inhibitor, TLK199. GSTP and PKM2 were evaluated in sputum samples of asthmatics and healthy controls and incorporated analysis of the U-BIOPRED severe asthma cohort database. RESULTS Ablation of Gstp decreased total S-glutathionylation and attenuated HDM-induced allergic airways disease and interleukin-1β-mediated inflammation. Gstp deletion or inhibition by TLK199 decreased the interleukin-1β-stimulated secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and lactate by epithelial cells. 13C-glucose metabolomics showed decreased glycolysis flux at the pyruvate kinase step in response to TLK199. GSTP and PKM2 levels were increased in BAL of HDM-exposed mice as well as in sputum of asthmatics compared to controls. Sputum proteomics and transcriptomics revealed strong correlations between GSTP, PKM2, and the glycolysis pathway in asthma. CONCLUSIONS GSTP contributes to the pathogenesis of allergic airways disease in association with enhanced glycolysis and oxidative disruption of PKM2. Our findings also suggest a PKM2-GSTP-glycolysis signature in asthma that is associated with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Allison M Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mona Sharafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Cuixia Erickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Maximilian MacPherson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Garrett Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute & Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Florence Schleich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Sart-TilmanB35, Liege, Belgium
| | - Renaud Louis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Sart-TilmanB35, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Emiel F Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Center, Ninewells Hospital Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Center, Ninewells Hospital Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lennart K A Lundblad
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University & THORASYS Thoracic Medical Systems Inc., Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jos L van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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10
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Knatko EV, Castro C, Higgins M, Zhang Y, Honda T, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Griffin JL, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Nrf2 activation does not affect adenoma development in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1081. [PMID: 34526660 PMCID: PMC8443638 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its main negative regulator, Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), are at the interface between redox and intermediary metabolism. Nrf2 activation is protective in models of human disease and has benefits in clinical trials. Consequently, the Keap1/Nrf2 protein complex is a drug target. However, in cancer Nrf2 plays a dual role, raising concerns that Nrf2 activators may promote growth of early neoplasms. To address this concern, we examined the role of Nrf2 in development of colorectal adenomas by employing genetic, pharmacological, and metabolomic approaches. We found that colorectal adenomas that form in Gstp-/-: ApcMin/+ mice are characterized by altered one-carbon metabolism and that genetic activation, but not disruption of Nrf2, enhances these metabolic alterations. However, this enhancement is modest compared to the magnitude of metabolic differences between tumor and peri-tumoral tissues, suggesting that the metabolic changes conferred by Nrf2 activation may have little contribution to the early stages of carcinogenesis. Indeed, neither genetic (by Keap1 knockdown) nor pharmacological Nrf2 activation, nor its disruption, affected colorectal adenoma formation in this model. We conclude that pharmacological Nrf2 activation is unlikely to impact the early stages of development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Knatko
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Cecilia Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Inesta-Vaquera F, Navasumrit P, Henderson CJ, Frangova TG, Honda T, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Ruchirawat M, Wolf CR. Application of the in vivo oxidative stress reporter Hmox1 as mechanistic biomarker of arsenic toxicity. Environ Pollut 2021; 270:116053. [PMID: 33213951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a naturally occurring metalloid present in drinking water and polluted air exposing millions of people globally. Epidemiological studies have linked iAs exposure to the development of numerous diseases including cognitive impairment, cardiovascular failure and cancer. Despite intense research, an effective therapy for chronic arsenicosis has yet to be developed. Laboratory studies have been of great benefit in establishing the pathways involved in iAs toxicity and providing insights into its mechanism of action. However, the in vivo analysis of arsenic toxicity mechanisms has been difficult by the lack of reliable in vivo biomarkers of iAs's effects. To address this issue we have applied the use of our recently developed stress reporter models to study iAs toxicity. The reporter mice Hmox1 (oxidative stress/inflammation; HOTT) and p21 (DNA damage) were exposed to iAs at acute and chronic, environmentally relevant, doses. We observed induction of the oxidative stress reporters in several cell types and tissues, which was largely dependent on the activation of transcription factor NRF2. We propose that our HOTT reporter model can be used as a surrogate biomarker of iAs-induced oxidative stress, and it constitutes a first-in-class platform to develop treatments aimed to counteract the role of oxidative stress in arsenicosis. Indeed, in a proof of concept experiment, the HOTT reporter mice were able to predict the therapeutic utility of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine in the prevention of iAs associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Inesta-Vaquera
- Department of Systems Medicine. School of Medicine. University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Department of Systems Medicine. School of Medicine. University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Tanya G Frangova
- Department of Systems Medicine. School of Medicine. University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Department of Molecular Medicine. School of Medicine. University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Department of Systems Medicine. School of Medicine. University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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12
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Vitobello A, Perner J, Beil J, Zhu J, Del Río-Espínola A, Morawiec L, Westphal M, Dubost V, Altorfer M, Naumann U, Mueller A, Kapur K, Borowsky M, Henderson C, Wolf CR, Schwarz M, Moggs J, Terranova R. Drug-induced chromatin accessibility changes associate with sensitivity to liver tumor promotion. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900461. [PMID: 31615920 PMCID: PMC6795216 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer susceptibility varies amongst humans and between experimental animal models because of multiple genetic and epigenetic factors. The molecular characterization of such susceptibilities has the potential to enhance cancer risk assessment of xenobiotic exposures and disease prevention strategies. Here, using DNase I hypersensitivity mapping coupled with transcriptomic profiling, we investigate perturbations in cis-acting gene regulatory elements associated with the early stages of phenobarbital (PB)-mediated liver tumor promotion in susceptible versus resistant mouse strains (B6C3F1 versus C57BL/6J). Integrated computational analyses of strain-selective changes in liver chromatin accessibility underlying PB response reveal differential epigenetic regulation of molecular pathways associated with PB-mediated tumor promotion, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Complementary transcription factor motif analyses reveal mouse strain-selective gene regulatory networks and a novel role for Stat, Smad, and Fox transcription factors in the early stages of PB-mediated tumor promotion. Mapping perturbations in cis-acting gene regulatory elements provides novel insights into the molecular basis for susceptibility to xenobiotic-induced rodent liver tumor promotion and has the potential to enhance mechanism-based cancer risk assessments of xenobiotic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vitobello
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
- Inserm, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1231, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Juliane Perner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Beil
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Laurent Morawiec
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Valérie Dubost
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Altorfer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Mueller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Kapur
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Colin Henderson
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
- Innovative Medicines Initiative MARCAR Consortium (http://www.imi-marcar.eu/index.php)
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Kapelyukh Y, Henderson CJ, Scheer N, Rode A, Wolf CR. Defining the Contribution of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 to Drug Metabolism Using Humanized CYP1A1/1A2 and Cyp1a1/Cyp1a2 Knockout Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:907-918. [PMID: 31147315 PMCID: PMC6657216 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 can metabolize a broad range of foreign compounds and drugs. However, these enzymes have significantly overlapping substrate specificities. To establish their relative contribution to drug metabolism in vivo, we used a combination of mice humanized for CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 together with mice nulled at the Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 gene loci. CYP1A2 was constitutively expressed in the liver, and both proteins were highly inducible by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in a number of tissues, including the liver, lung, kidney, and small intestine. Using the differential inhibition of the human enzymes by quinidine, we developed a method to distinguish the relative contribution of CYP1A1 or CYP1A2 in the metabolism of drugs and foreign compounds. Both enzymes made a significant contribution to the hepatic metabolism of the probe compounds 7-methoxy and 7-ehthoxyresorufin in microsomal fractions from animals treated with TCDD. This enzyme kinetic approach allows modeling of the CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and non-CYP1A contribution to the metabolism of any substrate at any substrate, inhibitor, or enzyme concentration and, as a consequence, can be integrated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetics model. The validity of the model can then be tested in humanized mice in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 are important in defining the efficacy and toxicity/carcinogenicity of drugs and foreign compounds. In light of differences in substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibitors, it is of central importance to understand their relative role in foreign compound metabolism. To address this issue, we have generated mice humanized or nulled at the Cyp1a gene locus and, through the use of these mouse lines and selective inhibitors, developed an enzyme kinetic-based model to enable more accurate prediction of the fate of new chemicals in humans and which can be validated in vivo using mice humanized for cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kapelyukh
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.)
| | - C J Henderson
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.)
| | - N Scheer
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.)
| | - A Rode
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.)
| | - C R Wolf
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.)
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14
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Henderson CJ, Scheer N, Kapelyukh Y, McLaren A, MacLeod K, Rode A, Lin D, Wolf CR. Abstract 2933: Application of a mouse model humanized for the major pathways of drug disposition in anticancer drug development and use. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A vast number of targeted anticancer drugs are being developed in the pharmaceutical industry whose efficacy will only become fully realized through their combination with other established or novel anti-tumor agents. This is particularly the case because combination chemotherapy is a major approach being taken to overcome the rapid onset of drug resistance which current dosing regimens can cause. This has raised the conundrum of which of the large number of possible drug combinations, which may involve combinations of more than two drugs, have the greatest chance of success. It is not possible to test all the possible combinations by clinical trial alone so more informative preclinical models are badly needed. Nearly all targeted anti-tumor agents are substrates for the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system. The testing of novel drug regimens in mice is severely compromised by the major species differences in this enzyme system both in catalytic function, in the pattern of metabolite formation and the regulation by transcription factors such as CAR and PXR. In order to circumvent this problem we have created a mouse model where thirty four murine P450’s have been deleted from the mouse genome and substituted for the major enzymes involved in drug disposition in man ie CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A7. The mice have also been humanized for the transcription factors CAR and PXR. CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 are expressed off the human promoters. We report the validation the utility of this model by studying the in vivo metabolism and disposition of model drugs and the metabolism and disposition of the EGFR inhibitor, osimertinib and the BRAF inhibitor, dabrafenib. We show that the use of this model allows accurate prediction of clinically observed drug exposures, in the generation of human metabolites and drug/drug interactions. This model has therefore great potential for the development of combination therapies involving complex drug regimens and in the design of clinical trials targeted at overcoming drug resistance.
Citation Format: Colin J. Henderson, Nico Scheer, Yury Kapelyukh, Aileen McLaren, Kenneth MacLeod, Anja Rode, De Lin, C Roland Wolf. Application of a mouse model humanized for the major pathways of drug disposition in anticancer drug development and use [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2933.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anja Rode
- 2Taconic Biosciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - De Lin
- 1University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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15
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Henderson CJ, Kapelyukh Y, Scheer N, Rode A, McLaren AW, MacLeod AK, Lin D, Wright J, Stanley LA, Wolf CR. An Extensively Humanized Mouse Model to Predict Pathways of Drug Disposition and Drug/Drug Interactions, and to Facilitate Design of Clinical Trials. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:601-615. [PMID: 30910785 PMCID: PMC6505380 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Species differences in drug metabolism and disposition can confound the extrapolation of in vivo PK data to man and also profoundly compromise drug efficacy studies owing to differences in pharmacokinetics, in metabolites produced (which are often pharmacologically active), and in differential activation of the transcription factors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR), which regulate the expression of such enzymes as P450s and drug transporters. These differences have gained additional importance as a consequence of the use of genetically modified mouse models for drug-efficacy testing and also patient-derived xenografts to predict individual patient responses to anticancer drugs. A number of humanized mouse models for cytochrome P450s, CAR, and PXR have been reported. However, the utility of these models has been compromised by the redundancy in P450 reactions across gene families, whereby the remaining murine P450s can metabolize the compounds being tested. To remove this confounding factor and create a mouse model that more closely reflects human pathways of drug disposition, we substituted 33 murine P450s from the major gene families involved in drug disposition, together with Car and Pxr, for human CAR, PXR, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7. We also created a mouse line in which 34 P450s were deleted from the mouse genome. Using model compounds and anticancer drugs, we demonstrated how these mouse lines can be applied to predict drug-drug interactions in patients and discuss here their potential application in the more informed design of clinical trials and the personalized treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Henderson
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - Y Kapelyukh
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - N Scheer
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - A Rode
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - A W McLaren
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - A K MacLeod
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - D Lin
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - J Wright
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - L A Stanley
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - C R Wolf
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., Y.K., C.R.W., A.M., K.M., D.L.); Taconic Biosciences Inc., Rensselaer, New York (N.S., A.R.); Independent Consultant, Putley, Ledbury, Herts, United Kingdom (J.W.); and Independent Consultant, Linlithgow, West Lothian, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
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16
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Reed L, Indra R, Mrizova I, Moserova M, Schmeiser HH, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Stiborova M, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Application of hepatic cytochrome b 5/P450 reductase null (HBRN) mice to study the role of cytochrome b 5 in the cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation of the anticancer drug ellipticine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 366:64-74. [PMID: 30685480 PMCID: PMC6382462 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer drug ellipticine exerts its genotoxic effects after metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The present study has examined the role of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) and cytochrome b5 (Cyb5), electron donors to P450 enzymes, in the CYP-mediated metabolism and disposition of ellipticine in vivo. We used Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Hepatic Cytochrome b5/P450 Reductase Null (HBRN) mice. HRN mice have POR deleted specifically in hepatocytes; HBRN mice also have Cyb5 deleted in the liver. Mice were treated once with 10 mg/kg body weight ellipticine (n = 4/group) for 24 h. Ellipticine-DNA adduct levels measured by 32P-postlabelling were significantly lower in HRN and HBRN livers than in wild-type (WT) livers; however no significant difference was observed between HRN and HBRN livers. Ellipticine-DNA adduct formation in WT, HRN and HBRN livers correlated with Cyp1a and Cyp3a enzyme activities measured in hepatic microsomes in the presence of NADPH confirming the importance of P450 enzymes in the bioactivation of ellipticine in vivo. Hepatic microsomal fractions were also utilised in incubations with ellipticine and DNA in the presence of NADPH, cofactor for POR, and NADH, cofactor for Cyb5 reductase (Cyb5R), to examine ellipticine-DNA adduct formation. With NADPH adduct formation decreased as electron donors were lost which correlated with the formation of the reactive metabolites 12- and 13-hydroxy-ellipticine in hepatic microsomes. No difference in adduct formation was observed in the presence of NADH. Our study demonstrates that Cyb5 contributes to the P450-mediated bioactivation of ellipticine in vitro, but not in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Reed
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Mrizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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17
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McMahon M, Ding S, Jimenez LA, Terranova R, Gerard MA, Vitobello A, Moggs J, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Constitutive androstane receptor 1 is constitutively bound to chromatin and 'primed' for transactivation in hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:97-105. [PMID: 30361333 PMCID: PMC6277922 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a xenobiotic sensor expressed in hepatocytes that activates genes involved in drug metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Much progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of activation of human CAR by drugs and xenobiotics. However, many aspects of the activation pathway remain to be elucidated. In this report, we have used viral constructs to express human CAR, its splice variants, and mutant CAR forms in hepatocytes from Car-/- mice in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate CAR expression rescued the ability of Car-/- hepatocytes to respond to a wide range of CAR activators including phenobarbital. Additionally, two major splice isoforms of human CAR, CAR2 and CAR3, were inactive with almost all the agents tested. In contrast to the current model of CAR activation, ectopic CAR1 is constitutively localized in the nucleus and is loaded onto Cyp2b10 gene in the absence of an inducing agent. In studies to elucidate the role of threonine T38 in CAR regulation, we found that the T38D mutant was inactive even in the presence of CAR activators. However, the T38A mutant was activated by CAR inducers, showing that T38 is not essential for CAR activation. Also, using the inhibitor erlotinib, we could not confirm a role for the epidermal growth factor receptor in CAR regulation. Our data suggest that CAR is constitutively bound to gene regulatory regions and is regulated by exogenous agents through a mechanism which involves protein phosphorylation in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McMahon
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - Shaohong Ding
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - Lourdes Acosta Jimenez
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - Remi Terranova
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - Marie-Apolline Gerard
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - Colin J Henderson
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (M.M., S.D., L.A.J., C.J.H., C.R.W.) and Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland (R.T., M.-A.G., A.V., J.M.)
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Huyghe JR, Bien SA, Harrison TA, Kang HM, Chen S, Schmit SL, Conti DV, Qu C, Jeon J, Edlund CK, Greenside P, Wainberg M, Schumacher FR, Smith JD, Levine DM, Nelson SC, Sinnott-Armstrong NA, Albanes D, Alonso MH, Anderson K, Arnau-Collell C, Arndt V, Bamia C, Banbury BL, Baron JA, Berndt SI, Bézieau S, Bishop DT, Boehm J, Boeing H, Brenner H, Brezina S, Buch S, Buchanan DD, Burnett-Hartman A, Butterbach K, Caan BJ, Campbell PT, Carlson CS, Castellví-Bel S, Chan AT, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Chirlaque MD, Cho SH, Connolly CM, Cross AJ, Cuk K, Curtis KR, de la Chapelle A, Doheny KF, Duggan D, Easton DF, Elias SG, Elliott F, English DR, Feskens EJM, Figueiredo JC, Fischer R, FitzGerald LM, Forman D, Gala M, Gallinger S, Gauderman WJ, Giles GG, Gillanders E, Gong J, Goodman PJ, Grady WM, Grove JS, Gsur A, Gunter MJ, Haile RW, Hampe J, Hampel H, Harlid S, Hayes RB, Hofer P, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Hsu WL, Huang WY, Hudson TJ, Hunter DJ, Ibañez-Sanz G, Idos GE, Ingersoll R, Jackson RD, Jacobs EJ, Jenkins MA, Joshi AD, Joshu CE, Keku TO, Key TJ, Kim HR, Kobayashi E, Kolonel LN, Kooperberg C, Kühn T, Küry S, Kweon SS, Larsson SC, Laurie CA, Le Marchand L, Leal SM, Lee SC, Lejbkowicz F, Lemire M, Li CI, Li L, Lieb W, Lin Y, Lindblom A, Lindor NM, Ling H, Louie TL, Männistö S, Markowitz SD, Martín V, Masala G, McNeil CE, Melas M, Milne RL, Moreno L, Murphy N, Myte R, Naccarati A, Newcomb PA, Offit K, Ogino S, Onland-Moret NC, Pardini B, Parfrey PS, Pearlman R, Perduca V, Pharoah PDP, Pinchev M, Platz EA, Prentice RL, Pugh E, Raskin L, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Riboli E, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Romm J, Sakoda LC, Schafmayer C, Schoen RE, Seminara D, Shah M, Shelford T, Shin MH, Shulman K, Sieri S, Slattery ML, Southey MC, Stadler ZK, Stegmaier C, Su YR, Tangen CM, Thibodeau SN, Thomas DC, Thomas SS, Toland AE, Trichopoulou A, Ulrich CM, Van Den Berg DJ, van Duijnhoven FJB, Van Guelpen B, van Kranen H, Vijai J, Visvanathan K, Vodicka P, Vodickova L, Vymetalkova V, Weigl K, Weinstein SJ, White E, Win AK, Wolf CR, Wolk A, Woods MO, Wu AH, Zaidi SH, Zanke BW, Zhang Q, Zheng W, Scacheri PC, Potter JD, Bassik MC, Kundaje A, Casey G, Moreno V, Abecasis GR, Nickerson DA, Gruber SB, Hsu L, Peters U. Discovery of common and rare genetic risk variants for colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 2019; 51:76-87. [PMID: 30510241 PMCID: PMC6358437 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To further dissect the genetic architecture of colorectal cancer (CRC), we performed whole-genome sequencing of 1,439 cases and 720 controls, imputed discovered sequence variants and Haplotype Reference Consortium panel variants into genome-wide association study data, and tested for association in 34,869 cases and 29,051 controls. Findings were followed up in an additional 23,262 cases and 38,296 controls. We discovered a strongly protective 0.3% frequency variant signal at CHD1. In a combined meta-analysis of 125,478 individuals, we identified 40 new independent signals at P < 5 × 10-8, bringing the number of known independent signals for CRC to ~100. New signals implicate lower-frequency variants, Krüppel-like factors, Hedgehog signaling, Hippo-YAP signaling, long noncoding RNAs and somatic drivers, and support a role for immune function. Heritability analyses suggest that CRC risk is highly polygenic, and larger, more comprehensive studies enabling rare variant analysis will improve understanding of biology underlying this risk and influence personalized screening strategies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen R Huyghe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Bien
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tabitha A Harrison
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sai Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie L Schmit
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Conghui Qu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jihyoun Jeon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher K Edlund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peyton Greenside
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Wainberg
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Levine
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah C Nelson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Henar Alonso
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristin Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Coral Arnau-Collell
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Bamia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara L Banbury
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Juergen Boehm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Brezina
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Buch
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Katja Butterbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bette J Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher S Carlson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sang Hee Cho
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Charles M Connolly
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katarina Cuk
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith R Curtis
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly F Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute - An Affiliate of City of Hope, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sjoerd G Elias
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Faye Elliott
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dallas R English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rocky Fischer
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Forman
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Manish Gala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Gillanders
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Gong
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John S Grove
- University of Hawaii Cancer Research Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Robert W Haile
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Heather Hampel
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sophia Harlid
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philipp Hofer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wan-Ling Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gemma Ibañez-Sanz
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Gastroenterology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregory E Idos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roxann Ingersoll
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric J Jacobs
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Temitope O Keku
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hyeong Rok Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Emiko Kobayashi
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Küry
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Jeonnam Regional Cancer Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecelia A Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soo Chin Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Flavio Lejbkowicz
- The Clalit Health Services, Personalized Genomic Service, Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher I Li
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Center for Community Health Integration and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, PopGen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yi Lin
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Hua Ling
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tin L Louie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vicente Martín
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedicine Institute (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Caroline E McNeil
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marilena Melas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger L Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena Moreno
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil Murphy
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Robin Myte
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrick S Parfrey
- The Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Memorial University Medical School, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Rachel Pearlman
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vittorio Perduca
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées MAP5 (UMR CNRS 8145), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- CESP (Inserm U1018), Facultés de Medicine Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mila Pinchev
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leon Raskin
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hedy S Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jane Romm
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert E Schoen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniela Seminara
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tameka Shelford
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zsofia K Stadler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Yu-Ru Su
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Duncan C Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sushma S Thomas
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David J Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Bethany Van Guelpen
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henk van Kranen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Vijai
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Korbinian Weigl
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily White
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Roland Wolf
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael O Woods
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Discipline of Genetics, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Syed H Zaidi
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brent W Zanke
- Division of Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qing Zhang
- Genomics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Victor Moreno
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Hsu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Pouché L, Vitobello A, Römer M, Glogovac M, MacLeod AK, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Westphal M, Dubost V, Stiehl DP, Dumotier B, Fekete A, Moulin P, Zell A, Schwarz M, Moreno R, Huang JTJ, Elcombe CR, Henderson CJ, Roland Wolf C, Moggs JG, Terranova R. Xenobiotic CAR Activators Induce Dlk1-Dio3 Locus Noncoding RNA Expression in Mouse Liver. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:367-378. [PMID: 28541575 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Derisking xenobiotic-induced nongenotoxic carcinogenesis (NGC) represents a significant challenge during the safety assessment of chemicals and therapeutic drugs. The identification of robust mechanism-based NGC biomarkers has the potential to enhance cancer hazard identification. We previously demonstrated Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) and WNT signaling-dependent up-regulation of the pluripotency associated Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the liver of mice treated with tumor-promoting doses of phenobarbital (PB). Here, we have compared phenotypic, transcriptional ,and proteomic data from wild-type, CAR/PXR double knock-out and CAR/PXR double humanized mice treated with either PB or chlordane, and show that hepatic Dlk1-Dio3 locus long ncRNAs are upregulated in a CAR/PXR-dependent manner by two structurally distinct CAR activators. We further explored the specificity of Dlk1-Dio3 locus ncRNAs as hepatic NGC biomarkers in mice treated with additional compounds working through distinct NGC modes of action. We propose that up-regulation of Dlk1-Dio3 cluster ncRNAs can serve as an early biomarker for CAR activator-induced nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis and thus may contribute to mechanism-based assessments of carcinogenicity risk for chemicals and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pouché
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Römer
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milica Glogovac
- Novartis Business Services, Novartis Pharma, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | - Magdalena Westphal
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dubost
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Philipp Stiehl
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bérengère Dumotier
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Fekete
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zell
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Moreno
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jeffrey T J Huang
- Biomarker and Drug Analysis Core Facility, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jonathan G Moggs
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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MacLeod AK, Lin D, Huang JTJ, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Identification of Novel Pathways of Osimertinib Disposition and Potential Implications for the Outcome of Lung Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2138-2147. [PMID: 29437786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Osimertinib is a third-generation inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor used in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. A full understanding of its disposition and capacity for interaction with other medications will facilitate its effective use as a single agent and in combination therapy.Experimental Design: Recombinant cytochrome P450s and liver microsomal preparations were used to identify novel pathways of osimertinib metabolism in vitro A panel of knockout and mouse lines humanized for pathways of drug metabolism were used to establish the relevance of these pathways in vivoResults: Although some osimertinib metabolites were similar in mouse and human liver samples there were several significant differences, in particular a marked species difference in the P450s involved. The murine Cyp2d gene cluster played a predominant role in mouse, whereas CYP3A4 was the major human enzyme responsible for osimertinib metabolism. Induction of this enzyme in CYP3A4 humanized mice substantially decreased circulating osimertinib exposure. Importantly, we discovered a further novel pathway of osimertinib disposition involving CPY1A1. Modulation of CYP1A1/CYP1A2 levels markedly reduced parent drug concentrations, significantly altering metabolite pharmacokinetics (PK) in humanized mice in vivoConclusions: We demonstrate that a P450 enzyme expressed in smokers' lungs and lung tumors has the capacity to metabolise osimertinib. This could be a significant factor in defining the outcome of osimertinib treatment. This work also illustrates how P450-humanized mice can be used to identify and mitigate species differences in drug metabolism and thereby model the in vivo effect of critical metabolic pathways on anti-tumor response. Clin Cancer Res; 24(9); 2138-47. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - De Lin
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey T-J Huang
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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21
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Reed L, Mrizova I, Barta F, Indra R, Moserova M, Kopka K, Schmeiser HH, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Stiborova M, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Cytochrome b 5 impacts on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and its DNA adduct formation: studies in hepatic cytochrome b 5 /P450 reductase null (HBRN) mice. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1625-1638. [PMID: 29368147 PMCID: PMC5882632 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an environmental pollutant that, based on evidence largely from in vitro studies, exerts its genotoxic effects after metabolic activation by cytochrome P450s. In the present study, Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Hepatic Cytochrome b 5 /P450 Reductase Null (HBRN) mice have been used to study the role of P450s in the metabolic activation of BaP in vivo. In HRN mice, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), the electron donor to P450, is deleted specifically in hepatocytes. In HBRN mice the microsomal haemoprotein cytochrome b 5 , which can also act as an electron donor from cytochrome b 5 reductase to P450s, is also deleted in the liver. Wild-type (WT), HRN and HBRN mice were treated by i.p. injection with 125 mg/kg body weight BaP for 24 h. Hepatic microsomal fractions were isolated from BaP-treated and untreated mice. In vitro incubations carried out with BaP-pretreated microsomal fractions, BaP and DNA resulted in significantly higher BaP-DNA adduct formation with WT microsomal fractions compared to those from HRN or HBRN mice. Adduct formation (i.e. 10-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP [dG-N2-BPDE]) correlated with observed CYP1A activity and metabolite formation (i.e. BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol) when NADPH or NADH was used as enzymatic cofactors. BaP-DNA adduct levels (i.e. dG-N2-BPDE) in vivo were significantly higher (~ sevenfold) in liver of HRN mice than WT mice while no significant difference in adduct formation was observed in liver between HBRN and WT mice. Our results demonstrate that POR and cytochrome b 5 both modulate P450-mediated activation of BaP in vitro. However, hepatic P450 enzymes in vivo appear to be more important for BaP detoxification than its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Reed
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Iveta Mrizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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22
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Sheth H, Northwood E, Ulrich CM, Scherer D, Elliott F, Barrett JH, Forman D, Wolf CR, Smith G, Jackson MS, Santibanez-Koref M, Haile R, Casey G, Jenkins M, Win AK, Hopper JL, Marchand LL, Lindor NM, Thibodeau SN, Potter JD, Burn J, Bishop DT. Interaction between polymorphisms in aspirin metabolic pathways, regular aspirin use and colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study in unselected white European populations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192223. [PMID: 29425227 PMCID: PMC5806861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular aspirin use is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Variation in aspirin's chemoprevention efficacy has been attributed to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We conducted a meta-analysis using two large population-based case-control datasets, the UK-Leeds Colorectal Cancer Study Group and the NIH-Colon Cancer Family Registry, having a combined total of 3325 cases and 2262 controls. The aim was to assess 42 candidate SNPs in 15 genes whose association with colorectal cancer risk was putatively modified by aspirin use, in the literature. Log odds ratios (ORs) and standard errors were estimated for each dataset separately using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and study site, and dataset-specific results were combined using random effects meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed association between SNPs rs6983267, rs11694911 and rs2302615 with CRC risk reduction (All P<0.05). Association for SNP rs6983267 in the CCAT2 gene only was noteworthy after multiple test correction (P = 0.001). Site-specific analysis showed association between SNPs rs1799853 and rs2302615 with reduced colon cancer risk only (P = 0.01 and P = 0.004, respectively), however neither reached significance threshold following multiple test correction. Meta-analysis of SNPs rs2070959 and rs1105879 in UGT1A6 gene showed interaction between aspirin use and CRC risk (Pinteraction = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively); stratification by aspirin use showed an association for decreased CRC risk for aspirin users having a wild-type genotype (rs2070959 OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.68-0.86; rs1105879 OR = 0.77 95% CI = 0.69-0.86) compared to variant allele cariers. The direction of the interaction however is in contrast to that published in studies on colorectal adenomas. Both SNPs showed potential site-specific interaction with aspirin use and colon cancer risk only (Pinteraction = 0.006 and 0.008, respectively), with the direction of association similar to that observed for CRC. Additionally, they showed interaction between any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including aspirin) use and CRC risk (Pinteraction = 0.01 for both). All gene x environment (GxE) interactions however were not significant after multiple test correction. Candidate gene investigation indicated no evidence of GxE interaction between genetic variants in genes involved in aspirin pathways, regular aspirin use and colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sheth
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Northwood
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dominique Scherer
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Faye Elliott
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer H. Barrett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David Forman
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Smith
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Jackson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Santibanez-Koref
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Haile
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - John L. Hopper
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | | | | | | | - John D. Potter
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John Burn
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - D. Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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23
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McMahon M, Ding S, Acosta-Jimenez LP, Frangova TG, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Measuring in vivo responses to endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress using a novel haem oxygenase 1 reporter mouse. J Physiol 2017; 596:105-127. [PMID: 29086419 PMCID: PMC5746521 DOI: 10.1113/jp274915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Haem oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) is a cytoprotective enzyme with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant properties that is induced in response to multiple noxious environmental stimuli and disease states. Tools to enable its expression to be monitored in vivo have been unavailable until now. In a new Hmox1 reporter model we provide high‐fidelity, single‐cell resolution blueprints for Hmox1 expression throughout the body of mice. We show for the first time that Hmox1 is constitutively expressed at barrier tissues at the interface between the internal and external environments, and that it is highly induced in muscle cells during systemic inflammation. These data suggest novel biological insights into the role of Hmox1 and pave the way for the use of the model to study the role of environmental stress in disease pathology.
Abstract Hmox1 protein holds great promise as a biomarker of in vivo stress responses as it is highly induced in stressed or damaged cells. However, Hmox1 expression patterns have thus far only been available in simple model organisms with limited relevance to humans. We now report a new Hmox1 reporter line that makes it possible to obtain this information in mice, a premiere model system for studying human disease and toxicology. Using a state‐of‐the‐art strategy, we expressed multiple complementary reporter molecules from the murine Hmox1 locus, including firefly luciferase, to allow long‐term, non‐invasive imaging of Hmox1 expression, and β‐galactosidase for high‐resolution mapping of expression patterns post‐mortem. We validated the model by confirming the fidelity of reporter expression, and its responsiveness to oxidative and inflammatory stimuli. In addition to providing blueprints for Hmox1 expression in mice that provide novel biological insights, this work paves the way for the broad application of this model to establish cellular stresses induced by endogenous processes and those resulting from exposure to drugs and environmental agents. It will also enable studies on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of disease and its prevention. Haem oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) is a cytoprotective enzyme with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant properties that is induced in response to multiple noxious environmental stimuli and disease states. Tools to enable its expression to be monitored in vivo have been unavailable until now. In a new Hmox1 reporter model we provide high‐fidelity, single‐cell resolution blueprints for Hmox1 expression throughout the body of mice. We show for the first time that Hmox1 is constitutively expressed at barrier tissues at the interface between the internal and external environments, and that it is highly induced in muscle cells during systemic inflammation. These data suggest novel biological insights into the role of Hmox1 and pave the way for the use of the model to study the role of environmental stress in disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McMahon
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Shaohong Ding
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lourdes P Acosta-Jimenez
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Tania G Frangova
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Colin J Henderson
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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24
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Lin D, Kostov R, Huang JTJ, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Novel Pathways of Ponatinib Disposition Catalyzed By CYP1A1 Involving Generation of Potentially Toxic Metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:12-19. [PMID: 28882992 PMCID: PMC5596814 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ponatinib, a pan-BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), causes severe side effects including vascular occlusions, pancreatitis, and liver toxicity, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Modifications of critical proteins through reactive metabolites are thought to be responsible for a number of adverse drug reactions. In vitro metabolite screening of ponatinib with human liver microsomes and glutathione revealed unambiguous signals of ponatinib-glutathione (P-GSH) adducts. Further profiling of human cytochrome P450 (P450) indicated that CYP1A1 was the predominant P450 enzyme driving this reaction. P-GSH conjugate formation paralleled the disappearance of hydroxylated ponatinib metabolites, suggesting the initial reaction was epoxide generation. Mouse glutathione S-transferase p1 (mGstp1) further enhanced P-GSH adduct formation in vitro. Ponatinib pharmacokinetics were determined in vivo in wild-type (WT) mice and mice humanized for CYP1A1/2 and treated with the CYP1A1 inducers 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin or 3-methylcholanthrene. Ponatinib exposure was significantly decreased in treated mice compared with controls (7.7- and 2.2-fold for WT and humanized CYP1A1/2, respectively). Interestingly, the P-GSH conjugate was only found in the feces of CYP1A1-induced mice, but not in control animals. Protein adducts were also identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of mGstp1 tryptic digests. These results indicate that not only could CYP1A1 be involved in ponatinib disposition, which has not been previously reported, but also that electrophilic intermediates resulting from CYP1A1 metabolism in normal tissues may contribute to ponatinib toxicity. These data are consistent with a recent report that CML patients who smoke are at greater risk of disease progression and premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Lin
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre (D.L., C.J.H., C.R.W.), Molecular & Cellular Medicine (R.K.), and Biomarker & Drug Analysis Core (J.T.-J.H.), School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rumen Kostov
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre (D.L., C.J.H., C.R.W.), Molecular & Cellular Medicine (R.K.), and Biomarker & Drug Analysis Core (J.T.-J.H.), School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey T-J Huang
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre (D.L., C.J.H., C.R.W.), Molecular & Cellular Medicine (R.K.), and Biomarker & Drug Analysis Core (J.T.-J.H.), School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre (D.L., C.J.H., C.R.W.), Molecular & Cellular Medicine (R.K.), and Biomarker & Drug Analysis Core (J.T.-J.H.), School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre (D.L., C.J.H., C.R.W.), Molecular & Cellular Medicine (R.K.), and Biomarker & Drug Analysis Core (J.T.-J.H.), School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Terranova R, Vitobello A, Del Rio Espinola A, Wolf CR, Schwarz M, Thomson J, Meehan R, Moggs J. Progress in identifying epigenetic mechanisms of xenobiotic-induced non-genotoxic carcinogenesis. Current Opinion in Toxicology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Schiering C, Wincent E, Metidji A, Iseppon A, Li Y, Potocnik AJ, Omenetti S, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Nebert DW, Stockinger B. Feedback control of AHR signalling regulates intestinal immunity. Nature 2017; 542:242-245. [PMID: 28146477 PMCID: PMC5302159 DOI: 10.1038/nature21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) recognizes xenobiotics as well as natural compounds such as tryptophan metabolites, dietary components and microbiota-derived factors, and it is important for maintenance of homeostasis at mucosal surfaces. AHR activation induces cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) enzymes, which oxygenate AHR ligands, leading to their metabolic clearance and detoxification. Thus, CYP1 enzymes have an important feedback role that curtails the duration of AHR signalling, but it remains unclear whether they also regulate AHR ligand availability in vivo. Here we show that dysregulated expression of Cyp1a1 in mice depletes the reservoir of natural AHR ligands, generating a quasi AHR-deficient state. Constitutive expression of Cyp1a1 throughout the body or restricted specifically to intestinal epithelial cells resulted in loss of AHR-dependent type 3 innate lymphoid cells and T helper 17 cells and increased susceptibility to enteric infection. The deleterious effects of excessive AHR ligand degradation on intestinal immune functions could be counter-balanced by increasing the intake of AHR ligands in the diet. Thus, our data indicate that intestinal epithelial cells serve as gatekeepers for the supply of AHR ligands to the host and emphasize the importance of feedback control in modulating AHR pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Wincent
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ying Li
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexandre J Potocnik
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Colin J Henderson
- Dundee University School of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research, Dundee, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Dundee University School of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Villa M, Gialitakis M, Tolaini M, Ahlfors H, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Brink R, Stockinger B. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is required for optimal B-cell proliferation. EMBO J 2017; 36:116-128. [PMID: 27875245 PMCID: PMC5210087 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor known for mediating xenobiotic toxicity, is expressed in B cells, which are known targets for environmental pollutants. However, it is unclear what the physiological functions of AhR in B cells are. We show here that expression of Ahr in B cells is up-regulated upon B-cell receptor (BCR) engagement and IL-4 treatment. Addition of a natural ligand of AhR, FICZ, induces AhR translocation to the nucleus and transcription of the AhR target gene Cyp1a1, showing that the AhR pathway is functional in B cells. AhR-deficient (Ahr-/-) B cells proliferate less than AhR-sufficient (Ahr+/+) cells following in vitro BCR stimulation and in vivo adoptive transfer models confirmed that Ahr-/- B cells are outcompeted by Ahr+/+ cells. Transcriptome comparison of AhR-deficient and AhR-sufficient B cells identified cyclin O (Ccno), a direct target of AhR, as a top candidate affected by AhR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Villa
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK
| | | | - Mauro Tolaini
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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MacLeod AK, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Application of Mice Humanized for CYP2D6 to the Study of Tamoxifen Metabolism and Drug-Drug Interaction with Antidepressants. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:17-22. [PMID: 27756789 PMCID: PMC5193068 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an estrogen receptor antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer. It is a prodrug that is converted by several cytochrome P450 enzymes to a primary metabolite, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDT), which is then further modified by CYP2D6 to a pharmacologically potent secondary metabolite, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (endoxifen). Antidepressants (ADs), which are often coprescribed to patients receiving tamoxifen, are also metabolized by CYP2D6 and evidence suggests that a drug-drug interaction between these agents adversely affects the outcome of tamoxifen therapy by inhibiting endoxifen formation. We evaluated this potentially important drug-drug interaction in vivo in mice humanized for CYP2D6 (hCYP2D6). The rate of conversion of NDT to endoxifen by hCYP2D6 mouse liver microsomes (MLMs) in vitro was similar to that of the most active members of a panel of 13 individual human liver microsomes. Coincubation with quinidine, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, ablated endoxifen generation by hCYP2D6 MLMs. The NDT-hydroxylation activity of wild-type MLMs was 7.4 times higher than that of hCYP2D6, whereas MLMs from Cyp2d knockout animals were inactive. Hydroxylation of NDT correlated with that of bufuralol, a CYP2D6 probe substrate, in the human liver microsome panel. In vitro, ADs of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class were, by an order of magnitude, more potent inhibitors of NDT hydroxylation by hCYP2D6 MLMs than were compounds of the tricyclic class. At a clinically relevant dose, paroxetine pretreatment inhibited the generation of endoxifen from NDT in hCYP2D6 mice in vivo. These data demonstrate the potential of ADs to affect endoxifen generation and, thereby, the outcome of tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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Roland Wolf C, Kenneth MacLeod A, Lin D, Scheer N, Kapelyukh Y, Henderson C. The application of knockout and humanized models to study human pathways of anti-cancer drug metabolism. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MacLeod AK, Acosta-Jimenez L, Coates PJ, McMahon M, Carey FA, Honda T, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Aldo-keto reductases are biomarkers of NRF2 activity and are co-ordinately overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1530-1539. [PMID: 27824809 PMCID: PMC5155360 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway is one of the most frequently dysregulated in cancer, it is not clear whether mutational status is a good predictor of NRF2 activity. Here we utilise four members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily as biomarkers to address this question. METHODS Twenty-three cell lines of diverse origin and NRF2-pathway mutational status were used to determine the relationship between AKR expression and NRF2 activity. AKR expression was evaluated in lung cancer biopsies and Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine data sets. RESULTS AKRs were expressed at a high basal level in cell lines carrying mutations in the NRF2 pathway. In non-mutant cell lines, co-ordinate induction of AKRs was consistently observed following activation of NRF2. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung tumour biopsies and interrogation of TCGA data revealed that AKRs are enriched in both squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and adenocarcinomas that contain somatic alterations in the NRF2 pathway but, in the case of SCC, AKRs were also enriched in most other tumours. CONCLUSIONS An AKR biomarker panel can be used to determine NRF2 status in tumours. Hyperactivation of the NRF2 pathway is far more prevalent in lung SCC than previously predicted by genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lourdes Acosta-Jimenez
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Philip J Coates
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Michael McMahon
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Frank A Carey
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Takahashi S, Fukami T, Masuo Y, Brocker CN, Xie C, Krausz KW, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Gonzalez FJ. Cyp2c70 is responsible for the species difference in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2130-2137. [PMID: 27638959 PMCID: PMC5321228 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and subjected to multiple metabolic biotransformations in hepatocytes, including oxidation by cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and conjugation with taurine, glycine, glucuronic acid, and sulfate. Mice and rats can hydroxylate chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) at the 6β-position to form α-muricholic acid (MCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to form β-MCA. However, MCA is not formed in humans to any appreciable degree and the mechanism for this species difference is not known. Comparison of several Cyp-null mouse lines revealed that α-MCA and β-MCA were not detected in the liver samples from Cyp2c-cluster null (Cyp2c-null) mice. Global bile acid analysis further revealed the absence of MCAs and their conjugated derivatives, and high concentrations of CDCA and UDCA in Cyp2c-null mouse cecum and feces. Analysis of recombinant CYPs revealed that α-MCA and β-MCA were produced by oxidation of CDCA and UDCA by Cyp2c70, respectively. CYP2C9-humanized mice have similar bile acid metabolites as the Cyp2c-null mice, indicating that human CYP2C9 does not oxidize CDCA and UDCA, thus explaining the species differences in production of MCA. Because humans do not produce MCA, they lack tauro-β-MCA, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in mouse that modulates obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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McMahon M, Frangova TG, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Olaparib, Monotherapy or with Ionizing Radiation, Exacerbates DNA Damage in Normal Tissues: Insights from a New p21 Reporter Mouse. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1195-1203. [PMID: 27604276 PMCID: PMC5136472 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs targeting the DNA damage response are being developed as anticancer therapies, either as single agents or in combination with ionizing radiation (IR) or other cytotoxic agents. Numerous clinical trials in this area are either in progress or planned. However, concerns remain about the potential of such treatments to increase toxicity to normal tissues. In order to address this issue, a novel reporter mouse line was created through the simultaneous incorporation of multiple reporters, β-galactosidase, and firefly luciferase, into the DNA damage-inducible p21 (CDKN1A) locus. The data demonstrate that in situ β-galactosidase staining facilitates high fidelity mapping of p21 expression across multiple organs and tissues at single-cell resolution, whereas the luciferase reporter permits noninvasive bioluminescent imaging of p21 expression. This model was used to determine the capacity of a number of DNA-damaging agents, including IR, cisplatin, and etoposide to induce p21 expression in normal tissues. In addition, the PARP inhibitor olaparib was examined alone or in combination with IR as well as cisplatin. A single exposure to olaparib alone caused DNA damage to cells in the mucosal layer lining mouse large intestine. It also exacerbated DNA damage induced in this organ and the kidney by coadministered IR. These studies suggest that olaparib has carcinogenic potential and illustrate the power of this new model to evaluate the safety of new therapeutic regimens involving combination therapies. IMPLICATIONS Olaparib causes DNA damage to normal tissues and might be a carcinogen. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1195-203. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McMahon
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Tania G Frangova
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
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McMillan DH, van der Velden JL, Lahue KG, Qian X, Schneider RW, Iberg MS, Nolin JD, Abdalla S, Casey DT, Tew KD, Townsend DM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Butnor KJ, Taatjes DJ, Budd RC, Irvin CG, van der Vliet A, Flemer S, Anathy V, Janssen-Heininger YM. Attenuation of lung fibrosis in mice with a clinically relevant inhibitor of glutathione- S-transferase π. JCI Insight 2016; 1:85717. [PMID: 27358914 PMCID: PMC4922427 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating lung disease characterized by excessive collagen production and fibrogenesis. Apoptosis in lung epithelial cells is critical in IPF pathogenesis, as heightened loss of these cells promotes fibroblast activation and remodeling. Changes in glutathione redox status have been reported in IPF patients. S-glutathionylation, the conjugation of glutathione to reactive cysteines, is catalyzed in part by glutathione-S-transferase π (GSTP). To date, no published information exists linking GSTP and IPF to our knowledge. We hypothesized that GSTP mediates lung fibrogenesis in part through FAS S-glutathionylation, a critical event in epithelial cell apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that GSTP immunoreactivity is increased in the lungs of IPF patients, notably within type II epithelial cells. The FAS-GSTP interaction was also increased in IPF lungs. Bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced increases in collagen content, α-SMA, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation were strongly attenuated in Gstp-/- mice. Oropharyngeal administration of the GSTP inhibitor, TLK117, at a time when fibrosis was already apparent, attenuated bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced remodeling, α-SMA, caspase activation, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation. GSTP is an important driver of protein S-glutathionylation and lung fibrosis, and GSTP inhibition via the airways may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jos L.J. van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Karolyn G. Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Robert W. Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Martina S. Iberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - James D. Nolin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sarah Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dylan T. Casey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Danyelle M. Townsend
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly J. Butnor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Douglas J. Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stevenson Flemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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34
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Thomson JP, Ottaviano R, Unterberger EB, Lempiäinen H, Muller A, Terranova R, Illingworth RS, Webb S, Kerr ARW, Lyall MJ, Drake AJ, Wolf CR, Moggs JG, Schwarz M, Meehan RR. Loss of Tet1-Associated 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Is Concomitant with Aberrant Promoter Hypermethylation in Liver Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3097-108. [PMID: 27197233 PMCID: PMC5021200 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant hypermethylation of CpG islands (CGI) in human tumors occurs predominantly at repressed genes in the host tissue, but the preceding events driving this phenomenon are poorly understood. In this study, we temporally tracked epigenetic and transcriptomic perturbations that occur in a mouse model of liver carcinogenesis. Hypermethylated CGI events in the model were predicted by enrichment of the DNA modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and the histone H3 modification H3K27me3 at silenced promoters in the host tissue. During cancer progression, selected CGIs underwent hypo-hydroxymethylation prior to hypermethylation, while retaining H3K27me3. In livers from mice deficient in Tet1, a tumor suppressor involved in cytosine demethylation, we observed a similar loss of promoter core 5hmC, suggesting that reduced Tet1 activity at CGI may contribute to epigenetic dysregulation during hepatocarcinogenesis. Consistent with this possibility, mouse liver tumors exhibited reduced Tet1 protein levels. Similar to humans, DNA methylation changes at CGI in mice did not appear to be direct drivers of hepatocellular carcinoma progression, rather, dynamic changes in H3K27me3 promoter deposition correlated strongly with tumor-specific activation and repression of transcription. Overall, our results suggest that loss of promoter-associated 5hmC in liver tumors licenses reprograming of DNA methylation at silent CGI during progression. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3097-108. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Ottaviano
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elif B Unterberger
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harri Lempiäinen
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Muller
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Remi Terranova
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert S Illingworth
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Webb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair R W Kerr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus J Lyall
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan G Moggs
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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35
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Scott EE, Wolf CR, Otyepka M, Humphreys SC, Reed JR, Henderson CJ, McLaughlin LA, Paloncýová M, Navrátilová V, Berka K, Anzenbacher P, Dahal UP, Barnaba C, Brozik JA, Jones JP, Estrada DF, Laurence JS, Park JW, Backes WL. The Role of Protein-Protein and Protein-Membrane Interactions on P450 Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:576-90. [PMID: 26851242 PMCID: PMC4810767 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This symposium summary, sponsored by the ASPET, was held at Experimental Biology 2015 on March 29, 2015, in Boston, Massachusetts. The symposium focused on: 1) the interactions of cytochrome P450s (P450s) with their redox partners; and 2) the role of the lipid membrane in their orientation and stabilization. Two presentations discussed the interactions of P450s with NADPH-P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome b5. First, solution nuclear magnetic resonance was used to compare the protein interactions that facilitated either the hydroxylase or lyase activities of CYP17A1. The lyase interaction was stimulated by the presence of b5 and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, whereas the hydroxylase reaction was predominant in the absence of b5. The role of b5 was also shown in vivo by selective hepatic knockout of b5 from mice expressing CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; the lack of b5 caused a decrease in the clearance of several substrates. The role of the membrane on P450 orientation was examined using computational methods, showing that the proximal region of the P450 molecule faced the aqueous phase. The distal region, containing the substrate-access channel, was associated with the membrane. The interaction of NADPH-P450 reductase (CPR) with the membrane was also described, showing the ability of CPR to "helicopter" above the membrane. Finally, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was shown to be heterogeneous, having ordered membrane regions containing cholesterol and more disordered regions. Interestingly, two closely related P450s, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, resided in different regions of the ER. The structural characteristics of their localization were examined. These studies emphasize the importance of P450 protein organization to their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Scott
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - James R Reed
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Markéta Paloncýová
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Veronika Navrátilová
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Karel Berka
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Upendra P Dahal
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Carlo Barnaba
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - James A Brozik
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Jennifer S Laurence
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Ji Won Park
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Wayne L Backes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
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Scheer N, Kapelyukh Y, Rode A, Oswald S, Busch D, McLaughlin LA, Lin D, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Defining Human Pathways of Drug Metabolism In Vivo through the Development of a Multiple Humanized Mouse Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1679-90. [PMID: 26265742 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in drug pharmacokinetics is a major factor in defining drug efficacy and side effects. There remains an urgent need, particularly with the growing use of polypharmacy, to obtain more informative experimental data predicting clinical outcomes. Major species differences in multiplicity, substrate specificity, and regulation of enzymes from the cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenase system play a critical role in drug metabolism. To develop an in vivo model for predicting human responses to drugs, we generated a mouse, where 31 P450 genes from the Cyp2c, Cyp2d, and Cyp3a gene families were exchanged for their relevant human counterparts. The model has been improved through additional humanization for the nuclear receptors constitutive androgen receptor and pregnane X receptor that control the expression of key drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In this most complex humanized mouse model reported to date, the cytochromes P450 function as predicted and we illustrate how these mice can be applied to predict drug-drug interactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Scheer
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - Yury Kapelyukh
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - Anja Rode
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - Diana Busch
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - De Lin
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W)
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McGarry DJ, Chakravarty P, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ. Altered protein S-glutathionylation identifies a potential mechanism of resistance to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:137-44. [PMID: 26311813 PMCID: PMC4631951 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.227389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most commonly used over-the-counter analgesic. However, hepatotoxicity induced by APAP is a major clinical issue, and the factors that define sensitivity to APAP remain unclear. We have previously demonstrated that mice nulled for glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP) are resistant to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. This study aims to exploit this difference to delineate pathways of importance in APAP toxicity. We used mice nulled for GSTP and heme oxygenase-1 oxidative stress reporter mice, together with a novel nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology to investigate the role of oxidative stress, cell signaling, and protein S-glutathionylation in APAP hepatotoxicity. We provide evidence that the sensitivity difference between wild-type and Gstp1/2(-/-) mice is unrelated to the ability of APAP to induce oxidative stress, despite observing significant increases in c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in wild-type mice. The major difference in response to APAP was in the levels of protein S-glutathionylation: Gstp1/2(-/-) mice exhibited a significant increase in the number of S-glutathionylated proteins compared with wild-type animals. Remarkably, these S-glutathionylated proteins are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory complexes, drug metabolism, and mitochondrial apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that S-glutathionylation of the rate-limiting glutathione-synthesizing enzyme, glutamate cysteine ligase, was markedly increased in Gstp1/2(-/-) mice in response to APAP. The data demonstrate that S-glutathionylation provides an adaptive response to APAP and, as a consequence, suggest that this is an important determinant in APAP hepatotoxicity. This work identifies potential novel avenues associated with cell survival for the treatment of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McGarry
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (D.J.M., C.R.W., C.J.H.); and Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom (P.C.)
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MacLeod AK, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Activation status of the pregnane X receptor influences vemurafenib availability in humanized mouse models. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4573-81. [PMID: 26363009 PMCID: PMC4634205 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vemurafenib is a revolutionary treatment for melanoma, but the magnitude of therapeutic response is highly variable, and the rapid acquisition of resistance is frequent. Here, we examine how vemurafenib disposition, particularly through cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation pathways, could potentially influence these outcomes using a panel of knockout and transgenic humanized mouse models. We identified CYP3A4 as the major enzyme involved in the metabolism of vemurafenib in in vitro assays with human liver microsomes. However, mice expressing human CYP3A4 did not process vemurafenib to a greater extent than CYP3A4-null animals, suggesting that other pregnane X receptor (PXR)-regulated pathways may contribute more significantly to vemurafenib metabolism in vivo. Activation of PXR, but not of the closely related constitutive androstane receptor, profoundly reduced circulating levels of vemurafenib in humanized mice. This effect was independent of CYP3A4 and was negated by cotreatment with the drug efflux transporter inhibitor elacridar. Finally, vemurafenib strongly induced PXR activity in vitro, but only weakly induced PXR in vivo. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that vemurafenib is unlikely to exhibit a clinically significant interaction with CYP3A4, but that modulation of bioavailability through PXR-mediated regulation of drug transporters (e.g., by other drugs) has the potential to markedly influence systemic exposure and thereby therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
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Braeuning A, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Schwarz M. Model Systems for Understanding Mechanisms of Nongenotoxic Carcinogenesis: Response. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:299-300. [PMID: 26668886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
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McGarry DJ, Chen W, Chakravarty P, Lamont DL, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ. Proteome-wide identification and quantification of S-glutathionylation targets in mouse liver. Biochem J 2015; 469:25-32. [PMID: 25891661 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-glutathionylation is a reversible post-translational modification regulating sulfhydryl homeostasis. However, little is known about the proteins and pathways regulated by S-glutathionylation in whole organisms and current approaches lack the sensitivity to examine this modification under basal conditions. We now report the quantification and identification of S-glutathionylated proteins from animal tissue, using a highly sensitive methodology combining high-accuracy proteomics with tandem mass tagging to provide precise, extensive coverage of S-glutathionylated targets in mouse liver. Critically, we show significant enrichment of S-glutathionylated mitochondrial and Krebs cycle proteins, identifying that S-glutathionylation is heavily involved in energy metabolism processes in vivo. Furthermore, using mice nulled for GST Pi (GSTP) we address the potential for S-glutathionylation to be mediated enzymatically. The data demonstrate the impact of S-glutathionylation in cellular homeostasis, particularly in relation to energy regulation and is of significant interest for those wishing to examine S-glutathionylation in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McGarry
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Medical Research Institute, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K.
| | - Wenzhang Chen
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, MSI/WTB/JBC Complex, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, U.K
| | - Douglas L Lamont
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, MSI/WTB/JBC Complex, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Medical Research Institute, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Medical Research Institute, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
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Henderson CJ, McLaughlin LA, Scheer N, Stanley LA, Wolf CR. Cytochrome b5 is a major determinant of human cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:733-9. [PMID: 25657337 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenase system is responsible for the metabolism and disposition of chemopreventive agents, chemical toxins and carcinogens, and >80% of therapeutic drugs. Cytochrome P450 (P450) activity is regulated transcriptionally and by the rate of electron transfer from P450 reductase. In vitro studies have demonstrated that cytochrome b5 (Cyb5) also modulates P450 function. We recently showed that hepatic deletion of Cyb5 in the mouse (HBN) markedly alters in vivo drug pharmacokinetics; a key outstanding question is whether Cyb5 modulates the activity of the major human P450s in drug disposition in vivo. To address this, we crossed mice humanized for CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 with mice carrying a hepatic Cyb5 deletion. In vitro triazolam 4-hydroxylation (probe reaction for CYP3A4) was reduced by >50% in hepatic microsomes from CYP3A4-HBN mice compared with controls. Similar reductions in debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation and metoprolol α-hydroxylation were observed using CYP2D6-HBN microsomes, indicating a significant role for Cyb5 in the activity of both enzymes. This effect was confirmed by the concentration-dependent restoration of CYP3A4-mediated triazolam turnover and CYP2D6-mediated bufuralol and debrisoquine turnover on addition of Escherichia coli membranes containing recombinant Cyb5. In vivo, the peak plasma concentration and area under the concentration time curve from 0 to 8 hours (AUC0-8 h) of triazolam were increased 4- and 5.7-fold, respectively, in CYP3A4-HBN mice. Similarly, the pharmacokinetics of bufuralol and debrisoquine were significantly altered in CYP2D6-HBN mice, the AUC0-8 h being increased ∼1.5-fold and clearance decreased by 40-60%. These data demonstrate that Cyb5 can be a major determinant of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activity in vivo, with a potential impact on the metabolism, efficacy, and side effects of numerous therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - Nico Scheer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - Lesley A Stanley
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
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Henderson CJ, McLaughlin LA, Osuna-Cabello M, Taylor M, Gilbert I, McLaren AW, Wolf CR. Application of a novel regulatable Cre recombinase system to define the role of liver and gut metabolism in drug oral bioavailability. Biochem J 2015; 465:479-88. [PMID: 25377919 PMCID: PMC6949133 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The relative contribution of hepatic compared with intestinal oxidative metabolism is a crucial factor in drug oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Oxidative metabolism is mediated by the cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase system to which cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) is the essential electron donor. In order to study the relative importance of these pathways in drug disposition, we have generated a novel mouse line where Cre recombinase is driven off the endogenous Cyp1a1 gene promoter; this line was then crossed on to a floxed POR mouse. A 40 mg/kg dose of the Cyp1a1 inducer 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) eliminated POR expression in both liver and small intestine, whereas treatment at 4 mg/kg led to a more targeted deletion in the liver. Using this approach, we have studied the pharmacokinetics of three probe drugs--paroxetine, midazolam, nelfinavir--and show that intestinal metabolism is a determinant of oral bioavailability for the two latter compounds. The Endogenous Reductase Locus (ERL) mouse represents a significant advance on previous POR deletion models as it allows direct comparison of hepatic and intestinal effects on drug and xenobiotic clearance using lower doses of a single Cre inducing agent, and in addition minimizes any cytotoxic effects, which may compromise interpretation of the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - Lesley A. McLaughlin
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Malcolm Taylor
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Aileen W. McLaren
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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MacLeod AK, Fallon PG, Sharp S, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Huang JTJ. An enhanced in vivo stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) model for quantification of drug metabolism enzymes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:750-60. [PMID: 25561501 PMCID: PMC4349992 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are maintained at a low basal level and are only synthesized in response to activation of upstream sensor/effector proteins. This induction can have implications in a variety of contexts, particularly during the study of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug–drug interaction profile of a candidate therapeutic compound. Previously, we combined in vivo SILAC material with a targeted high resolution single ion monitoring (tHR/SIM) LC-MS/MS approach for quantification of 197 peptide pairs, representing 51 drug metabolism enzymes (DME), in mouse liver. However, as important enzymes (for example, cytochromes P450 (Cyp) of the 1a and 2b subfamilies) are maintained at low or undetectable levels in the liver of unstimulated metabolically labeled mice, quantification of these proteins was unreliable. In the present study, we induced DME expression in labeled mice through synchronous ligand-mediated activation of multiple upstream nuclear receptors, thereby enhancing signals for proteins including Cyps 1a, 2a, 2b, 2c, and 3a. With this enhancement, 115 unique, lysine-containing, Cyp-derived peptides were detected in the liver of a single animal, as opposed to 56 in a pooled sample from three uninduced animals. A total of 386 peptide pairs were quantified by tHR/SIM, representing 68 Phase I, 30 Phase II, and eight control proteins. This method was employed to quantify changes in DME expression in the hepatic cytochrome P450 reductase null (HRN) mouse. We observed compensatory induction of several enzymes, including Cyps 2b10, 2c29, 2c37, 2c54, 2c55, 2e1, 3a11, and 3a13, carboxylesterase (Ces) 2a, and glutathione S-transferases (Gst) m2 and m3, along with down-regulation of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (Hsd) 11b1 and 17b6. Using DME-enhanced in vivo SILAC material with tHR/SIM, therefore, permits the robust analysis of multiple DME of importance to xenobiotic metabolism, with improved utility for the study of drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and of chemically treated and genetically modified mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- From the ‡Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- §School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sheila Sharp
- From the ‡Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - Colin J Henderson
- From the ‡Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - C Roland Wolf
- From the ‡Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - Jeffrey T-J Huang
- From the ‡Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland;
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Arlt VM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Stiborová M, Phillips DH. The Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN™) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models as suitable tools to study metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity of environmental pollutants. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the applicability of the Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models to study carcinogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - David H. Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
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McMahon M, Campbell KH, MacLeod AK, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. HDAC inhibitors increase NRF2-signaling in tumour cells and blunt the efficacy of co-adminstered cytotoxic agents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114055. [PMID: 25427220 PMCID: PMC4245243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NRF2 signalling cascade provides a primary response against electrophilic chemicals and oxidative stress. The activation of NRF2-signaling is anticipated to have adverse clinical consequences; NRF2 is activated in a number of cancers and, additionally, its pharmacological activation by one compound can reduce the toxicity or efficiency of a second agent administered concomitantly. In this work, we have analysed systematically the ability of 152 research, pre-clinical or clinically used drugs to induce an NRF2 response using the MCF7-AREc32 NRF2 reporter. Ten percent of the tested drugs induced an NRF2 response. The NRF2 activators were not restricted to classical cytotoxic alkylating agents but also included a number of emerging anticancer drugs, including an IGF1-R inhibitor (NVP-AEW541), a PIM-1 kinase inhibitor (Pim1 inhibitor 2), a PLK1 inhibitor (BI 2536) and most strikingly seven of nine tested HDAC inhibitors. These findings were further confirmed by demonstrating NRF2-dependent induction of endogenous AKR genes, biomarkers of NRF2 activity. The ability of HDAC inhibitors to stimulate NRF2-signalling did not diminish their own potency as antitumour agents. However, when used to pre-treat cells, they did reduce the efficacy of acrolein. Taken together, our data suggest that the ability of drugs to stimulate NRF2 activity is common and should be investigated as part of the drug-development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McMahon
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. Kenneth MacLeod
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin J. Henderson
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Meehan R, Lempiäinen H, Braeuning A, Müller A, Vitobello A, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Henderson C, Schwarz M, Terranova R, Moggs J, Wolf CR, Thomson J. Drug induced changes in the mouse liver epigenome. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Toft DB, Braeuning A, Couttet P, DaCosta A, Dhalluin S, Eichner J, Elcombe CR, Grenet O, Henderson C, Kossler N, Meehan RR, Ostenfeld N, Templin M, Terranova R, Thompson JP, Unterberger EB, Wrodzek C, Roland Wolf C, Moggs JG. Early microRNA and other non-coding RNA biomarkers for rodent non-genotoxic carcinogens. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Relatively little progress has been made in determining the in vivo regulation of glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP), particularly the human enzyme hGSTP1, despite being identified as a significant factor in carcinogenesis and development of drug resistance in tumor cell lines. Here, we report the characterization of a transgenic reporter mouse that reveals how hGSTP1 is regulated in vivo by chemopreventive agents. Basal expression was found in crypts and villi of the small and large intestine, bronchiolar epithelial cells, the epidermis and hair follicles, gall bladder epithelium, choroid plexus, and biliary epithelium. Expression was induced in different tissues by the antioxidant chemopreventive agents ethoxyquin and butylated hydroxyanisole. However, genetic deletion of the Nrf2 transcription factor, which directs central genetic programs of detoxification and protection against oxidative stress, increased rather than attenuated GSTP1 expression. In vitro investigations with mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed factors, in addition to Nrf2, that control the expression of GSTP1, offering further insights into regulation. The new reporter mouse described here provides a useful tool to gain deeper insights into the mechanisms of action of chemopreventive compounds and other environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen W McLaren
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Sawers L, Ferguson MJ, Ihrig BR, Young HC, Chakravarty P, Wolf CR, Smith G. Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) directly influences platinum drug chemosensitivity in ovarian tumour cell lines. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1150-8. [PMID: 25010864 PMCID: PMC4453841 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy response in ovarian cancer patients is frequently compromised by drug resistance, possibly due to altered drug metabolism. Platinum drugs are metabolised by glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), which is abundantly, but variably expressed in ovarian tumours. We have created novel ovarian tumour cell line models to investigate the extent to which differential GSTP1 expression influences chemosensitivity. Methods: Glutathione S-transferase P1 was stably deleted in A2780 and expression significantly reduced in cisplatin-resistant A2780DPP cells using Mission shRNA constructs, and MTT assays used to compare chemosensitivity to chemotherapy drugs used to treat ovarian cancer. Differentially expressed genes in GSTP1 knockdown cells were identified by Illumina HT-12 expression arrays and qRT–PCR analysis, and altered pathways predicted by MetaCore (GeneGo) analysis. Cell cycle changes were assessed by FACS analysis of PI-labelled cells and invasion and migration compared in quantitative Boyden chamber-based assays. Results: Glutathione S-transferase P1 knockdown selectively influenced cisplatin and carboplatin chemosensitivity (2.3- and 4.83-fold change in IC50, respectively). Cell cycle progression was unaffected, but cell invasion and migration was significantly reduced. We identified several novel GSTP1 target genes and candidate platinum chemotherapy response biomarkers. Conclusions: Glutathione S-transferase P1 has an important role in cisplatin and carboplatin metabolism in ovarian cancer cells. Inter-tumour differences in GSTP1 expression may therefore influence response to platinum-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sawers
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - M J Ferguson
- Dundee Cancer Centre, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - B R Ihrig
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - H C Young
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - P Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Service, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, London, UK
| | - C R Wolf
- 1] Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK [2] Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - G Smith
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Scheer N, McLaughlin LA, Rode A, Macleod AK, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Deletion of 30 murine cytochrome p450 genes results in viable mice with compromised drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1022-30. [PMID: 24671958 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, 75% of all drugs are metabolized by the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system. Enzymes encoded by the CYP2C, CYP2D, and CYP3A gene clusters account for ∼80% of this activity. There are profound species differences in the multiplicity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, and the use of mouse models to predict pathways of drug metabolism is further complicated by overlapping substrate specificity between enzymes from different gene families. To establish the role of the hepatic and extrahepatic P450 system in drug and foreign chemical disposition, drug efficacy, and toxicity, we created a unique mouse model in which 30 cytochrome P450 genes from the Cyp2c, Cyp2d, and Cyp3a gene clusters have been deleted. Remarkably, despite a wide range of putative important endogenous functions, Cyp2c/2d/3a KO mice were viable and fertile, demonstrating that these genes have evolved primarily as detoxification enzymes. Although there was no overt phenotype, detailed examination showed Cyp2c/2d/3a KO mice had a smaller body size (15%) and larger livers (20%). Changes in hepatic morphology and a decreased blood glucose (30%) were also noted. A five-drug cocktail of cytochrome P450 isozyme probe substrates were used to evaluate changes in drug pharmacokinetics; marked changes were observed in either the pharmacokinetics or metabolites formed from Cyp2c, Cyp2d, and Cyp3a substrates, whereas the metabolism of the Cyp1a substrate caffeine was unchanged. Thus, Cyp2c/2d/3a KO mice provide a powerful model to study the in vivo role of the P450 system in drug metabolism and efficacy, as well as in chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Scheer
- TaconicArtemis, Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); and Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (L.A.M., A.K.M., C.J.H., C.R.W.)
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