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Bansal S, Itabashi Y, Guerrero-Alba A, Fleming T, Smith MA, Bremner RM, Mohanakumar T. Regulation of cardiac allograft immune responses by microRNA-155. Transpl Immunol 2024; 87:102113. [PMID: 39222773 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in allograft rejection after transplantation is urgently needed to improve patient outcomes. As microRNA-155 (miR155) plays a critical role in inflammation, we postulated that a deficiency of miR155 will improve cardiac allograft survival and enhance tolerance induction after heart transplantation. METHODS We developed an acute rejection mouse model through heterotopic BALB/c cardiac transplantation to C57BL/6 (wild-type) and C57BL/6 miR155 knock-out (miR155KO) mice. Further, we induced tolerance in both groups through a costimulatory blockade with CTLA4-Ig (200 μg; post-transplant day 2) and MRI antibodies (250 μg; post-transplant day 0), targeting CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 signals, respectively. Finally, we examined the effects of injecting 100 μg of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) isolated from wild-type mice undergoing rejection into tolerant miR155KO mice. RESULTS Mean survival time (MST) of the cardiac allografts in wild-type and miR155KO mice was 7 and 15 days, respectively (p < 0.0001). Costimulatory blockade increased MST to 65 days and > 100 days in the wild-type and miR155KO recipients, respectively (p < 0.001). Injection of sEVs isolated from wild-type mice undergoing rejection into tolerant miR155KO mice decreased the allograft survival to 9 days, significantly lower than the tolerant miR155KO mice without injection of sEVs (>100 days; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION miR155KO mice have improved cardiac allograft survival and enhanced induction of tolerance after heterotopic cardiac transplantation. Injection of sEVs from wild-type mice undergoing rejection into the miR155KO mice reversed these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bansal
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Itabashi
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Alexa Guerrero-Alba
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Timothy Fleming
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Michael A Smith
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Ross M Bremner
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - T Mohanakumar
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America.
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Ravichandran R, Itabashi Y, Fleming T, Bansal S, Bowen S, Poulson C, Bharat A, Bremner R, Smith M, Mohanakumar T. Low-dose IL-2 prevents murine chronic cardiac allograft rejection: Role for IL-2-induced T regulatory cells and exosomes with PD-L1 and CD73. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2180-2194. [PMID: 35603986 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effects and immunological mechanisms of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) in a murine model of chronic cardiac allograft rejection (BALB/c to C57BL/6) after costimulatory blockade consisting of MR1 (250 μg/ip day 0) and CTLA4-Ig (200 μg/ip day 2), we administered low-dose IL-2 (2000 IU/day) starting on posttransplant day 14 for 3 weeks. T regulatory (Treg) cell infiltration of the grafts was determined by immunohistochemistry; circulating exosomes by western blot and aldehyde bead flow cytometry; antibodies to donor MHC by immunofluorescent staining of donor cells; and antibodies to cardiac self-antigens (myosin, vimentin) by ELISA. We demonstrated that costimulation blockade after allogeneic heart transplantation induced circulating exosomes containing cardiac self-antigens and antibodies to both donor MHC and self-antigens, leading to chronic rejection by day 45. Treatment with low-dose IL-2 prolonged allograft survival (>100 days), prevented chronic rejection, and induced splenic and graft-infiltrating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3 Treg cells by day 45 and circulating exosomes (Foxp3+) with PD-L1 and CD73. MicroRNA 142, associated with the TGFβ pathway, was significantly downregulated in exosomes from IL-2-treated mice. In conclusion, low-dose IL-2 delays rejection in a murine model of chronic cardiac allograft rejection and also induces graft-infiltrating Tregs and circulating exosomes with immunoregulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshihiro Itabashi
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Timothy Fleming
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sandhya Bansal
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sara Bowen
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Christin Poulson
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Ankit Bharat
- Department of surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ross Bremner
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael Smith
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Sharma M, Liu W, Perincheri S, Gunasekaran M, Mohanakumar T. Exosomes expressing the self-antigens myosin and vimentin play an important role in syngeneic cardiac transplant rejection induced by antibodies to cardiac myosin. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1626-1635. [PMID: 29316217 PMCID: PMC6035065 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Long-term success of heart transplantation is hindered by humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. We studied preexisting antibodies to cardiac self-antigens, myosin and vimentin, and exosomes induced by antibodies to self-antigens in eliciting immune responses to cardiac grafts. After syngeneic heterotopic murine heart transplantation, rabbit anti-myosin or normal rabbit immunoglobulin was administered at day 0 or 7. Sera were collected after heartbeat cessation, cellular infiltration was analyzed, and exosomes were isolated from sera. Histopathologic examination of the controls' transplanted hearts demonstrated normal architecture, and their sera demonstrated neither antibodies to self-antigens nor exosomes expressing self-antigens. Administration of antibodies to cardiac myosin immediately posttransplantation (day 0) but not on day 7 triggered graft failure on day 7, and histopathologic examination revealed marked cellular infiltration with neutrophils and lymphocytes. Histopathologic examination of rejected hearts also demonstrated myocyte damage as sera had increased antibodies to myosin and vimentin and development of exosomes expressing self-antigens. Administration of exosomes isolated from failed grafts containing self-antigens induced graft dysfunction; exosomes isolated from stable mice did not induce graft failure. Antibodies to self-antigens can induce exosomes containing self-antigens, initiating an immune response and causing graft failure after cardiac transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monal Sharma
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Muthukumar Gunasekaran
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - T. Mohanakumar
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Sagoo P, Lombardi G, Lechler RI. Relevance of regulatory T cell promotion of donor-specific tolerance in solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:184. [PMID: 22811678 PMCID: PMC3395995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current clinical strategies to control the alloimmune response after transplantation do not fully prevent induction of the immunological processes which lead to acute and chronic immune-mediated graft rejection, and as such the survival of a solid organ allograft is limited. Experimental research on naturally occurring CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) has indicated their potential to establish stable long-term graft acceptance, with the promise of providing a more effective therapy for transplant recipients. Current approaches for clinical use are based on the infusion of freshly isolated or ex vivo polyclonally expanded Tregs into graft recipients with an aim to redress the in vivo balance of T effector cells to Tregs. However mounting evidence suggests that regulation of donor-specific immunity may be central to achieving immunological tolerance. Therefore, the next stages in optimizing translation of Tregs to organ transplantation will be through the refinement and development of donor alloantigen-specific Treg therapy. The altering kinetics and intensity of alloantigen presentation pathways and alloimmune priming following transplantation may indeed influence the specificity of the Treg required and the timing or frequency at which it needs to be administered. Here we review and discuss the relevance of antigen-specific regulation of alloreactivity by Tregs in experimental and clinical studies of tolerance and explore the concept of delivering an optimal Treg for the induction and maintenance phases of achieving transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pervinder Sagoo
- Department Transplantation, Immunoregulation and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London London, UK
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Mechanism of accommodation in a sensitized human leukocyte antigen transgenic murine cardiac transplant model. Transplantation 2012; 93:364-72. [PMID: 22273841 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182406a6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of donor-specific antibodies (Abs) is detrimental to posttransplant allograft function. Some sensitized recipients have successfully undergone transplantation after pretransplant conditioning regimen using plasmapheresis and/or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, but underlying mechanisms that confer such allograft protection are undefined. METHODS We developed a single human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched heterotopic murine heart transplant model (HLA-A2 into HLA-A2-sensitized-C57BL/6) to determine whether pretreatment of donors with low concentration of HLA class I (W6/32) or control Ab (C1.18.4) will confer protection. Expression levels of survival genes, Bcl-2 and heme oxygenase-1, were analyzed by gene array analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression levels of cytokine panel were analyzed by Luminex. Role of Bcl-2 in the induction of allograft protection was analyzed by silencing the Bcl-2 expression in the donor hearts using a small hairpin (shRNA) specific for Bcl-2. RESULTS Control Ab-pretreated hearts were rejected in less than 5 days demonstrating hemorrhage, Ab, and C4 deposition. In contrast, W6/32-pretreated hearts were rejected at 15 days (P<0.05) that was prolonged to 25 days with antilymphocyte serum treatment. W6/32-pretreated hearts on day 5 exhibited increased expression of Bcl-2 (5.5-folds), Bcl-xl (5.5-folds), and heme oxygenase-1 (4.4-folds); decreased expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 (3.2-fold), along with reduced levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β (4.4-folds), tumor necrosis factor α (3.7-folds), IL-6 (7.5-folds), IL-12 (2.3-folds) and chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (4.5-folds), MIG (4.4-folds), MIP-1α (3.4-folds), and IL-8 (3.1-folds). Silencing of Bcl-2 in accommodated hearts before transplant resulted in loss of protection with rejection (9±3 vs. 15±2days, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Pretreatment of hearts with low levels of anti-HLA Abs increases expression of antiapoptotic genes that inhibits caspases, leading to decreased inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which promote allograft survival.
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Wu J, Hou J, Zhang M, Zou Y, Yu B. Protosappanin A, an Immunosuppressive Constituent From a Chinese Herb, Prolongs Graft Survival and Attenuates Acute Rejection in Rat Heart Allografts. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:3719-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ueta H, Shi C, Miyanari N, Xu XD, Zhou S, Yamashita M, Ezaki T, Matsuno K. Systemic transmigration of allosensitizing donor dendritic cells to host secondary lymphoid organs after rat liver transplantation. Hepatology 2008; 47:1352-62. [PMID: 18220273 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Donor dendritic cell (DC) migration and allosensitization in host secondary lymphoid organs after liver transplantation are ill defined. We used rat models to investigate graft-derived cells and intrahost allosensitization. Liver transplantation induced diffuse blood-borne migration of donor major histocompatibility class II antigen-positive (MHCII(+)) cells and MHCI(+) cells from the graft to host secondary lymphoid organs, not only the spleen, but also lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The migrated MHCII(+) cells included DCs and some T cells and B cells. The DCs formed clusters with host BrdU(+) cells where they up-regulated CD86(+), and a CD8(+) T cell proliferative response originated within 24 hours after liver transplantation, demonstrating that these DCs can quickly mature and trigger direct allosensitization in host lymphoid organs. Transfer of allogeneic bone marrow cells also induced DC transmigration and a similar host response. In contrast, allogeneic thoracic duct lymph cells contained many fewer transmigrating DCs, and their transfer induced a comparable T cell response but significantly weaker CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Thus, there is a different outcome via the indirect pathway by host DCs that have captured donor alloantigens. CONCLUSION The rat liver as well as bone marrow contains an immature DC population that can systemically transmigrate through blood vessel walls of the host secondary lymphoid organs, quickly mature, and induce diffuse intrahost CD8(+) T cell responses, which may promote graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ueta
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University and SORST, Tochigi, Japan
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Toyokawa H, Nakao A, Bailey RJ, Nalesnik MA, Kaizu T, Lemoine JL, Ikeda A, Tomiyama K, Papworth GD, Huang L, Demetris AJ, Starzl TE, Murase N. Relative contribution of direct and indirect allorecognition in developing tolerance after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:346-57. [PMID: 18306376 PMCID: PMC3022430 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of donor passenger leukocytes and host leukocytes in recipient secondary lymphoid tissues during the early posttransplantation period is crucial in directing host immune reactions toward allograft rejection or acceptance. Responsible T cell clones could be activated through the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition. We examined the role of the indirect pathway in liver transplantation (LT) tolerance by depleting host antigen-presenting cells (APC) with phagocytic activity [e.g., cluster domain (CD)68+/CD163+ macrophages, CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC)] using liposome-encapsulating clodronate (LP-CL). After Lewis rat cell or liver graft transplantation, Brown Norway (BN) rat recipients pretreated with LP-CL showed a significantly reduced type 1 helper T cell cytokine up-regulation than control-LP-treated recipients. In the LT model, LP-CL treatment and host APC depletion abrogated hepatic tolerance; Lewis liver grafts in LP-CL-treated-BN recipients developed mild allograft rejection, failed to maintain donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ leukocytes, and developed chronic rejection in challenged donor heart allografts, while control-LP-treated BN recipients maintained tolerance status and donor MHC class II+ hepatic leukocytes. Furthermore, in the BN to Lewis LT model, LP-CL recipient treatment abrogated spontaneous hepatic allograft acceptance, and graft survival rate was reduced to 43% from 100% in the control-LP group. In conclusion, the study suggests that host cells with phagocytic activity could play significant roles in developing LT tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyoshi Toyokawa
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert J. Bailey
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael A. Nalesnik
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Takashi Kaizu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jerome L. Lemoine
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Koji Tomiyama
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Glenn D. Papworth
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Thomas E. Starzl
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Noriko Murase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Veale JL, Liang LW, Zhang Q, Gjertson DW, Du Z, Bloomquist EW, Jia J, Qian L, Wilkinson AH, Danovitch GM, Pham PTT, Rosenthal JT, Lassman CR, Braun J, Reed EF, Gritsch HA. Noninvasive Diagnosis of Cellular and Antibody-Mediated Rejection by Perforin and Granzyme B in Renal Allografts. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:777-86. [PMID: 17055354 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A major milestone in transplantation would be the use of biomarkers to monitor rejection. We examined the association between perforin and granzyme-B gene expression detected in the peripheral blood of renal allograft recipients with cellular and antibody-mediated rejection. Furthermore, we judged the appropriateness of assigning negative rejection statuses to persons without a biopsy whose grafts were functioning well clinically. Of the 46 patients who completed the study, recipients with cellular rejection had higher perforin and granzyme-B levels compared with nonrejectors (p = 0.006). Interestingly, recipients with antibody-mediated rejection also had higher perforin and granzyme-B levels compared with nonrejectors (p = 0.04). Patients with high levels of granzyme B had a probability of rejecting that was 26.7 times greater than those patients with low levels of granzyme B. Perforin and granzyme B had sensitivities of 50% and specificities of 95% in predicting rejection (cutoff value = 140). Assigning negative rejection statuses to recipients without a biopsy whose grafts were functioning well did not have a major effect on the direction or significance of covariate values. This study suggests that perforin and granzyme-B gene expressions in peripheral blood are accurate in detecting both cellular and antibody-mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Veale
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Csencsits K, Wood SC, Lu G, Magee JC, Eichwald EJ, Chang CH, Bishop DK. Graft rejection mediated by CD4+ T cells via indirect recognition of alloantigen is associated with a dominant Th2 response. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:843-51. [PMID: 15714582 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells that respond to indirectly presented alloantigen have been shown to mediate chronic rejection, however, the role of the indirect pathway in acute rejection has yet to be completely elucidated. To this end, BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were depleted of CD8(+) T cells and transplanted with class II transactivator (CIITA)-deficient cardiac allografts, which cannot directly present class II alloantigens to CD4(+) T cells. In this manner, the rejection response by CD4(+) cells was forced to rely upon the indirect recognition pathway. When not depleted of CD8(+) cells, both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice rejected CIITA-/- allografts and a polarized Th1 response was observed. In contrast, when BALB/c recipients of CIITA-/- allografts were depleted of CD8(+) T cells, the grafts were acutely rejected and a strong Th2 response characterized by eosinophil influx into the graft was observed. Interestingly, CD8-depleted C57BL/6 recipients of CIITA-/- allografts did not acutely reject their transplants and a Th2 response was not mounted. These findings indicate that CD4(+) T cells responding to indirectly presented alloantigens mediate graft rejection in a Th2-dominant manner, and provide further evidence for the role of Th2 responses in acute graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Csencsits
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
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Okuda T, Ishikawa T, Azhipa O, Ichikawa N, Demetris AJ, Starzl TE, Murase N. Early passenger leukocyte migration and acute immune reactions in the rat recipient spleen during liver engraftment: with particular emphasis on donor major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells. Transplantation 2002; 74:103-11. [PMID: 12134107 PMCID: PMC3154775 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200207150-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
After a short course of tacrolimus, Lewis rat liver allografts induce donor-specific nonreactivity in Brown Norway recipients that is immunosuppression-independent after 28 days. To clarify the role of donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ cells, we investigated the migration to the recipient splenic T- and B-cell compartments of different subsets of Lewis MHC class II+ passenger leukocytes. The rise and decline of immune activation were monitored in the hepatic allograft and in the host spleen by analyses of BrdU+ (proliferating) leukocytes, TUNEL+ (apoptotic) cells, apoptosis-associated molecules, TH1/TH2 cytokine profiles, and histoimmunocytochemical examination of graft and splenic tissues. Serial flow cytometry studies during the 28-day period of drug-assisted "hepatic tolerogenesis" showed that migratory MHC class II+ cells accounted for less than half of the donor cells in the host spleen. The class II+ cells consisted mostly of B cells that homed to splenic B-cell follicles with only a sparse representation of dendritic cells that were exclusively found in the splenic periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. In parallel studies, transplantation of the less tolerogenic heart produced a diminutive version of the same events, but with far fewer donor cells in the host spleen, evidence of sustained immune activation, and the development of chronic rejection by 100 days. The data are consistent with the paradigm that migration of donor leukocytes is the prime determinant of variable tolerance induction induced by transplantation of the liver and other organs, but without regard for donor MHC class II+ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyokazu Okuda
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Smith MA, Jaramillo A, SivaSai KSR, Naziruddin B, Kaleem Z, Patterson GA, Mohanakumar T. Indirect recognition and antibody production against a single mismatched HLA-A2-transgenic molecule precede the development of obliterative airway disease in murine heterotopic tracheal allografts. Transplantation 2002; 73:186-93. [PMID: 11821728 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200201270-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have implicated the allogeneic immune response in the development of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. However, the progression of specific pathogenic events leading to this form of chronic allograft dysfunction have not been well characterized. We used a murine tracheal transplantation model in which a single mismatched HLA-A2-transgenic molecule is indirectly recognized by the recipient CD4(+) T cells to show that obliterative airway disease (OAD) that developed in these allografts was preceded by indirect recognition of the HLA-A2 molecule and subsequent development of anti-HLA-A2 antibodies. METHODS Tracheas from HLA-A2(+) C57BL/6 mice were heterotopically transplanted into C57BL/6 mice. Allograft histopathology as well as anti-HLA-A2 T-cell proliferative responses and anti-HLA-A2 antibody development were determined at days 5, 10, 20, and 28 after transplantation. RESULTS All of the HLA-A2(+) tracheal allografts transplanted into C57BL/6 recipients demonstrated complete development of OAD by day 20. Spleen cells from the mice that underwent transplantation demonstrated significant proliferation against HLA-A2(+) cells by day 5. Indirect recognition of HLA-A2-derived peptides by spleen cells from allograft recipients was also higher on days 5 and 10 as compared with irrelevant peptides derived from HLA-A1, HLA-A3, and HLA-B44. Allograft recipients showed detectable levels of anti-HLA-A2 antibodies by day 5 and full development of anti-HLA-A2 antibodies by day 20. CONCLUSION These results show that sensitization of CD4+ T cells against the mismatched HLA-A2 alloantigen precedes the development of anti-HLA antibodies as well as OAD, suggesting an important role for alloreactive CD4(+) T-cell activation and alloantibody development in the immunopathogenesis of OAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Smith
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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Smith CR, Jaramillo A, Lu KC, Higuchi T, Kaleem Z, Mohanakumar T. Prevention of obliterative airway disease in HLA-A2-transgenic tracheal allografts by neutralization of tumor necrosis factor. Transplantation 2001; 72:1512-8. [PMID: 11707738 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200111150-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the development of experimental obliterative airway disease (OAD) after transplantation. To further determine the immunologic mechanisms associated with OAD development, we used a murine tracheal transplant model in which a single mismatched HLA-A2-transgenic molecule is indirectly recognized by the recipient CD4+ T cells and then determined whether neutralization of several inflammatory cytokines affected the development of OAD. METHODS Tracheas from HLA-A2+ C57BL/6 mice were heterotopically transplanted into C57BL/6 mice. Recipients were treated with neutralizing antibodies against tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or interleukin-1 (IL-1). Allograft histology as well as anti-HLA-A2 antibody development and T cell proliferative responses were determined at days +5, +15, +28, and +60. RESULTS Allografts in untreated and anti-IFN-gamma-treated recipients demonstrated full development of OAD by day +28. Allografts in anti-TNF-treated recipients showed no evidence of OAD, even at day +60. Allografts in anti-IL-1-treated recipients showed airway epithelium changes by day +28 but minimal evidence of OAD by day +60. Spleen cells from untreated and anti-IFN-gamma-treated recipients showed significantly higher proliferative responses to HLA-A2+ cells, compared with syngeneic recipients (negative controls). In contrast, anti-TNF and anti-IL-1-treated recipients showed significantly lower proliferative responses to HLA-A2+ cells, compared with untreated recipients. Development of anti-HLA-A2 antibodies was detected in all recipients by day +15, with the exception of those treated with anti-TNF. CONCLUSION Among the inflammatory cytokines, TNF seems to play a crucial role in the immunopathology of OAD developed after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Smith
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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