1
|
Dosanjh A, Robison E, Mondala T, Head SR, Salomon DR, Kurian SM. Genomic meta-analysis of growth factor and integrin pathways in chronic kidney transplant injury. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:275. [PMID: 23617750 PMCID: PMC3644490 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (CAN) is a clinical entity of progressive kidney transplant injury. The defining histology is tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis (IFTA). Using a meta-analysis of microarrays from 84 kidney transplant biopsies, we revealed growth factor and integrin adhesion molecule pathways differentially expressed and correlated with histological progression. A bioinformatics approach mining independent datasets leverages new and existing data to identify correlative changes in integrin and growth factor signaling pathways. RESULTS Analysis of CAN/IFTA Banff grades showed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathways are significantly differentially expressed in all classes of CAN/IFTA. MAPK-dependent pathways were also significant. However, the TGFβ pathways, albeit present, failed to differentiate CAN/IFTA progression. The integrin subunits β8, αv, αμ and β5 are differentially expressed, but β1, β6 and α6 specifically correlate with progression of chronic injury. Results were validated using our published proteomic profiling of CAN/IFTA. CONCLUSIONS CAN/IFTA with chronic kidney injury is characterized by expression of distinct growth factors and specific integrin adhesion molecules as well as their canonical signaling pathways. Drug target mapping suggests several novel candidates for the next generation of therapeutics to prevent or treat progressive transplant dysfunction with interstitial fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Dosanjh
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang P, Greendorfer JS, Jiao J, Kelpke SC, Thompson JA. Alternatively spliced FGFR-1 isoforms differentially modulate endothelial cell activation of c-YES. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 450:50-62. [PMID: 16631103 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ligand activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) induces an angiogenic response following activation of multiple intracellular signaling substrates, including the Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (SFK). However, the direct association between FGFR-1 and SFK and the involvement of SFK in FGFR-1-dependent cell proliferation have been controversial. Structural variants of FGFR-1 are generated by alternative splicing which results in two major isoforms, containing either three (FGFR-1alpha) or two (FGFR-1beta) immunoglobulin-like domains in the extracellular region. To determine whether alternatively spliced FGFR-1 isoforms differentially activate SFK, we have examined FGF receptor-negative endothelial cells stably transfected with human cDNA encoding either FGFR-1alpha or FGFR-1beta. Transient activation of c-YES, the predominant SFK expressed in these endothelial cells, was restricted to FGFR-1beta transfectants following exposure to acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1). Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that c-YES directly associated with FGFR-1beta. The Src homology (SH)2 domain (and not the SH3 domain) of c-YES was able to recognize tyrosine phosphorylated FGFR-1beta. FGFR-1beta-specific activation of c-YES was accompanied by its association with and activation of cortactin. FGF-1 treatment of both FGFR-1alpha and FGFR-1beta transfectants induced SFK-independent cellular proliferation and growth in low density cultures. At high density, under both anchorage-dependent and -independent conditions, FGF-1 failed to induce proliferation and growth of FGFR-1alpha transfectants. In contrast, FGF-1 induced proliferation, growth, and formation of cord-like structures in high density cultures of FGFR-1beta transfectants in an SFK-dependent manner. In vitro cord formation on Matrigel was restricted to FGFR-1beta transfectants in an SFK-dependent manner. Formation of vascular structures in vivo was limited to endothelial cells transfected with FGFR-1beta. Collectively, these results emphasize the roles of alternatively spliced FGFR-1 structural isoforms and activation of SFK as modulators of endothelial cell growth during the formation of neovascular structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hotchkiss H, Chu TT, Hancock WW, Schröppel B, Kretzler M, Schmid H, Liu Y, Dikman S, Akalin E. Differential Expression of Profibrotic and Growth Factors in Chronic Allograft Nephropathy. Transplantation 2006; 81:342-9. [PMID: 16477218 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000195773.24217.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a multifactorial process, where both immunological and nonimmunological factors play roles. Microarrays detect thousands of genes simultaneously. METHODS We have analyzed gene expression profiles of 16 kidney transplant biopsy samples with CAN by high-density oligonucleotide microarrays, comparing to six normal transplant biopsies. Eight CAN biopsies showed nodular arteriolar hyalinization and one was positive for C4d staining. RESULTS Hierarchical clustering analysis of the 22 biopsies revealed differential gene expression patterns in CAN versus the control biopsies. However, microarray analysis did not reveal differential gene expression patterns in patients with or without arteriolar hyalinization. Fifty percent of the 100 genes with highest hybridization intensities in a C4d positive sample were related to cellular and humoral immune response. Although 212 genes were upregulated a minimum of 1.5-fold, 112 genes were downregulated in CAN samples. There was differential expression of profibrotic and growth factors that while transforming growth factor-beta induced factor, thrombospondin 1, and platelet derived growth factor-C were up-regulated, vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factors 1 and 9 were downregulated. Selected differentially expressed genes were confirmed in microdissected samples by real-time quantitative PCR. Immunopathologic examination of biopsies revealed strong TGF-beta but decreased glomerular VEGF expression in CAN. CONCLUSION Microarrays might be an important tool to uncover the mechanisms of multifactorial diseases, such as CAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Hotchkiss
- Pediatric Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rossini M, Cheunsuchon B, Donnert E, Ma LJ, Thomas JW, Neilson EG, Fogo AB. Immunolocalization of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), its receptor (FGFR-1), and fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1) in inflammatory renal disease. Kidney Int 2006; 68:2621-8. [PMID: 16316338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family has functions in development, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. While FGF-2 induces fibrosis, the role of FGF-1 in inflammation and fibrosis is less defined. We examined the expression of FGF-1 and FGF receptor (FGFR-1) to determine if renal diseases with varying etiologies of inflammation, including lupus nephritis (LN), acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) and acute rejection superimposed on chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), showed varying patterns of expression. We also examined the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), which has been linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis, to determine whether it was linked to potential profibrotic and inflammatory FGF-1 mechanisms. METHODS Proliferative LN (PLN) (N= 12), nonproliferative lupus nephritis (NPLN) (N= 5), AIN (N= 6), CAN (N= 4), and normal kidneys (N= 3) were studied. FGF, FGFR-1, and FSP-1 were localized by immunohistochemistry, and intensity scored on a 0 to 3+ scale. Double staining with CD68 and separate immunohistochemical staining for CD4 and CD8 with serial sections analysis were done to identify if T lymphocytes or macrophages showed staining for FGF-1 and FGFR-1 or FSP-1. RESULTS In normal kidneys, FGF-1 was expressed in mesangial cells (0.67 +/- 0.58), glomerular endothelial (0.67 +/- 0.58), visceral, and parietal epithelial cells (1.67 +/- 0.58). FGFR-1 showed a similar pattern of staining but also was expressed in tubular epithelium, and arterial endothelium and smooth muscle. Expression of FGF-1 was increased over normal in glomerular parenchymal cells only in CAN in podocytes (2.30 +/- 0.58 vs. 3.00 +/- 0.00) (P < 0.05) and parietal epithelial cells (1.67 +/- 0.58 vs. 2.25 +/- 0.50) (P < 0.05). Infiltrating glomerular and interstitial inflammatory cells in diseased glomeruli also expressed FGF-1 and FGFR-1. Tubular cells expressed slightly increased FGFR-1 in renal diseases vs. normal, whereas tubules remained negative for FGF-1 in diseased kidneys. FSP-1 expression was prominent in the interstitium in all kidneys with interstitial inflammation, and most prominent in CAN. Interstitial FSP-1+ cells were consistent with a myofibroblast-type morphology, and did not stain with CD-68. FSP-1 expression was closely associated with inflammatory cells expressing FGF-1 and FGFR-1. FSP-1 also showed positivity within crescents and occasional podocytes in PLN. CONCLUSION The expression of FGF-1 and FGFR-1 in infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages, and of FGFR-1 in tubules, is supportive, but does not prove causality, of the possibility that FGF-1 might have both autocrine and paracrine functions in renal inflammation. However, the initial stimulus for renal inflammation, whether immune complex, hypersensitivity or rejection, did not alter expression patterns of FGF-1 or its receptor. The colocalization of inflammatory infiltrates with interstitial fibrosis supports the possibility of a contribution of FGF-1 for chemotaxis and associated fibrosis, further supported by interstitial FSP-1 expression closely associated with these inflammatory cells expressing FGF-1 and FGFR-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Rossini
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bagnasco P, MacMillan-Crow LA, Greendorfer JS, Young CJ, Andrews L, Thompson JA. Peroxynitrite modulates acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 419:178-89. [PMID: 14592461 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To establish peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) as a mediator of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) function, preparations of recombinant human FGF-1 were treated with the pro-oxidant in vitro and identified amino acid modifications were correlated with biologic activity. The sequence of FGF-1 amino acid modifications induced by increasing concentrations of ONOO(-) was from cysteine oxidation to dityrosine formation, and to tyrosine/tryptophan nitration. Low steady-state ONOO(-) concentrations (10-50 microM) induced formation of dityrosine, which involved less than 0.1% of the total tyrosines. Treatment of FGF-1 with ONOO(-) induced a dose-dependent (10-50 microM) loss of sulfhydryl groups that correlated with formation of reducible (dithiothreitol, arsenite) FGF-1 aggregates containing 50% latent biologic activity. Treatment with 0.1-0.5mM ONOO(-) induced increasing formation of non-reducible, inactivated FGF-1 structures. Combination of real-time spectral analysis and electrospray mass spectroscopy revealed that six residues (Y29, Y69, Y108, Y111, Y139, and W121) were nitrated by ONOO(-). ONOO(-) treatment (0.1mM) of an active FGF-1 mutant (cysteines converted to serines) induced dose-dependent, non-reversible inhibition of biologic activity that correlated with nitration of Y108 and Y111, both of which reside within a conserved domain encompassing the putative FGF-1 receptor binding site. Collectively, these observations predict a role for low levels of ONOO(-) during secretion of FGF-1 as an extracellular complex containing latent biologic activity. High steady-state levels of ONOO(-) may induce extensive cysteine oxidation, critical tyrosine nitration, and non-reversible inactivation of FGF-1, a potential inhibitory feedback mechanism restoring cellular homeostatis during the resolution of inflammation and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bagnasco
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tettamanti G, Grimaldi A, Ferrarese R, Palazzi M, Perletti G, Valvassori R, Cooper EL, Lanzavecchia G, de Eguileor M. Leech responses to tissue transplantation. Tissue Cell 2003; 35:199-212. [PMID: 12798129 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(03)00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to describe histologically, histochemically and immunocytochemically, the sequence of events that lead to first and second set rejection of allo- or xenograft in leeches. Graft responses of leeches are comparable and are described following specific steps: inflammatory phase, rejection phase and granulation tissue formation (including re-epithelialisation, angiogenesis and fibroplasia).The responses to first and second graft in first set graft rejection as well as to the first transplant in second set graft experiments are identical and in the time span of a week all grafts are destroyed and disappear. In the second set graft rejection experiments the responses against the second transplant are markedly accelerated. The second graft shows massive structural alterations and it is rapidly rejected, within 3-4 days.Our results permit to highlight that in leeches there is a specific responsiveness of immune system similar to those described in highly divergent phyla.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiao J, Greendorfer JS, Zhang P, Zinn KR, Diglio CA, Thompson JA. Alternatively spliced FGFR-1 isoform signaling differentially modulates endothelial cell responses to peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 410:187-200. [PMID: 12573278 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mounting experimental evidence has suggested that the trophic environment of cells in culture is an important determinant of their vulnerability to the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxidants such as peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). However, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1)-induced signaling renders some cells more sensitive and others resistant to the cytotoxic effects of ONOO(-). To determine whether alternatively spliced fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR-1) isoforms are responsible for this differential response, we have stably transfected FGFR-negative rat brain-derived resistant vessel endothelial cells (RVEC) with human cDNA sequences encoding either FGFR-1 alpha or FGFR-1 beta. FGF-1 treatment of RVEC(R-1 alpha) transfectants enhanced ONOO(-)-mediated cell death in a manner dependent upon FGFR-1 tyrosine kinase, MEK/Erk 1/2 kinase, and p38 MAP kinase activities and independent of Src-family kinase (SFK) activity. FGF-1 treatment of RVEC(R-1 beta) transfectants inhibited the cytotoxic effects of ONOO(-) in a manner dependent upon FGFR-1 tyrosine kinase, MEK/Erk 1/2 kinase, and SFK activities and independent of p38 MAP kinase activity. FGF-1-induced preactivation of both FGFR-1 tyrosine and Erk 1/2 kinases was detected in both RVEC(R-1 alpha) and RVEC(R-1 beta) transfectants. FGF-1-induced preactivation of p38 MAPK was restricted to RVEC(R-1 alpha) transfectants, whereas, ligand-induced preactivation of SFK was limited to RVEC(R-1 beta) transfectants. Collectively, these results both reemphasize the role of extracellular trophic factors and their receptor-mediated signaling pathways during cellular responses to oxidant stress and provide a first indication that the alternatively spliced FGFR-1 isoforms induce differential signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rastaldi MP, Ferrario F, Giardino L, Dell'Antonio G, Grillo C, Grillo P, Strutz F, Müller GA, Colasanti G, D'Amico G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tubular epithelial cells in human renal biopsies. Kidney Int 2002; 62:137-46. [PMID: 12081572 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent studies performed on cultured cells and experimental nephropathies, it has been hypothesized that tubular epithelial cells (TEC), via epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), can become collagen-producing cells. According to this theory, they should proceed through several activating steps, such as proliferation and phenotype changes, to eventually synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM). METHODS To evaluate whether EMT operates in human TECs, 133 renal biopsies of different renal diseases were studied, analyzing by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization the possible expression of markers of proliferation (PCNA, Mib-1), cellular phenotype (vimentin, alpha-SMA, cytokeratin, ZO-1) and ECM production (prolyl 4-hydroxylase, HSP47, interstitial collagens). RESULTS Independently of histological diagnosis, variable degrees of TEC positivity for PCNA (2.7 +/- 2.4 cells/field) and Mib-1 (1.9 +/- 2.3) were present. TECs expressing vimentin (1.4 +/- 4.7) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA; 0.04 +/- 0.4) also were detected. It was possible to observe loss of epithelial antigens from 8 to 10% of the tubular cross sections. Moreover, TECs were stained by prolyl 4-hydroxylase (3.6 +/- 4.3), heat shock protein-47 (HSP47; 2.9 +/- 5.4), collagen type I (0.2 +/- 2.7) and type III (0.3 +/- 2.0). Collagen types I and III mRNAs were found in 0.8 to 1.4 cells/field. The number of TEC with EMT features were associated with serum creatinine and the degree of interstitial damage (P< or = 0.03), and even considering the 45 cases with mild interstitial lesions, the tubular expression of all markers remained strictly associated with renal function (P< or = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, via transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, TEC can produce ECM proteins in human disease and directly intervene in the fibrotic processes. Moreover, the association of EMT features with serum creatinine supports the value of these markers in the assessment of disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Rastaldi
- Renal Research Association, Renal Immunopathology Centre, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Via Pio II, 3, 20153 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zinn KR, Kelpke S, Akhi K, Viera L, Chaudhuri TR, Thompson JA. Glomerular targeting of acidic fibroblast growth factor-1 in renal transplanted rats. Transplantation 2002; 73:1447-54. [PMID: 12023623 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200205150-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) functions as a potent hormonal inducer of wound repair mechanisms in vivo. In addition, the involvement of FGF-1 in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including chronic human renal allograft rejection, has been described. Consequently, there is an increasing need to monitor FGF-1 pharmacokinetics and distribution for both therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities. We now describe in vivo imaging and targeting of FGF-1 in renal transplanted rats. METHODS Sham-operated, syngeneic renal transplanted, and allogeneic renal transplanted rats were imaged using an Anger gamma camera. Renal function was evaluated first by dynamic 99mTc-MAG3 imaging, and subsequently, 99mTc-labeled FGF-1 (99mTc-FGF-1) was imaged after i.v. injection. Microautoradiography of harvested kidneys determined the compartmental localization of 99mTc-FGF-1. RESULTS 99mTc-MAG3 renal scans were grossly abnormal in the allogeneic renal transplanted rats. In this group, a significant reduction in 99mTc-FGF-1 renal binding was measured by imaging analyses, as compared with renal binding in the sham-operated and syngeneic renal transplanted groups, which were not significantly different. Both groups of renal transplanted rats showed a redistribution of FGF-1 to the glomerular compartment. CONCLUSIONS 99mTc-FGF-1 serves as a new radiotracer to measure in vivo targeting of the growth factor. Reduced renal binding of 99mTc-FGF-1 in the allogeneic transplanted kidney was consistent with decreased blood flow. Unique glomerular targeting of 99mTc-FGF-1 in the transplanted kidney provides additional evidence supporting a role for this growth factor in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Zinn
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Braun WE, Yadlapalli NG. The spectrum of long-term renal transplantation: Outcomes, complications, and clinical studies. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2002. [DOI: 10.1053/trre.2002.28889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Cancilla B, Davies A, Cauchi JA, Risbridger GP, Bertram JF. Fibroblast growth factor receptors and their ligands in the adult rat kidney. Kidney Int 2001; 60:147-55. [PMID: 11422746 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of at least 21 heparin-binding proteins involved in many biological processes, both during development and in the adult, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. FGFs mediate their effects through high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFRs), which are encoded by four genes. The aims of the present study were to localize FGFR-1 through FGFR-3 in the normal adult rat kidney and to determine which functional FGFR variants and FGFs were expressed. METHODS Avidin-biotin-enhanced horseradish peroxidase immunohistochemistry was used on paraffin sections of rat kidney to localize FGFR-1 through FGFR-3, whereas reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to examine expression of the receptor variants and also of FGF-1 through FGF-10 in cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. RESULTS By immunohistochemistry, each receptor was localized to distinct and overlapping nephron segments, such that one or more FGFRs were localized to all nephron and collecting duct epithelia. FGFR-1 and FGFR-3 were localized to glomeruli, FGFR-3 to proximal tubules and FGFR-1 to thin limbs. FGFR-1 through FGFR-3 were localized to distal straight tubules, with FGFR-1 and FGFR-3 localized to distal convoluted tubules. FGFR-1 and FGFR-3 were localized to medullary collecting ducts. In addition, FGFR-1 was localized to the smooth muscle of renal arteries. All seven FGFR variants were expressed in the cortex and outer medulla, with fewer FGFRs in the inner medulla. FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-7, FGF-8, and FGF-9 were expressed in the kidney, with FGF-10 expression found only in the cortex. CONCLUSIONS Mapping of these receptors is critical to the determination of the effects of FGF ligands in discrete regions of the kidney. The distributions of the FGFRs in the normal adult kidney and the restricted expression of FGF ligands suggest that specific FGFs have distinct and important roles in the maintenance of normal kidney structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cancilla
- Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lagoo AS, Buckley PJ, Burchell LJ, Peters D, Fechner JH, Tsuchida M, Dong Y, Hong X, Brunner KG, Oberley TD, Hamawy MM, Knechtle SJ. Increased glomerular deposits of von Willebrand factor in chronic, but not acute, rejection of primate renal allografts. Transplantation 2000; 70:877-86. [PMID: 11014641 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200009270-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previously described primate renal allograft model, T cell ablation leads to long-term graft survival. The role of endothelial cell alteration in chronic rejection was examined in our model. METHODS Renal transplants were performed in rhesus monkeys using a T cell- depleting immunotoxin, FN18-CRM9. Sections from 10 rejected kidneys (5 acute and 7 chronic rejection) were examined after immunohistochemical staining for expression of endothelium-related proteins [von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD62P, and CD31], fibrinogen, and a macrophage marker (CD68). Glomerular staining for each antigen was graded on a semiquantitative scale. RESULTS Intense staining for vWF was consistently observed in glomerular endothelium, subendothelium, and mesangium in all kidneys removed due to chronic rejection. vWF staining was weak in kidneys showing acute rejection. The difference in glomerular staining was statistically significant. Staining for vWF in extraglomerular vessels was nearly identical in kidneys showing acute and chronic rejection. Expression of CD62P was increased in extraglomerular vessels in allografts with chronic rejection, but the glomeruli showed little or no staining. There was no significant difference in the glomerular staining for CD62P or CD31 in organs showing acute and chronic rejection. Fibrinogen staining of glomerular mesangium was seen in kidneys with chronic rejection. Macrophages (CD68+) infiltrating glomeruli were more numerous in kidneys showing chronic rejection. CONCLUSION Increased glomerular deposition of vWF in renal allografts showing chronic rejection, without increased staining for CD62P or CD31, suggests increased constitutive secretion of vWF from endothelial cells as a component of the mechanism of chronic rejection in our model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Lagoo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792-7375, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomas JM, Eckhoff DE, Contreras JL, Lobashevsky AL, Hubbard WJ, Moore JK, Cook WJ, Thomas FT, Neville DM. Durable donor-specific T and B cell tolerance in rhesus macaques induced with peritransplantation anti-CD3 immunotoxin and deoxyspergualin: absence of chronic allograft nephropathy. Transplantation 2000; 69:2497-503. [PMID: 10910269 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200006270-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance induction can prevent acute kidney allograft rejection without chronic immunosuppression. It is uncertain whether specific tolerance can prevent chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), which involves both nonimmune and immune injury. This report provides evidence that immunologically tolerant macaques, induced with immunotoxin and deoxyspergualin, developed neither acute rejection nor CAN. Long survivors, bearing MHC-mismatched grafts without chronic immunosuppression for 0.8 to 3.4 years, exhibited general immune competence with donor-specific T and B cell tolerance and no functional or histological evidence of CAN. Stringent criteria for tolerance were satisfied by specific prolongation of donor skin grafts with rapid rejection of third-party skin, followed by indefinite acceptance of a second donor kidney graft and establishment of microchimerism. Primate tolerance with documented absence of CAN may give impetus to the clinical application of tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Thomas
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zinn KR, Kelpke S, Chaudhuri TR, Sugg T, Mountz JM, Thompson JA. Imaging Tc-99m-labeled FGF-1 targeting in rats. Nucl Med Biol 2000; 27:407-14. [PMID: 10938477 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(00)00090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) was radiolabeled with (99m)Tc by the HYNIC method. The (99m)Tc-FGF-1 retained its representative molecular mass, heparin affinity, cellular binding to both low (Kd = 9.5 nM) and high (Kd = 125 pM) affinity sites, and mitogenic activity. Gamma camera imaging after intravenous dosing in rats confirmed high liver and kidney binding. Heparin significantly decreased (99m)Tc-FGF-1 liver uptake and increased urinary excretion. These studies illustrate a new method for imaging FGF-1 targeting under various conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Zinn
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Floege J, Hudkins KL, Eitner F, Cui Y, Morrison RS, Schelling MA, Alpers CE. Localization of fibroblast growth factor-2 (basic FGF) and FGF receptor-1 in adult human kidney. Kidney Int 1999; 56:883-97. [PMID: 10469357 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression pattern of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2; basic FGF), a pleiotrophic growth factor, as well as one of its receptors (FGFR1), in the kidney is highly controversial. METHODS Using an approach that combines multiple antibodies for immunohistochemistry and correlative in situ hybridization, we assessed the intrarenal expression of both FGF-2 and FGFR1 in 13 specimens of adult kidney removed during tumor nephrectomy. RESULTS The FGF-2 expression pattern in the kidneys as detected by immunohistochemistry was variable and depended on the antibody used. The most consistent expression of FGF-2 protein was demonstrated in glomerular parietal epithelial cells, tubular cells (mainly of the distal nephron), as well as arterial endothelial cells. These locations also corresponded to areas of FGF-2 mRNA expression. Additionally, by immunohistochemistry, FGF-2 protein was detected in arterial smooth muscle cells and occasional podocytes. The expression of FGFR1 protein and mRNA was most consistently present in tubular cells of the distal nephron and in vascular smooth muscle cells. In situ hybridization, but not immunohistochemistry, also suggested FGFR1 expression in cells that could not be precisely identified within the glomerular tuft as well as some interstitial cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest potential autocrine and paracrine pathways within the FGF-2 system, particularly within the vascular walls and in the distal nephron, and thereby provide information for further mechanistic understanding of the role of the FGF-2 system in human renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Floege
- Division of Nephrology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|