1
|
Mao K, Luo J, Ye J, Li L, Lin F, Zhou M, Wang D, Yu L, Zhu Z, Zuo D, Ye J. 2-D-gal Targets Terminal Fucosylation to Inhibit T-cell Response in a Mouse Skin Transplant Model. Transplantation 2023; 107:1291-1301. [PMID: 36367925 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ allograft rejection is mainly driven by T-cell response. Studies have shown that fucosylation plays essential roles in the immune cell development and function. Terminal fucosylation inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-galactose (2-D-gal), has been reported to suppress immunoresponse of macrophages, but its effects on T-cell-mediated immune response and transplant rejection have not been fully explored. METHODS The terminal fucosylation level in T cells was detected through ulex europaeus agglutinin-I staining. The consequences of 2-D-gal on murine T-cell proliferation, activation, cytokine secretion, and cell cycle were investigated in vitro. T-cell receptor signaling cascades were examined. Last, mouse skin transplant model was utilized to evaluate the regulatory effects of 2-D-gal on T-cell response in vivo. RESULTS The expression of fucosyltransferase1 was upregulated in CD3/CD28-activated T cells along with an elevation of α(1,2)-fucosylation level as seen by ulex europaeus agglutinin-I staining. Furthermore, 2-D-gal suppressed T-cell activation and proliferation, decrease cytokines production, arrest cell cycle, and prevent the activation of T-cell receptor signaling cascades. In vivo experiments showed that 2-D-gal limited T-cell proliferation to prolong skin allograft in mice. This was accompanied by lower level of inflammatory cytokines, and were comparable to those treated with Cyclosporin A. CONCLUSIONS Terminal fucosylation appears to play a role in T-cell activation and proliferation, and its inhibitor, 2-D-gal, can suppress T-cell activation and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. In a therapeutic context, inhibiting terminal fucosylation may be a potential strategy to prevent allogeneic transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Mao
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jialiang Luo
- Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fenwang Lin
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Zhou
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengyumeng Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junsheng Ye
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hawthorne WJ, Salvaris EJ, Chew YV, Burns H, Hawkes J, Barlow H, Hu M, Lew AM, Nottle MB, O’Connell PJ, Cowan PJ. Xenotransplantation of Genetically Modified Neonatal Pig Islets Cures Diabetes in Baboons. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898948. [PMID: 35784286 PMCID: PMC9243461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using porcine donors is rapidly approaching clinical applicability as an alternative therapy for treatment of many end-stage diseases including type 1 diabetes. Porcine neonatal islet cell clusters (NICC) have normalised blood sugar levels for relatively short periods in the preclinical diabetic rhesus model but have met with limited success in the stringent baboon model. Here we report that NICC from genetically modified (GM) pigs deleted for αGal and expressing the human complement regulators CD55 and CD59 can cure diabetes long-term in immunosuppressed baboons, with maximum graft survival exceeding 22 months. Five diabetic baboons were transplanted intraportally with 9,673 – 56,913 islet equivalents (IEQ) per kg recipient weight. Immunosuppression consisted of T cell depletion with an anti-CD2 mAb, tacrolimus for the first 4 months, and maintenance with belatacept and anti-CD154; no anti-inflammatory treatment or cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis/treatment was given. This protocol was well tolerated, with all recipients maintaining or gaining weight. Recipients became insulin-independent at a mean of 87 ± 43 days post-transplant and remained insulin-independent for 397 ± 174 days. Maximum graft survival was 675 days. Liver biopsies showed functional islets staining for all islet endocrine components, with no evidence of the inflammatory blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) and minimal leukocytic infiltration. The costimulation blockade-based immunosuppressive protocol prevented an anti-pig antibody response in all recipients. In conclusion, we demonstrate that genetic modification of the donor pig enables attenuation of early islet xenograft injury, and in conjunction with judicious immunosuppression provides excellent long-term function and graft survival in the diabetic baboon model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J. Hawthorne
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Wayne J. Hawthorne,
| | - Evelyn J. Salvaris
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi Vee Chew
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather Burns
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Hawkes
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Barlow
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Lew
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark B. Nottle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Philip J. O’Connell
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J. Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Porcine to Human Heart Transplantation: Is Clinical Application Now Appropriate? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:2534653. [PMID: 29238731 PMCID: PMC5697125 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2534653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac xenotransplantation (CXTx) is a promising solution to the chronic shortage of donor hearts. Recent advancements in immune suppression have greatly improved the survival of heterotopic CXTx, now extended beyond 2 years, and life-supporting kidney XTx. Advances in donor genetic modification (B4GALNT2 and CMAH mutations) with proven Gal-deficient donors expressing human complement regulatory protein(s) have also accelerated, reducing donor pig organ antigenicity. These advances can now be combined and tested in life-supporting orthotopic preclinical studies in nonhuman primates and immunologically appropriate models confirming their efficacy and safety for a clinical CXTx program. Preclinical studies should also allow for organ rejection to develop xenospecific assays and therapies to reverse rejection. The complexity of future clinical CXTx presents a substantial and unique set of regulatory challenges which must be addressed to avoid delay; however, dependent on these prospective life-supporting preclinical studies in NHPs, it appears that the scientific path forward is well defined and the era of clinical CXTx is approaching.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hawthorne WJ, Salvaris EJ, Phillips P, Hawkes J, Liuwantara D, Burns H, Barlow H, Stewart AB, Peirce SB, Hu M, Lew AM, Robson SC, Nottle MB, D'Apice AJF, O'Connell PJ, Cowan PJ. Control of IBMIR in neonatal porcine islet xenotransplantation in baboons. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1300-9. [PMID: 24842781 PMCID: PMC4204157 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) is a major obstacle to the engraftment of intraportal pig islet xenografts in primates. Higher expression of the galactose-α1,3-galactose (αGal) xenoantigen on neonatal islet cell clusters (NICC) than on adult pig islets may provoke a stronger reaction, but this has not been tested in the baboon model. Here, we report that WT pig NICC xenografts triggered profound IBMIR in baboons, with intravascular clotting and graft destruction occurring within hours, which was not prevented by anti-thrombin treatment. In contrast, IBMIR was minimal when recipients were immunosuppressed with a clinically relevant protocol and transplanted with NICC from αGal-deficient pigs transgenic for the human complement regulators CD55 and CD59. These genetically modified (GM) NICC were less susceptible to humoral injury in vitro than WT NICC, inducing significantly less complement activation and thrombin generation when incubated with baboon platelet-poor plasma. Recipients of GM NICC developed a variable anti-pig antibody response, and examination of the grafts 1 month after transplant revealed significant cell-mediated rejection, although scattered insulin-positive cells were still present. Our results indicate that IBMIR can be attenuated in this model, but long-term graft survival may require more effective immunosuppression or further donor genetic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Hawthorne
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia,University of Sydney at Westmead HospitalWestmead, NSW, Australia,*Corresponding author: Wayne J. Hawthorne,
| | - E J Salvaris
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Phillips
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - J Hawkes
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - D Liuwantara
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - H Burns
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - H Barlow
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A B Stewart
- Department of Anaesthesia, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S B Peirce
- Experimental Medical Surgical Unit, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M Hu
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - A M Lew
- Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S C Robson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - M B Nottle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A J F D'Apice
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P J O'Connell
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmead, NSW, Australia,University of Sydney at Westmead HospitalWestmead, NSW, Australia
| | - P J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gock H, Murray-Segal LJ, Winterhalter AC, Aminian A, Moore GTC, Brown SJ, d'Apice AJF, Cowan PJ. Altered glycosylation in donor mice causes rejection of strain-matched skin and heart grafts. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:797-805. [PMID: 24502456 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Differential protein glycosylation in the donor and recipient can have profound consequences for transplanted organs, as evident in ABO-incompatible transplantation and xenotransplantation. In this study, we investigated the impact of altered fucosylation on graft acceptance by using donor mice overexpressing human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (HTF). Skin and heart grafts from HTF transgenic mice were rapidly rejected by otherwise completely matched recipients (median survival times 16 and 14 days, respectively). HTF skin transplanted onto mice lacking T and B cells induced an natural killer cell-mediated innate rejection crisis that affected 50-95% of the graft at 10-20 days. However, in the absence of adaptive immunity, the residual graft recovered and survived long-term (>100 days). Experiments using "parked" grafts or MHC class II-deficient recipients suggested that indirect rather than direct antigen presentation plays a role in HTF skin graft rejection, although the putative antigen(s) was not identified. We conclude that altered glycosylation patterns on donor tissue can trigger a powerful rejection response comprising both innate and adaptive components. This has potential implications for allotransplantation, in light of increasing recognition of the variability of the human glycome, and for xenotransplantation, where carbohydrate remodeling has been a lynchpin of donor genetic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Gock
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Onzuka T, Shimizu I, Tomita Y, Iwai T, Okano S, Tominaga R. Application of cyclophosphamide-induced tolerance in alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout mice presensitized with Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta-4-GlcNAc antigens. Surg Today 2008; 38:807-14. [PMID: 18751946 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-007-3715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperacute rejection (HAR) mediated by the natural antibody (nAb) against Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta-4-GlcNAc (alpha Gal) is the major obstacle in xenogeneic organ transplantation. Previously, we reported the acceptance of donor heart grafts in anti-alpha Gal nAb-producing galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT KO) mice after cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced tolerance conditioning. In the present study, we applied our tolerance induction conditioning in presensitized recipient mice. METHODS GalT KO (alpha Gal(-/-), H-2(b/d)) recipient mice were presensitized with alpha Gal(+) rabbit red blood cells (RRBCs). Presensitized or nonsensitized recipient mice were treated with CP-induced tolerance conditioning, consisting of AKR (alpha Gal(+/+), H-2(k)) spleen cells (SC), CP, busulfan (BU), and AKR bone marrow cells (BMC). We assessed the survival of donor hearts and skin grafts and analyzed the production of anti-alpha Gal Abs by flow cytometry. RESULTS Donor mixed chimerism was achieved in the presensitized GalT KO mice treated with CP-induced tolerance conditioning. In parallel with the disappearance of anti-alpha Gal Abs, permanent acceptance of donor heart grafts and skin grafts was observed in presensitized and GalT KO mice treated with CP-induced tolerance conditioning. CONCLUSIONS Both B-cell and T-cell tolerance was achieved in the presence of a higher titer of anti-alpha Gal Abs after treatment with CP-induced tolerance conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Onzuka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murray-Segal L, Gock H, Cowan PJ, D’Apice AJ. Anti-Gal antibody-mediated skin graft rejection requires a threshold level of Gal expression. Xenotransplantation 2008; 15:20-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Nottle MB, Beebe LFS, Harrison SJ, McIlfatrick SM, Ashman RJ, O'Connell PJ, Salvaris EJ, Fisicaro N, Pommey S, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF. Production of homozygous alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by breeding and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:339-44. [PMID: 17669176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report here our experience regarding the production of double or homozygous Gal knockout (Gal KO) pigs by breeding and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Large White x Landrace female heterozygous Gal KO founders produced using SCNT were mated with Hampshire or Duroc males to produce a F1 generation. F1 heterozygous pigs were then bred to half-sibs to produce a F2 generation which contained Gal KO pigs. To determine the viability of mating Gal KO pigs with each other, one female F2 Gal KO pig was bred to a half-sib and subsequently a full-sib Gal KO. F1 and F2 heterozygous females were also mated to F2 Gal KO males. All three types of matings produced Gal KO pigs. To produce Gal KO pigs by SCNT, heterozygous F1s were bred together and F2 fetuses were harvested to establish primary cultures of Gal KO fetal fibroblasts. Gal KO embryos were transferred to five recipients, one of which became pregnant and had a litter of four piglets. Together our results demonstrate that Gal KO pigs can be produced by breeding with each other and by SCNT using Gal KO fetal fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Nottle
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health & Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chandra AP, Salvaris E, Walters SN, Murray-Segal L, Gock H, Lehnert AM, Wong JKW, Cowan PJ, d'Apice AJF, O'Connell PJ. Fate of alphaGal +/+ pancreatic islet grafts after transplantation into alphaGal knockout mice. Xenotransplantation 2005; 11:323-31. [PMID: 15196126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Important phylogenetic differences between pig and human tissues prevent xenotransplantation from becoming a clinically feasible option. Humans lack the galactose-alpha1,3-galactose (alphaGal) epitope on endothelial cell surfaces and therefore have preformed anti-alphaGal antibodies. The role of these antibodies in rejection of non-vascular xenografts remains controversial. This study investigated the role of anti-alphaGal antibodies in rejection of non-vascularized alphaGal+/+ grafts in alphaGal -/- mice. METHODS alphaGal +/+ and alphaGal -/- pancreatic islets were transplanted under the renal capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic (1) alphaGal -/- mice and (2) alphaGal +/+ mice. alphaGal -/- recepients were immunized with rabbit red blood cell membranes (RRBCs) to produce elevated anti-alphaGal antibody levels. RESULTS Six of the 18 alphaGal -/- mice rejected the alphaGal +/+ grafts within 68 days whereas indefinite graft survival was achieved in the control groups. Animals with surviving islet grafts were challenged with alphaGal +/+ skin grafts. Although all alphaGal +/+ skin grafts were rejected within 58 days, the islet grafts remained intact. This observation correlated with the level of alphaGal expression (which was very low on islets compared to skin) rather than the actual titre of anti-alphaGal antibody. DISCUSSION The results suggest that the level of alphaGal expression plays an important role in graft survival. Therefore, its removal is important in the development of a pig islet donor for future clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash P Chandra
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millenium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gock H, Murray-Segal L, Salvaris E, Cowan P, D'Apice AJF. Allogeneic sensitization is more effective than xenogeneic sensitization in eliciting gal-mediated skin graft rejection1. Transplantation 2004; 77:751-3. [PMID: 15021840 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000116420.17173.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of Gal knockout (KO) pigs is likely to be an important advance in xenotransplantation. However, recent reports suggesting that expression of Gal may not be completely eliminated raise the possibility of a continuing anti-Gal immune response. The authors used a Gal-mismatched skin graft model to study cell-mediated anti-Gal rejection. Gal KO mice on a BALB/c or C57BL/6 background were sensitized with allogeneic or xenogeneic (rat) Gal-positive skin grafts and underwent transplantation with a secondary skin graft solely mismatched for Gal 21 days later. Most allograft-sensitized recipients rejected the secondary graft (n=26 [96%]) compared with less than half of xenograft-sensitized recipients (n=25 [44%]). An immunoglobulin (Ig) M response was detected in some xenograft-sensitized but not allograft-sensitized recipients. No recipients developed detectable anti-Gal IgG. The authors' findings contrast with previous reports that xenografts are more potent than allografts in eliciting an anti-Gal response and suggest that a predominantly cell-mediated response can mediate rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilton Gock
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schröder C, Wu GS, Price E, Johnson JE, Pierson RN, Azimzadeh AM. Hyperacute rejection of mouse lung by human blood: characterization of the model and the role of complement. Transplantation 2003; 76:755-60. [PMID: 14501848 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000069836.91593.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of hyperacute lung rejection (HALR) is not fully understood. A mouse model of HALR by human blood would be valuable to efficiently dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex process, but it has not been described. METHODS We developed a xenogenic mouse lung-perfusion model. Perfusion with heparinized autologous blood (n=3) was compared with human blood unmodified (n=7) or pretreated with C1 inhibitor (n=5) or soluble complement receptor type 1 (n=6) at unchanged flow conditions. RESULTS Perfusion with autologous blood was associated with stable physiologic parameters and no overt evidence of lung injury for up to 2 hr. Pulmonary artery perfusion pressure increased rapidly after introduction of unmodified human blood, plasma anti-Gal(alpha)1,3Gal antibodies declined (90% immunoglobulin [Ig]M, 80% IgG), and lungs reliably met survival endpoints within 11 min (median 10 min, confidence interval [CI]: 9-11). Human Ig and neutrophils were rapidly sequestered in the lung. Survival was significantly prolonged in the soluble complement receptor type 1 group (36 min, CI: 26-46) (P<0.01) and in the C1 inhibitor group (23 min, CI: 21-25) (P<0.05), and pulmonary vascular resistance elevation and complement activation were significantly attenuated but not prevented. CONCLUSIONS Hyperacute rejection of mouse lung by human blood occurs with kinetics, physiology, and histology closely analogous to the pig-to-human model. In addition, as in that model, neither of two potent soluble-phase complement inhibitors prevented complement activation or HALR. We conclude that the mouse lung model is relevant to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing HALR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schröder
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, and Nashville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|