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Galili U. Antibody production and tolerance to the α-gal epitope as models for understanding and preventing the immune response to incompatible ABO carbohydrate antigens and for α-gal therapies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1209974. [PMID: 37449060 PMCID: PMC10338101 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1209974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the significance of the α-gal epitope (Galα-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) as the core of human blood-group A and B antigens (A and B antigens), determines in mouse models the principles underlying the immune response to these antigens, and suggests future strategies for the induction of immune tolerance to incompatible A and B antigens in human allografts. Carbohydrate antigens, such as ABO antigens and the α-gal epitope, differ from protein antigens in that they do not interact with T cells, but B cells interacting with them require T-cell help for their activation. The α-gal epitope is the core of both A and B antigens and is the ligand of the natural anti-Gal antibody, which is abundant in all humans. In A and O individuals, anti-Gal clones (called anti-Gal/B) comprise >85% of the so-called anti-B activity and bind to the B antigen in facets that do not include fucose-linked α1-2 to the core α-gal. As many as 1% of B cells are anti-Gal B cells. Activation of quiescent anti-Gal B cells upon exposure to α-gal epitopes on xenografts and some protozoa can increase the titer of anti-Gal by 100-fold. α1,3-Galactosyltransferase knockout (GT-KO) mice lack α-gal epitopes and can produce anti-Gal. These mice simulate human recipients of ABO-incompatible human allografts. Exposure for 2-4 weeks of naïve and memory mouse anti-Gal B cells to α-gal epitopes in the heterotopically grafted wild-type (WT) mouse heart results in the elimination of these cells and immune tolerance to this epitope. Shorter exposures of 7 days of anti-Gal B cells to α-gal epitopes in the WT heart result in the production of accommodating anti-Gal antibodies that bind to α-gal epitopes but do not lyse cells or reject the graft. Tolerance to α-gal epitopes due to the elimination of naïve and memory anti-Gal B cells can be further induced by 2 weeks in vivo exposure to WT lymphocytes or autologous lymphocytes engineered to present α-gal epitopes by transduction of the α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene. These mouse studies suggest that autologous human lymphocytes similarly engineered to present the A or B antigen may induce corresponding tolerance in recipients of ABO-incompatible allografts. The review further summarizes experimental works demonstrating the efficacy of α-gal therapies in amplifying anti-viral and anti-tumor immune-protection and regeneration of injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
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Xu Y, Lee JG, Yan JJ, Ryu JH, Xu S, Yang J. Human B1 Cells are the Main Blood Group A-Specific B Cells That Have a Moderate Correlation With Anti-A Antibody Titer. Ann Lab Med 2020; 40:48-56. [PMID: 31432639 PMCID: PMC6713656 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2020.40.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-carbohydrate antibody responses, including those of anti-blood group ABO antibodies, are yet to be thoroughly studied in humans. Because anti-ABO antibody-mediated rejection is a key hurdle in ABO-incompatible transplantation, it is important to understand the cellular mechanism of anti-ABO responses. We aimed to identify the main human B cell subsets that produce anti-ABO antibodies by analyzing the correlation between B cell subsets and anti-ABO antibody titers. Methods Blood group A-binding B cells were analyzed in peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood samples from 43 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and 18 healthy volunteers with blood group B or O. The correlation between each blood group A-specific B cell subset and anti-A antibody titer was then analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Results Blood group A-binding B cells were enriched in CD27+CD43+CD1c− B1, CD5+ B1, CD11b+ B1, and CD27+CD43+CD1c+ marginal zone-B1 cells in peripheral blood. Blood group A-specific B1 cells (P=0.029 and R=0.356 for IgM; P=0.049 and R=0.325 for IgG) and marginal zone-B1 cells (P=0.011 and R=0.410 for IgM) were positively correlated with anti-A antibody titer. Further analysis of peritoneal B cells confirmed B1 cell enrichment in the peritoneal cavity but showed no difference in blood group A-specific B1 cell enrichment between the peritoneal cavity and peripheral blood. Conclusions Human B1 cells are the key blood group A-specific B cells that have a moderate correlation with anti-A antibody titer and therefore constitute a potential therapeutic target for successful ABO-incompatible transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Ghi Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Jing Yan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ryu
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songji Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Benatuil L, Kaye J, Cretin N, Godwin JG, Cariappa A, Pillai S, Iacomini J. Ig knock-in mice producing anti-carbohydrate antibodies: breakthrough of B cells producing low affinity anti-self antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3839-48. [PMID: 18322191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural Abs specific for the carbohydrate Ag Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (alphaGal) play an important role in providing protective host immunity to various pathogens; yet little is known about how production of these or other anti-carbohydrate natural Abs is regulated. In this study, we describe the generation of Ig knock-in mice carrying functionally rearranged H chain and L chain variable region genes isolated from a B cell hybridoma producing alphaGal-specific IgM Ab that make it possible to examine the development of B cells producing anti-carbohydrate natural Abs in the presence or absence of alphaGal as a self-Ag. Knock-in mice on a alphaGal-deficient background spontaneously developed alphaGal-specific IgM Abs of a sufficiently high titer to mediate rejection of alphaGal expressing cardiac transplants. In the spleen of these mice, B cells expressing alphaGal-specific IgM are located in the marginal zone. In knock-in mice that express alphaGal, B cells expressing the knocked in BCR undergo negative selection via receptor editing. Interestingly, production of low affinity alphaGal-specific Ab was observed in mice that express alphaGal that carry two copies of the knocked in H chain. We suggest that in these mice, receptor editing functioned to lower the affinity for self-Ag below a threshold that would result in overt pathology, while allowing development of low affinity anti-self Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Benatuil
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ding JW, Zhou T, Ma L, Yin D, Shen J, Ding CPY, Tang IY, Byrne GW, Chong AS. Expression of complement regulatory proteins in accommodated xenografts induced by anti-alpha-Gal IgG1 in a rat-to-mouse model. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:32-40. [PMID: 17973967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Anti-graft antibodies are often associated with graft rejection. Under special conditions, grafts continue to function normally even in the presence of anti-graft antibodies and complement. This condition is termed accommodation. We developed a xenograft accommodation model in which baby Lewis rat hearts are transplanted into Rag/GT-deficient mice, and accommodation is induced by repeated i.v. injections of low-dose anti-alpha-Gal IgG(1). The accommodated grafts survived a bolus dose of anti-alpha-Gal IgG(1), while freshly transplanted second grafts were rejected. To study the mechanism of anti-alpha-Gal IgG(1)-mediated accommodation, both real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining revealed elevated expression of DAF, Crry and CD59 in the accommodated grafts. In vitro exposure of rat endothelial cells to anti-alpha-Gal IgG(1) also induced the up-regulation of DAF, Crry and CD59, as revealed by Western blot analyses, and was associated with an acquired resistance to antibody and complement-mediated lysis in vitro. Collectively, these studies suggest that the up-regulation of complement regulatory proteins may abrogate complement-mediated rejection and permit the development of xenograft accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wen Ding
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ding JW, Zhou T, Zeng H, Ma L, Verbeek JS, Yin D, Shen J, Chong AS. Hyperacute Rejection by Anti-Gal IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2bIs Dependent on Complement and Fc-γ Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 180:261-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kawahara T, Shimizu I, Ohdan H, Zhao G, Sykes M. Differing mechanisms of early and late B cell hyporesponsiveness induced by mixed chimerism. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:2821-9. [PMID: 16302994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mixed hematopoietic chimerism induced via nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation (BMT) leads to unresponsiveness of anti-Gal alpha1,3Gal beta1,4G1cNAc (Gal) natural antibody (NAb)-producing cells in alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase deficient (GalT(-/-)) mice. We analyzed the mechanisms of anti-Gal-producing B cell unresponsiveness induced by Gal(+/+) BMT. C57BL/6 (B6) GalT(-/-) mice received 3Gy whole-body irradiation and BMT from B6-CD45 congenic mice. BMT led to marked reductions in serum anti-Gal IgM levels and in the numbers of splenic anti-Gal-producing cells by 2 weeks post-BMT. B cells with anti-Gal Ig receptors were present in the spleens of 2-week but not 12-week chimeras. In vitro studies and adoptive transfer studies using B6 GalT(-/-)B cell-deficient recipients showed that B cell hyporesponsiveness to Gal at 2 weeks, but not 12 weeks, depended on persistent Gal antigen. Thus, pre-existing B-1 cells are anergic when there is continuous exposure to Gal, whereas long-term unresponsiveness does not require persistent antigen, implicating clonal deletion and/or receptor editing. These results have implications for the potential use of mixed hematopioetic chimerism as an approach to performing organ transplantation in recipients with pre-existing anti-donor IgM antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawahara
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Benatuil L, Kaye J, Rich RF, Fishman JA, Green WR, Iacomini J. The influence of natural antibody specificity on antigen immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2638-47. [PMID: 16082726 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The natural antibody repertoire in humans, apes and Old World primates is distinct from the repertoire of all other placental mammals, and encodes antibodies specific for the carbohydrate epitope Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (alphaGal). Here, we examined whether conjugating antigens to the alphaGal epitope can augment their immunogenicity in alpha(1,3)galactosyltransferase knockout mice (GT0 mice) which, like humans, produce alphaGal-specific antibodies. Immunization of GT0 mice with BSA conjugated to alphaGal (alphaGal-BSA) led to significant production of anti-BSA IgG antibodies without the need for adjuvant. This response was dependent on the presence of alphaGal-reactive antibodies. Immunization of wild-type mice with alphaGal-BSA failed to induce an anti-BSA response. The presence of alphaGal-reactive antibodies also led to an increase in the T cell response to BSA following immunization with alphaGal-BSA when compared with mice that received BSA alone, resulting in an increased frequency of IFN-gamma- and IL-4-producing BSA-specific T cells. In addition, the ability to produce alphaGal-reactive antibodies enhanced the cytotoxic T lymphocyte anti-viral antigen response following vaccination with murine leukemia virus transformed cell lines that express alphaGal on their cell surface. Natural antibodies that bind alphaGal therefore play a key role in increasing the efficiency of priming to antigens decorated with alphaGal epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Benatuil
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhou D, Mattner J, Cantu C, Schrantz N, Yin N, Gao Y, Sagiv Y, Hudspeth K, Wu YP, Yamashita T, Teneberg S, Wang D, Proia RL, Levery SB, Savage PB, Teyton L, Bendelac A. Lysosomal glycosphingolipid recognition by NKT cells. Science 2004; 306:1786-9. [PMID: 15539565 DOI: 10.1126/science.1103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells represent a distinct lineage of T cells that coexpress a conserved alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR) and natural killer (NK) receptors. Although the TCR of NKT cells is characteristically autoreactive to CD1d, a lipid-presenting molecule, endogenous ligands for these cells have not been identified. We show that a lysosomal glycosphingolipid of previously unknown function, isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3), is recognized both by mouse and human NKT cells. Impaired generation of lysosomal iGb3 in mice lacking beta-hexosaminidase b results in severe NKT cell deficiency, suggesting that this lipid also mediates development of NKT cells in the mouse. We suggest that expression of iGb3 in peripheral tissues may be involved in controlling NKT cell responses to infections and malignancy and in autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Autoimmunity
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Galactosyltransferases/genetics
- Galactosyltransferases/metabolism
- Globosides/chemistry
- Globosides/immunology
- Globosides/metabolism
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Infections/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Plant Lectins/immunology
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Saposins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/genetics
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhou
- University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Yin D, Zeng H, Ma L, Shen J, Xu H, Byrne GW, Chong AS. Cutting Edge: NK Cells Mediate IgG1-Dependent Hyperacute Rejection of Xenografts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7235-8. [PMID: 15187097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Classic hyperacute rejection is dependent on the activation of the terminal components of complement. Recently, xenoantibodies with limited abilities to activate the classical pathway of complement in vitro have been implicated in the acute vascular rejection of xenografts. It is unclear how these Abs affect their pathogenic activities in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of an anti-Gal-alpha1,3Gal (Gal) IgG1, with modest complement-activating abilities in vitro, to induce xenograft rejection. This rejection was dependent on the activation of complement, on FcgammaR-mediated interactions, and on the presence of NK cells. Inhibition of any one of these factors resulted in the abrogation of IgG1-mediated rejection. In contrast, an anti-Gal IgG3 mAb induced classic, hyperacute rejection that was solely dependent on complement activation. Our observations implicate two types of IgG-mediated rejection; one that is dependent on complement activation, and a second that is uniquely dependent on complement, FcgammaR, and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengping Yin
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Galactose-α1,3-galactose knockout mouse: a surrogate recipient. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2003. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-200303000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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