1
|
Hu M, Kobayashi T, Zhou J, Lam WK. Current application of continuous relative phase in running and jumping studies: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2021; 90:215-233. [PMID: 34520999 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous relative phase (CRP) has gained popularity to assess movement performances in recent decades. RESEARCH QUESTION The application and interpretation of CRP in common movements such as running and jumping are still unclear. METHODS This systematic review summarized the current applications, methodology, parameters of interest, and interpretations of CRP variables in running and jumping. Reviewed articles were found in five databases from January 1999 to December 2020, and 1613 records were obtained. After applying selection criteria and analysis of study quality to titles, abstracts, and full texts, 38 articles were identified for subsequent review. RESULTS Twenty-eight reviewed articles relating to running were found to compare the coordination among pathological gait, footwear designs, running speed, gender, age, running level, fatigue state, and treadmill effect. In addition, ten reviewed articles relating to jumping were found to compare the coordination among different types of jump (e.g., squat jump coordination, countermovement jump, single leg jump) and insole effect. SIGNIFICANCE The CRP and its variability (CRPv) are two common variables to describe the changes and differences of coordination patterns, respectively. These reviewed articles suggest that CRP tools are effective to assess the coordination and performances in running and jumping, as these values are related to external (environment/equipment) and internal (self-biological) changes. In the future, studying higher-order analysis of movement patterns using CRP tools can provide meaningful interpretation of movement behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Toshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, 110102, China; Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company, Beijing, 101111, China; Li Ning Sports Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang R, van Emmerik R, Hamill J. Chronic plantar fasciitis reduces rearfoot to medial-forefoot anti-phase coordination. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 88:105439. [PMID: 34340098 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is commonly assumed that abnormal foot biomechanics cause plantar fasciitis; however, this assumption is not well supported. In this study, we investigated rearfoot to medial-forefoot coordination of healthy and plantar fasciitis individuals. We hypothesized that chronic plantar fasciitis individuals would exhibit greater intersegmental rearfoot to medial-forefoot anti-phase coordination and greater coordinative variability than a healthy cohort. METHODS Twenty-two individuals with chronic plantar fasciitis (symptomatic mean 4.5 years) and 22 healthy individuals participated. Three-dimensional kinematics of the rearfoot and medial forefoot segments were captured using reflective markers for walking trials. After resolving rearfoot and medial-forefoot segment angle data, a modified vector coding method was used to compute coupling angles, anti-phase movements, and coordinative variability. FINDINGS Compared to healthy individuals, individuals with plantar fasciitis exhibited fewer anti-phase movements (frontal plane: P = 0.003, effect size = 0.38). No group differences were detected in coordinative variability magnitude (sagittal, frontal, transverse, respectively: P = 0.99, 0.72, 0.86; effect sizes = 0.00, 0.12, 0.04). There were significant main effect differences in coupling variability between stance periods (P < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION Contrary to our hypothesis, these data suggest that a relative reduction of rearfoot to medial-forefoot anti-phase movements with a chronic plantar fasciitis injury indicates a coordinative deficit, and that a greater frequency of anti-phase movements is associated with healthy foot function. Pain, guarding, and/or the state of chronic injury may be impairing fluid inter-segmental motion. Although no group differences were found in coordinative variability, this variability increased around transitions between loading, weight acceptance, and propulsive phases of gait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chang
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, USA; Human Factors Center of Excellence, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond 98052, USA.
| | - Richard van Emmerik
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bailey JP, Dufek JS, Freedman Silvernail J, Navalta J, Mercer J. Understanding the influence of perceived fatigue on coordination during endurance running. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:618-632. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1508489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Bailey
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Janet S. Dufek
- Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | - James Navalta
- Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - John Mercer
- Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eggleston JD, Landers MR, Bates BT, Nagelhout E, Dufek JS. Weighted Walking Influences Lower Extremity Coordination in Children on the Autism Spectrum. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:1103-1122. [PMID: 30319016 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518803178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is sparse quantitative research regarding gait coordination patterns of children on the autism spectrum, though previous studies, relying only upon observational data, have alluded to characteristically poor movement coordination. This study compared walking with a weighted vest, a backpack carriage, and an unloaded walking condition on lower extremity coordination among 10 male children (aged 8-17 years) on the autism spectrum. All participants completed 15 gait trials in the following three conditions: (a) unloaded, (b) wearing a backpack weighted with 15% body mass, and (c) wearing a vest weighted with 15% body mass. We used continuous relative phase analysis to quantify lower extremity coordination and analyzed data through both group and single-subject comparisons. We used the Model Statistic to test for statistical significance at each of the normalized data points for each segment couple (thigh-leg, leg-foot, and thigh-foot). The first 10 and last 10 stride blocks were tested for possible accommodation strategies. Group comparisons revealed no coordination changes among the three conditions (likely due to insufficient statistical power), while single-subject comparisons exposed significant decreased variability in gait coordination patterns ( p < .05) in both loaded conditions, relative to the unloaded condition. These participants exhibited variable coordination patterns during the unloaded gait. When walking with loads, coordination pattern variability of the lower extremities was decreased. This finding suggests that walking while carrying or wearing heavy objects may reduce the number of potential motor pattern choices and thus decrease the overall variability of lower extremity movement patterns. Additional research with a larger and more diverse participant sample is required to confirm this conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Merrill R Landers
- 2 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Barry T Bates
- 3 Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.,4 Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Ed Nagelhout
- 5 Department of English, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Janet S Dufek
- 4 Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ekim AA, Hamarat H, Musmul A. Relationship Between Q-Angle and Articular Cartilage in Female Patients With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: Ultrasonographic and Radiologic Evaluation. Arch Rheumatol 2017; 32:347-352. [PMID: 29901018 PMCID: PMC5868394 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2017.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the association between Q-angle and clinical, radiological, and ultrasonographic findings in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-eight female patients (mean age 59.8±6.8 years; range 39 to 78 years) diagnosed with knee OA were included in this study and classified into two groups according to Q-angle of symptomatic knees: low Q-angle group (LQ) (n=40) and high Q-angle group (HQ) (n=28) (LQ-angle <15° and HQ-angle ≥15°, respectively). Patients were clinically assessed for pain and functional status by using a visual analog scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index. X-rays of knees were scored using the Kellgren-Lawrence OA grading system. Symptomatic knees were also evaluated using ultrasonography for distal femoral cartilage thickness/grading. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in clinical and imaging findings between the groups (p>0.05). HQ-angle measurements were positively correlated with cartilage grading by ultrasonography (r=0.435, p=0.033) and Kellgren-Lawrence grading system (r=0.435, p=0.021), and negatively correlated with cartilage thickness measurements of the medial femoral condyle (r=-0.399, p=0.036). CONCLUSION We found that HQ-angle was associated with cartilage thickness measurements of the medial femoral condyle and cartilage grading by ultrasonography and the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system in patients with knee OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Aydemir Ekim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Eskişehir State Hospital, Zübeyde Hanım Campus, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Hamarat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eskişehir State Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Musmul
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty of Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Caia J, Weiss LW, Chiu LZF, Schilling BK, Paquette MR. Consistency of Lower-Body Dimensions Using Surface Landmarks and Simple Measurement Tools. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2600-8. [PMID: 26840442 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caia, J, Weiss, LW, Chiu, LZF, Schilling, BK, and Paquette, MR. Consistency of lower-body dimensions using surface landmarks and simple measurement tools. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2600-2608, 2016-Body dimensions may influence various types of physical performance. This study was designed to establish the reliability and precision of bilateral lower-body dimensions using surface anatomic landmarks and either sliding calipers or goniometry. Fifty university students (25 men and 25 women) were measured on 2 separate occasions separated by 48 or 72 hours. A small digital caliper was used to acquire longitudinal dimensions of the feet, whereas a larger broad-blade caliper was used to measure lower-limb, hip, and pelvic dimensions. Quadriceps angle (Q-angle) was determined through surface goniometry. Data for all foot and lower-limb dimensions were both reliable and precise (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ≥0.72, SEM 0.1-0.5 cm). Measures of Q-angle were also reliable and precise (ICC ≥0.85, SEM 0.2-0.4°). Findings from this investigation demonstrate that lower-body dimensions may be reliably and precisely measured through simple practical tests, when surface anatomic landmarks and standardized procedures are used. Although intertester reliability remains to be established, meticulous adherence to specific measurement protocols is likely to yield viable output for lower-body dimensions when more sophisticated methods are unavailable or inappropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnpaul Caia
- 1School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; 2Musculoskeletal Analysis Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee; and 3Neuromusculoskeletal Mechanics Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paquette MR, Milner CE, Melcher DA. Foot contact angle variability during a prolonged run with relation to injury history and habitual foot strike pattern. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:217-222. [PMID: 26804467 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot strike pattern and movement variability have each been associated with running injuries. Foot contact angle (FCA) is a common measure of strike pattern. Thus, variability in FCA could be an important running injury risk factor. The purposes of this study were to compare (a) foot contact angle (FCA) and its variability between runners with and without injury history and, (b) FCA variability between habitual rearfoot strike (RFS) and non-RFS runners during a prolonged run. Twenty-three runners with and 21 without injury history participated. Motion capture was used to collect kinematic data during a 40 min treadmill run. Average FCA and its variability were compared between injury groups and among four time points. FCA and its variability were not different between runners with and without injury history or among time points during the run. FCA variability was lower in non-RFS compared to RFS runners (P < 0.001). Lower FCA variability in non-RFS runners may have implications for higher injury risks due to repeated localized tissue loading. Prospective analyses on the effects of lower FCA variability on injury risk are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Paquette
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - C E Milner
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D A Melcher
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.,Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanchez HM, Sanchez EGDM, Baraúna MA, Canto RSDT. Evaluation of Q angle in differents static postures. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2014; 22:325-9. [PMID: 25538480 PMCID: PMC4273959 DOI: 10.1590/1413-78522014220600451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the value of Q angle in different positions, in the external and internal rotations of lower limbs. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. We have evaluated 62 volunteers, 32 women and 30 men in the following positions: supine positions with parallel feet, supine with abduction (external rotation of lower limbs), and standing position with parallel feet and with external rotation. All the participants were sedentary and without previous history of acute injury or complaints regarding lower limbs. In order to calculate the Q angle we used computerized biophotogrammetry through ALC image 2.1(r) program. RESULTS: The results of the comparisons showed significant difference between the standing position with feet parallel and orthostatic positions with abductees feet on the left side for both genders (p = 0.000). We also found a significant difference between supine and standing position with abducted feet and with feet parallel on the left side (p = 0.046) in females. CONCLUSION: From these results, we can conclude that there are significant differences in the standing position with abducted feet and parallel to the left leg, and symmetry between the lower limbs independent of rotation of limbs in the supine posture. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic Studies Investigating a Diagnostic Test.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lamb PF, Stöckl M. On the use of continuous relative phase: Review of current approaches and outline for a new standard. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:484-93. [PMID: 24726779 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper we review applications of continuous relative phase and commonly reported methods for calculating the phase angle. Signals with known properties as well as empirical data were used to compare methods for calculating the phase angle. FINDINGS Our results suggest that the most valid, robust and intuitive results are obtained from the following steps: 1) centering the amplitude of the original signals around zero, 2) creating analytic signals from the original signals using the Hilbert transform, 3) calculating the phase angle using the analytic signal and 4) calculating the continuous relative phase. INTERPRETATIONS The resulting continuous relative phase values are free of frequency artifacts, a problem associated with most normalization techniques, and the interpretation remains intuitive. We propose these methods for future research using continuous relative phase in studies and analyses of human movement coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Lamb
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, 56 Union St West, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Technische Universität München, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Stöckl
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Applied Computer Science, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6A, A-1150 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Quinzi F, Sbriccoli P, Alderson J, Di Mario A, Camomilla V. Intra-limb coordination in karate kicking: Effect of impacting or not impacting a target. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 33:108-19. [PMID: 24074907 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the kicking limb coordinative patterns adopted by karate practitioners (karateka) when impacting (IRK), or not impacting (NIRK) a target during a roundhouse kick. Six karateka performed three repetitions of both kicks while kicking limb kinematics were recorded using a stereophotogrammetric system. Intra-limb coordination was quantified for hip and knee flexion-extension from toe-off to kick completion, using the Continuous relative phase (CRP). Across the same time interval, thigh and shank angular momentum about the vertical axis of the body was calculated. For all trials, across all participants, CRP curve peaks and maximum and minimum angular momentum were determined. A RM-ANOVA was performed to test for differences between kicking conditions. The CRP analysis highlighted, during the central portion of both kicks, a delayed flexion of the hip with respect to the knee. Conversely, during the terminal portion of the CRP curves, the NIRK is performed with a more in-phase action, caused by a higher hip angular displacement. The NIRK is characterized by a lower angular momentum which may enhance control of the striking limb. It would seem that the issue of no impact appears to be solved through the control of all segments of the kicking limb, in contrast to the primary control of the lower leg only observed during the IRK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Quinzi
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Sbriccoli
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- School of Sport Science Exercise and Health, Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia M408, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Alberto Di Mario
- FIJLKAM - National Judo, Karate, Wrestling and Martial Arts Federation, via dei sandolini 79, 00122 Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Locomotor Apparatus Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chardonnens J, Favre J, Cuendet F, Gremion G, Aminian K. Characterization of lower-limbs inter-segment coordination during the take-off extension in ski jumping. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 32:741-52. [PMID: 23810716 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Take-off, the most important phase in ski jumping, has been primarily studied in terms of spatio-temporal parameters; little is known about its motor control aspects. This study aims to assess the inter-segment coordination of the shank-thigh and thigh-sacrum pairs using the continuous relative phase (CRP). In total 87 jumps were recorded from 33 athletes with an inertial sensor-based system. The CRP curves indicated that the thighs lead the shanks during the first part of take-off extension and that the shanks rotated faster at the take-off extension end. The thighs and sacrum first rotated synchronously, with the sacrum then taking lead, with finally the thighs rotating faster. Five characteristic features were extracted from the CRP and their relationship with jump length was tested. Three features of the shank-thigh pair and one of the thigh-sacrum pair reported a significant association with jump length. It was observed that athletes who achieved longer jumps had their thighs leading their shanks during a longer time, with these athletes also having a more symmetric movement between thighs and sacrum. This study shows that inter-segment coordination during the take-off extension is related to performance and further studies are necessary to contrast its importance with other ski jumping aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chardonnens
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement (LMAM), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Greater Q-Angle Measures Are Not Associated With Pain and Muscular or Functional Performance in Elderly Women With Knee Osteoarthritis. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0b013e31827ea7e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Ferber R, Kendall KD, Farr L. Changes in knee biomechanics after a hip-abductor strengthening protocol for runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Athl Train 2011; 46:142-9. [PMID: 21391799 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-46.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Very few authors have investigated the relationship between hip-abductor muscle strength and frontal-plane knee mechanics during running. OBJECTIVE To investigate this relationship using a 3-week hip-abductor muscle-strengthening program to identify changes in strength, pain, and biomechanics in runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING University-based clinical research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Fifteen individuals (5 men, 10 women) with PFPS and 10 individuals without PFPS (4 men, 6 women) participated. INTERVENTION(S) The patients with PFPS completed a 3-week hip-abductor strengthening protocol; control participants did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The dependent variables of interest were maximal isometric hip-abductor muscle strength, 2-dimensional peak knee genu valgum angle, and stride-to-stride knee-joint variability. All measures were recorded at baseline and 3 weeks later. Between-groups differences were compared using repeated-measures analyses of variance. RESULTS At baseline, the PFPS group exhibited reduced strength, no difference in peak genu valgum angle, and increased stride-to-stride knee-joint variability compared with the control group. After the 3-week protocol, the PFPS group demonstrated increased strength, less pain, no change in peak genu valgum angle, and reduced stride-to-stride knee-joint variability compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS A 3-week hip-abductor muscle-strengthening protocol was effective in increasing muscle strength and decreasing pain and stride-to-stride knee-joint variability in individuals with PFPS. However, concomitant changes in peak knee genu valgum angle were not observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Park SK, Stefanyshyn DJ. Greater Q angle may not be a risk factor of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26:392-6. [PMID: 21177007 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A greater Q-angle has been suggested as a risk factor for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Greater frontal plane knee moment and impulse have been found to play a functional role in the onset of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in a running population. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between Q-angle and the magnitude of knee abduction moment and impulse during running. METHODS Q-angle was statically measured, using a goniometer from three markers on the anterior superior iliac spine, the midpoint of the patella and the tibial tuberosity. Thirty-one recreational runners (21 males and 10 females) performed 8-10 trials running at 4m/s (SD 0.2) on a 30m-runway. Absolute and normalized knee moment and impulse were calculated and correlated with Q-angle. FINDINGS Negative correlations between Q-angle and the magnitude of peak knee abduction moment (R²=0.2444, R=-0.4944, P=0.005) and impulse (R²=0.2563, R=-0.5063, P=0.004) were found. Additionally, negative correlations between Q-angle and the magnitude of weight normalized knee abduction moment (R²=0.1842, R=-0.4292, P=0.016) and impulse (R²=0.2304, R=-0.4801, P=0.006) were found. INTERPRETATION The findings indicate that greater Q-angle, which is actually associated with decreased frontal plane knee abduction moment and impulse during running, may not be a risk factor of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyoon Park
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sport Science Institute, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mangone M, Scettri P, Paoloni M, Procaccianti R, Spadaro A, Santilli V. Pelvis-shoulder coordination during level walking in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Gait Posture 2011; 34:1-5. [PMID: 21377366 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pelvis-shoulder coordination while walking may, as a consequence of changes in spinal structure and posture, be susceptible to modifications in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) sufferers. We designed an explanatory, cross-sectional trial to assess whether Pelvis-shoulder coordination during walking in AS patients differs from that in healthy subjects. Seventeen AS patients and 10 healthy sex- and age-matched subjects were enrolled. Gait analysis was performed in order to define the time-distance and kinematic characteristics during walking. Pelvis-shoulder coordination was calculated in terms of the continuous estimate of relative phase (CRP) between the pelvis and shoulder girdles on the transversal plane for the whole gait cycle (GC), as well as for its sub-phases. No differences were found between patients and controls as regards mean velocity, cadence and stride length. When kinematic variables were compared with those of healthy controls, AS patients displayed greater pelvic tilt and increased hip flexion in both the loading response (LR) and pre-swing (PSw) sub-phases. The CRP mean values significantly differed between groups. Moreover, patients displayed a peculiar CRP pattern, chiefly in the LR, terminal stance and PSw sub-phases. This visual consideration was confirmed by the analysis of the CRP mean values in these sub-phases of the GC. Our results suggest that the walking pattern of AS patients is characterized by altered Pelvis-shoulder coordination during the GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mangone
- Biomechanics and Movement Analysis Laboratory, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza-University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferber R, Pohl MB. Changes in joint coupling and variability during walking following tibialis posterior muscle fatigue. J Foot Ankle Res 2011; 4:6. [PMID: 21294889 PMCID: PMC3038901 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tibialis posterior muscle is believed to play a key role in controlling foot mechanics during the stance phase of gait. However, an experiment involving localised tibialis posterior muscle fatigue, and analysis of discrete rearfoot and forefoot kinematic variables, indicated that reduced force output of the tibialis posterior muscle did not alter rearfoot and forefoot motion during gait. Thus, to better understand how muscle fatigue affects foot kinematics and injury potential, the purpose of this study was to reanalyze the data and investigate shank, rearfoot and forefoot joint coupling and coupling variability during walking. Methods Twenty-nine participants underwent an exercise fatigue protocol aimed at reducing the force output of tibialis posterior. An eight camera motion analysis system was used to evaluate 3 D shank and foot joint coupling and coupling variability during treadmill walking both pre- and post-fatigue. Results The fatigue protocol was successful in reducing the maximal isometric force by over 30% and a concomitant increase in coupling motion of the shank in the transverse plane and forefoot in the sagittal and transverse planes relative to frontal plane motion of the rearfoot. In addition, an increase in joint coupling variability was measured between the shank and rearfoot and between the rearfoot and forefoot during the fatigue condition. Conclusions The reduced function of the tibialis posterior muscle following fatigue resulted in a disruption in typical shank and foot joint coupling patterns and an increased variability in joint coupling. These results could help explain tibialis posterior injury aetiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael B Pohl
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Decker L, Houser JJ, Noble JM, Karst GM, Stergiou N. The effects of shoe traction and obstacle height on lower extremity coordination dynamics during walking. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2009; 40:895-903. [PMID: 19187929 PMCID: PMC2811528 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of shoe traction and obstacle height on lower extremity relative phase dynamics (analysis of intralimb coordination) during walking to better understand the mechanisms employed to avoid slippage following obstacle clearance. Ten participants walked at a self-selected pace during eight conditions: four obstacle heights (0%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of limb length) while wearing two pairs of shoes (low and high traction). A coordination analysis was used and phasing relationships between lower extremity segments were examined. The results demonstrated that significant behavioral changes were elicited under varied obstacle heights and frictional conditions. Both decreasing shoe traction and increasing obstacle height resulted in a more in-phase relationship between the interacting lower limb segments. The higher the obstacle and the lower the shoe traction, the more unstable the system became. These changes in phasing relationship and variability are indicators of alterations in coordinative behavior, which if pushed further may have lead to falling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Decker
- Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182-0216, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Houser
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Education, Truman State University, 212 Pershing Building, 100 E. Normal St., Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - John M. Noble
- Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182-0216, USA
| | - Gregory M. Karst
- Division of Physical Therapy Education, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984420 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4420, USA
| | - Nicholas Stergiou
- Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182-0216, USA
- Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Nyland J, Patton CM, Roberts CS. Progressive movement-related valgus knee impairments: clinical examination, classification, and treatment. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1179/108331907x223092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of "optimal" movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and "representative" trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement "noise"--as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed--is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bartlett
- School of Physical Education, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
This study focused on identifying the most effective skill progression for developing the longswing on high bar in men's artistic gymnastics. Building on previous work by Irwin and Kerwin, in which a method to rank progressions based on their angular kinematics was developed, this study aimed to use the method to quantify similarities in inter-segmental coordination between selected progressions and the longswing on high bar. Video images of four members of the UK men's national gymnastics squad performing three series of five longswings and eight progressions were recorded at 50Hz. Two-dimensional direct linear transformation techniques were used to determine the real-world coordinates from the digitized data. Inter-segmental coordination of the hip and shoulder joints during the functional phases of the longswing was assessed using continuous relative phase. Similarity between the longswing and each progression was represented by a "specificity score", which was also used to rank the progressions. Each progression's specificity score was calculated by combining a "difference score" (root mean squared difference between the continuous relative phase profiles of the longswing and the progression) and a "variability score" (standard deviation of the continuous relative phase profiles for each progression). The progressions that were most similar to the longswing included the looped bar longswing and layaway swing down (ranked 1st and 2nd), with specificity scores of 9% and 10% respectively. In contrast, the least similar progressions were the looped bar "no action" longswing (51%) and pendulum swing (63%) (ranked 7th and 8th). Establishing effective skill learning pathways is recognized as a key component of the coaching process and ranking progressions based on their specificity score provided a mechanism to identify progressions with similar inter-segmental coordination profiles to the key skill on the high bar, the longswing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schade F, Arampatzis A, Brüggemann GP. Reproducibility of energy parameters in the pole vault. J Biomech 2005; 39:1464-71. [PMID: 15927190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the reproducibility of kinematic, dynamometric and derived mechanical energy parameters in the pole vault as a main precondition for the practical applicability of the concept of energy exchange in the pole vault. A total of 46 vaults of six experienced vaulters were analyzed. On the basis of 3D kinematic data of the athlete and the pole and ground reaction forces measured at the end of the pole in the planting box the reproducibility of parameters that describe the energy transfer into the pole and the energy exchange between the athlete and the pole during the vault was proofed. Intraclass correlation, mean root mean square and the coefficient of variance were determined, additionally the Wilcoxon Test was applied. Parameters of the athlete's 3D total mechanical energy, e.g. initial energy and final energy, and the pole energy (maximum pole energy, energy of the pole due to compressive force and bending moment) were highly reproducible. The distribution of the energy transferred into the pole due to compressive force and bending moment, the same as the energy gain of the vaulter-pole system during the vault, which indicates the strategy of interacting with the pole, were also reproducible. With this the concept of energy exchange in the pole vault can be used to analyze the impact of training interventions, changes in movement pattern respectively, on the vaulters performance during different phases of the vault. The analysis of one trial of an athlete should be sufficient to identify changes in the athlete's interaction with the elastic pole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schade
- German Sport University of Cologne, Institute for Biomechanics and Orthopedics, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nyland J, Lachman N, Kocabey Y, Brosky J, Altun R, Caborn D. Anatomy, function, and rehabilitation of the popliteus musculotendinous complex. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005; 35:165-79. [PMID: 15839310 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2005.35.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a clinical commentary of existing evidence regarding popliteus musculotendinous complex anatomy, biomechanics, muscle activation, and kinesthesia as they relate to functional knee joint rehabilitation. The popliteus appears to act as a dynamic guidance system for monitoring and controlling subtle transverse- and frontal-plane knee joint movements, controlling anterior-posterior lateral meniscus movement, unlocking and internally rotating the knee joint (tibia) during flexion initiation, assisting with 3-dimensional dynamic lower extremity postural stability during single-leg stance, preventing forward femoral dislocation on the tibia during flexed-knee stance, and providing for postural equilibrium adjustments during standing. These functions may be most important during mid-range knee flexion when capsuloligamentous struCtures are unable to function optimally. Because the popliteus musculotendinous complex has attachments that approximate the borders of both collateral ligaments, it has the potential for providing instantaneous 3-dimensional kinesthetic feedback of both medial and lateral tibiofemoral joint compartment function. Enhanced popliteus function as a kinesthetic knee joint monitor acting in synergy with dynamic hip muscular control of femoral internal rotation and adduction, and ankle subtalar muscular control of tibial abduction-external rotation or adduction-internal rotation, may help to prevent athletic knee joint injuries and facilitate recovery during rehabilitation by assisting the primary sagittal plane dynamic knee joint stabilization provided by the quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kurz MJ, Stergiou N, Buzzi UH, Georgoulis AD. The effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on lower extremity relative phase dynamics during walking and running. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2005; 13:107-15. [PMID: 15756615 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-004-0554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to use relative phase dynamics to evaluate gait in individuals with a reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during walking and running. Relative phase dynamics can describe the coordination strategies between the interacting segments at the lower extremity. Ten subjects who had undergone ACL reconstruction using the central third of their patellar tendon and ten healthy controls walked and ran on a treadmill at a self-selected pace. Relative phase dynamics were calculated for the foot-shank and shank-thigh coordinative relationships. Statistical differences between the groups were noted for the foot-shank relationship (p < 0.05) during both walking and running and for the shank-thigh relationship (p < 0.05) during walking. Our results indicate that current ACL reconstructive techniques may result in altered relative phase dynamics. These changes in relative phase dynamics could be related to a loss of sensory information about joint position and velocity that is typically provided by the intact ACL. Additionally, relative phase adaptations could be a learned response from the early stages of postsurgical rehabilitation. Relative phase dynamics provide quantitative information about the dynamic status of the ACL-reconstructed knee that cannot be gained from the conventional time-series evaluation of gait analysis data. Relative phase dynamics measures should supplement the conventional gait analysis measures that are used today for the clinical evaluation of the functional dynamic stability of the reconstructed knee. The examination of relative phase dynamics could be clinically important for the quantification of new ACL surgical interventions and of patient performance at various stages of rehabilitation. Further research should incorporate relative phase dynamics to understand the influence of ACL reconstruction on coordination and functional patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max J Kurz
- HPER Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0216, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Button C, MacLeod M, Sanders R, Coleman S. Examining movement variability in the basketball free-throw action at different skill levels. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2003; 74:257-269. [PMID: 14510290 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of variability both within and between performers can reveal important information about how athletes satisfy situational constraints. Transitory changes in the basketball free-throw shot were examined across different stages in skill development. Six female basketball players were selected, representing a range of playing expertise (pretest: 0-90% baskets scored). Each participant was video recorded performing 30 shots. Contrary to predictions, there was not a clear pattern of a reduction in trajectory variability with increasing skill level. However, improvements in skill level were associated with an increasing amount of intertrial movement consistency from the elbow and wrist joints. It is suggested that the angular motions of the elbow and wrist joints were compensated for each other toward the end of each throw to adapt to subtle changes in release parameters of the ball.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Button
- Department of Physical Education, University of Edinburgh.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dixon SJ, Collop AC, Batt ME. Surface effects on ground reaction forces and lower extremity kinematics in running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32:1919-26. [PMID: 11079523 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200011000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although running surface stiffness has been associated with overuse injuries, all evidence to support this suggestion has been circumstantial. In the present study, the biomechanical response of heel-toe runners to changes in running surface has been investigated. METHODS Six heel-toe runners performed shod running trials over three surfaces: a conventional asphalt surface, a new rubber-modified asphalt surface, and an acrylic sports surface. The surfaces were categorised according to impact absorbing ability using standard impact test procedures (BS 7044). RESULTS The rubber-modified asphalt was found to exhibit the greatest amount of mechanical impact absorption, and the conventional asphalt the least. The comparison of peak impact force values across surfaces for the group of subjects demonstrated no significant differences in magnitude of force. However, a significant reduction in loading rate of peak impact force was detected for the rubber-modified surface compared with conventional asphalt (P < 0.1). Although analysis of group data revealed no significant differences in kinematic variables when running on the different surfaces, a varied response to surface manipulation among runners was demonstrated, with marked differences in initial joint angles, peak joint angles, and peak joint angular velocities being observed. DISCUSSION For some subjects, the maintenance of similar peak impact forces for different running surfaces was explained by observed kinematic adjustments. For example, when running on the surface providing the least impact absorption, an increased initial knee flexion was observed for some subjects, suggesting an increased lower extremity compliance. However, for some subjects, sagittal plane kinematic data were not sufficient for the explanation of peak impact force results. It appears that the mechanism of adaptation varies among runners, highlighting the requirement of individual subject analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Dixon
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|