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Mol P, Balaya RDA, Dagamajalu S, Babu S, Chandrasekaran P, Raghavan R, Suresh S, Ravishankara N, Raju AH, Nair B, Modi PK, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK, Raju R. A network map of GDNF/RET signaling pathway in physiological and pathological conditions. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1089-1095. [PMID: 36715855 PMCID: PMC10409931 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signals through a multi-component receptor system predominantly consisting of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1) and the Rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF/RET signaling is vital to the central and peripheral nervous system, kidney morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. In addition, the dysregulation of the GDNF/RET signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancers. Despite the extensive research on GDNF/RET signaling, a molecular network of reactions induced by GDNF reported across the published literature. However, a comprehensive GDNF/RET pathway resource is currently unavailable. We describe an integrated signaling pathway reaction map of GDNF/RET consisting of 1151 molecular reactions. These include information pertaining to 52 molecular association events, 70 enzyme catalysis events, 36 activation/inhibition events, 22 translocation events, 856 gene regulation events, and 115 protein-level expression events induced by GDNF in diverse cell types. We developed a comprehensive GDNF/RET signaling network map based on these molecular reactions. The pathway map was made accessible through WikiPathways database ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5143 ). Biocuration and development of gene regulatory network map of GDNF/RET signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praseeda Mol
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525 India
| | | | - Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Sreeranjini Babu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Pavithra Chandrasekaran
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Reshma Raghavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Sneha Suresh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Namitha Ravishankara
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Anu Hemalatha Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
- Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
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Liu X, Yang G, Sun T, Tao L, Shen D, Zhang W, Zhang J, Xue D, Chen B, Wu L, Liu C, Ma W. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to alcoholic-induced liver injury by regulating the NF-κB pathway. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:724-735. [PMID: 35338490 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of ALD is not completely understood. Although accumulating evidence suggests an important role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in several diseases, there are no data concerning its role in ALD. This study compared patients with ALD with control subjects and used a mouse model and a cell culture model to investigate the function of GDNF in ALD and its mechanism of action in hepatocyte injury. METHODS Serum levels of GDNF were measured in 25 patients with ALD and 25 healthy control subjects. A 4-week Lieber-DeCarli ethanol (EtOH) liquid diet combined with the Gao-Binge model was used in the mouse study. Mouse primary hepatocytes and Huh-7 cells were used for cell experiments. The parameters of liver injury, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid metabolism were measured. RESULTS Patients with alcoholic hepatitis had higher serum GDNF than control subjects. Expression of GDNF mRNA and protein was markedly increased in mice in the chronic-plus-binge ALD mouse model. The level of GDNF mRNA was upregulated in primary hepatic stellate cells isolated from ethanol-fed mouse liver. Ethanol induced GDNF expression in LX2 cells. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1) were significantly increased after GDNF stimulation in primary hepatocytes and Huh-7 cells. After GDNF stimulation, levels of both p-AKT and p-NF-κB were significantly increased in primary hepatocytes and Huh-7 cells. The NF-κB activity induced by GDNF was significantly decreased by an NF-κB inhibitor, which limited hepatocyte injury and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The concentration of GDNF is increased in the circulation of ALD patients. GDNF promotes alcohol-induced liver injury and inflammation via the activation of NF-κB, which mediates hepatocyte injury and inflammatory cytokine expression. Based on these findings, GDNF is a potential therapeutic target for preventing or ameliorating liver injury in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Liu
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyue Yang
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Tao
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Shen
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongying Xue
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Wu
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- Laboratory of Liver Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Saloman JL, Singhi AD, Hartman DJ, Normolle DP, Albers KM, Davis BM. Systemic Depletion of Nerve Growth Factor Inhibits Disease Progression in a Genetically Engineered Model of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2018; 47:856-863. [PMID: 29975347 PMCID: PMC6044729 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), increased expression of proinflammatory neurotrophic growth factors (eg, nerve growth factor [NGF]) correlates with a poorer prognosis, perineural invasion, and, with regard to NGF, pain severity. We hypothesized that NGF sequestration would reduce inflammation and disease in the KPC mouse model of PDAC. METHODS Following biweekly injections of NGF antibody or control immunoglobulin G, beginning at 4 or 8 weeks of age, inflammation and disease stage were assessed using histological, protein expression, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS In the 8-week anti-NGF group, indicators of neurogenic inflammation in the dorsal root ganglia (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) and spinal cord (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were significantly reduced. In the 4-week anti-NGF group, TRPA1 mRNA in dorsal root ganglia and spinal phosphorylated ERK protein were elevated, but glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was unaffected. In the 8-week anti-NGF group, there was a 40% reduction in the proportion of mice with microscopic perineural invasion, and no macrometastases were observed. CONCLUSIONS Anti-NGF treatment beginning at 4 weeks may increase inflammation and negatively impact disease. Treatment starting at 8 weeks (after disease onset), however, reduces neural inflammation, neural invasion, and metastasis. These data indicate that NGF impacts PDAC progression and metastasis in a temporally dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L. Saloman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Aatur D. Singhi
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Douglas J. Hartman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Daniel P. Normolle
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kathryn M. Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brian M. Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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Fielder GC, Yang TWS, Razdan M, Li Y, Lu J, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The GDNF Family: A Role in Cancer? Neoplasia 2018; 20:99-117. [PMID: 29245123 PMCID: PMC5730419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) comprising of GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system, renal morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Here we review our current understanding of GFL biology, and supported by recent progress in the area, we examine their emerging role in endocrine-related and other non-hormone-dependent solid neoplasms. The ability of GFLs to elicit actions that resemble those perturbed in an oncogenic phenotype, alongside mounting evidence of GFL involvement in tumor progression, presents novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Razdan
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Liang D, Shi S, Xu J, Zhang B, Qin Y, Ji S, Xu W, Liu J, Liu L, Liu C, Long J, Ni Q, Yu X. New insights into perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer: More than pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:111-22. [PMID: 26794395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant human tumors. Perineural invasion, whereby a cancer cell invades the perineural spaces surrounding nerves, is acknowledged as a gradual contributor to cancer aggressiveness. Furthermore, perineural invasion is considered one of the root causes of the recurrence and metastasis observed after pancreatic resection, and it is also an independent predictor of prognosis. Advanced research has demonstrated that the neural microenvironment is closely associated with perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer. Therapy targeting the molecular mechanism of perineural invasion may enable the durable clinical treatment of this formidable disease. This review provides an overview of the present status of perineural invasion, the relevant molecular mechanisms of perineural invasion, pain and hyperglycemia associated with perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer, and the targeted therapeutics based on these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkong Liang
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Demir IE, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. Nerve-cancer interactions in the stromal biology of pancreatic cancer. Front Physiol 2012; 3:97. [PMID: 22529816 PMCID: PMC3327893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of cancer cells with diverse cell types in the tumor stroma is today recognized to have a fate-determining role for the progression and outcome of human cancers. Despite the well-described interactions of cancer cells with several stromal components, i.e., inflammatory cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and pericytes, the investigation of their peculiar relationship with neural cells is still at its first footsteps. Pancreatic cancer (PCa) with its abundant stroma represents one of the best-studied examples of a malignant tumor with a mutually trophic interaction between cancer cells and the intratumoral nerves embedded in the desmoplastic stroma. Nerves in PCa are a rich source of neurotrophic factors like nerve growth factor (NGF), glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), artemin; of neuronal chemokines like fractalkine; and of autonomic neurotransmitters like norepinephrine which can all enhance the invasiveness of PCa cells via matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) upregulation, trigger neural invasion (NI), and activate pro-survival signaling pathways. Similarly, PCa cells themselves provide intrapancreatic nerves with abundant trophic agents which entail a remarkable neuroplasticity, leading to emergence of more routes for NI and cancer spread, to augmented local neuro-surveillance, neural sensitization, and neuropathic pain. The strong correlation of NI with PCa-associated desmoplasia suggests the potential presence of a triangular relationship between nerves, PCa cells, and other stromal partners like myofibroblasts and pancreatic stellate cells which generate tumor desmoplasia. Hence, although not a classical hallmark of human cancers, nerve-cancer interactions can be considered as an indispensable sub-class of cancer-stroma interactions in PCa. The present article provides an overview of the so far known nerve-cancer interactions in PCa and illustrates their ominous role in the stromal biology of human PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
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Liu H, Li X, Xu Q, Lv S, Li J, Ma Q. Role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:112-20. [PMID: 22503821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is the initial infiltration of tumor cells into the retroperitoneal nerve plexus and along the nerves. It precludes curative resection, is thought to be the major cause of local recurrence following resection, and is a special metastatic route in pancreatic cancer. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was recently recognized as a key player in the PNI process. This review covers the most recently published studies on the role of GDNF in pancreatic cancer. We introduce the players in PNI, summarize the distribution of GDNF and its receptors in pancreatic cancer, and discuss the effects and underlying mechanism of GDNF in the PNI process. Finally, we also review some potential inhibitors for GDNF-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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Fujiwara Y, Furukawa K, Haruki K, Shimada Y, Iida T, Shiba H, Uwagawa T, Ohashi T, Yanaga K. Nafamostat mesilate can prevent adhesion, invasion and peritoneal dissemination of pancreatic cancer thorough nuclear factor kappa-B inhibition. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2011; 18:731-9. [PMID: 21484229 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-011-0390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) contributes to the aggressive behavior of pancreatic cancer. Over-expression of downstream target genes of NF-κB such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) leads to the promotion of cell adhesion, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. We previously reported that nafamostat mesilate, a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, blocks NF-κB activation in pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that nafamostat mesilate may inhibit cell adhesion, angiogenesis, invasion and metastases in peritoneal dissemination of pancreatic cancer. METHODS In vitro, we assessed inhibition of NF-κB, phosphorylated IκBα, ICAM-1, VEGF and MMP-9 activity by nafamostat mesilate using human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3 and PANC-1). Changes in adhesion and invasion abilities of cancer cells were then evaluated by nafamostat mesilate treatment. In vivo, the efficacy of nafamostat mesilate treatment was assessed using peritoneal dissemination of pancreatic cancer in mice. RESULTS In vitro, nafamostat mesilate inhibited activities of NF-κB, phosphorylated IκBα, ICAM-1, VEGF and MMP-9. Moreover, nafamostat mesilate not only inhibited cell adhesion and invasion but also increased the sensitivity of anoikis. In vivo, tumor growth using AsPC-1 cells of the treatment group was significantly slower, and survival rate was significantly better, than those in control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Nafamostat mesilate reduced peritoneal metastasis and prolonged survival of pancreatic cancer-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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Madhusoodhanan R, Natarajan M, Veeraraghavan J, Herman TS, Jamgade A, Singh N, Aravindan N. NFkappaB signaling related molecular alterations in human neuroblastoma cells after fractionated irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:311-324. [PMID: 19436149 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been used as an adjunctive local-control modality for high-risk neuroblastoma. However, relapse due to radioresistance affects the success of radiotherapy. Ascertaining the fractionated radiation (FIR) modulated molecular targets is imperative in targeted molecular therapy. Accordingly, we investigated the (i) expression of genes representing six functional pathways; (ii) NFkappaB DNA-binding activity and (iii) expression of radioresponsive molecules after single dose (10 Gy) radiation (SDR) and FIR (2 Gy x 5) in human neuroblastoma cells. Alterations in gene expression were analyzed using QPCR-profiling, NFkappaB activity using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and pIkappaBalpha using immunoblotting. Modulations in TNFalpha, IL-1alpha, pAKT, IAP1, IAP2, XIAP, survivin, MnSOD, BID, Bak, MyD88 and Vegfc were determined using quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) and immunoblotting. Compared to SDR, FIR significantly induced the expression of 25 genes and completely suppressed another 30 genes. Furthermore, FIR induced NFkappaB-DNA-binding activity and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Similarly, we observed an induced expression of IAP1, IAP2, XIAP, Survivin, IL-1alpha, MnSOD, Bid, Bak, MyD88, TNFalpha and pAKT in cells exposed to FIR. The results of the study clearly show distinct differences in the molecular response of cells between SDR and FIR. We identified several potential targets confining to NFkappaB signaling cascade that may affect radio-resistance after FIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhesh Madhusoodhanan
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Ape1/Ref-1 induces glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) responsiveness by upregulating GDNF receptor alpha1 expression. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:2264-77. [PMID: 19188437 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01484-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1/Ref-1) dysregulation has been identified in several human tumors and in patients with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the function of Ape1/Ref-1 is unclear. We show here that Ape1/Ref-1 increases the expression of glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha1 (GFRalpha1), a key receptor for GDNF. Expression of Ape1/Ref-1 led to an increase in the GDNF responsiveness in human fibroblast. Ape1/Ref-1 induced GFRalpha1 transcription through enhanced binding of NF-kappaB complexes to the GFRalpha1 promoter. GFRalpha1 levels correlate proportionally with Ape1/Ref-1 in cancer cells. The knockdown of endogenous Ape1/Ref-1 in pancreatic cancer cells markedly suppressed GFRalpha1 expression and invasion in response to GNDF, while overexpression of GFRalpha1 restored invasion. In neuronal cells, the Ape1/Ref-1-mediated increase in GDNF responsiveness not only stimulated neurite outgrowth but also protected the cells from beta-amyloid peptide and oxidative stress. Our results show that Ape1/Ref-1 is a novel physiological regulator of GDNF responsiveness, and they also suggest that Ape1/Ref-1-induced GFRalpha1 expression may play important roles in pancreatic cancer progression and neuronal cell survival.
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Saavedra A, Baltazar G, Duarte EP. Driving GDNF expression: the green and the red traffic lights. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:186-215. [PMID: 18824211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is widely recognized as a potent survival factor for dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway that degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD). In animal models of PD, GDNF delivery to the striatum or the substantia nigra protects dopaminergic neurons against subsequent toxin-induced injury and rescues previously damaged neurons, promoting recovery of the motor function. Thus, GDNF was proposed as a potential therapy to PD aimed at slowing down, halting or reversing neurodegeneration, an issue addressed in previous reviews. However, the use of GDNF as a therapeutic agent for PD is hampered by the difficulty in delivering it to the brain. Another potential strategy is to stimulate the endogenous expression of GDNF, but in order to do that we need to understand how GDNF expression is regulated. The aim of this review is to do a comprehensive analysis of the state of the art on the control of endogenous GDNF expression in the nervous system, focusing mainly on the nigrostriatal pathway. We address the control of GDNF expression during development, in the adult brain and after injury, and how damaged neurons signal glial cells to up-regulate GDNF. Pharmacological agents or natural molecules that increase GDNF expression and show neuroprotective activity in animal models of PD are reviewed. We also provide an integrated overview of the signalling pathways linking receptors for these molecules to the induction of GDNF gene, which might also become targets for neuroprotective therapies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saavedra
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Carrer Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in the United States. Current therapy for pancreatic cancer involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy; however, the 5-year survival rate remains less than 5%. New strategies for treating pancreatic cancer include targeting intracellular signaling that provides survival advantages to cancer cells. One of these targets is the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF) kappaB, which is activated by a variety of mechanisms. Data demonstrate that increased NF-kappaB activity can promote growth and tumorigenesis, inhibit apoptosis, promote angiogenesis, promote invasion and metastasis, and promote chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. This review explores the roles of NF-JB in these processes and examines the evidence that different NF-kappaB-inhibiting drugs can improve the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Kishi T, Takao T, Fujita K, Taniguchi H. Clonal proliferation of multipotent stem/progenitor cells in the neonatal and adult salivary glands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 340:544-52. [PMID: 16376857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland stem/progenitor cells are thought to be present in intercalated ductal cells, but the fact is unclear. In this study, we sought to clarify if stem/progenitor cells are present in submandibular glands using colony assay, which is one of the stem cell assay methods. Using a low-density culture of submandibular gland cells of neonatal rats, we developed a novel culture system that promotes single cell colony formation. Average doubling time for the colony-forming cells was 24.7 (SD=+/-7.02)h, indicating high proliferative potency. When epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were added to the medium, the number of clonal colonies increased greater than those cultured without growth factors (13.2+/-4.18 vs. 4.5+/-1.73). The RT-PCR and immunostaining demonstrated expressing acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cell lineage markers. This study demonstrated the presence of the salivary gland stem/progenitor cells that are highly proliferative and multipotent in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Kishi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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