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Sun Y, Li Q, Huang Y, Yang Z, Li G, Sun X, Gu X, Qiao Y, Wu Q, Xie T, Sui X. Natural products for enhancing the sensitivity or decreasing the adverse effects of anticancer drugs through regulating the redox balance. Chin Med 2024; 19:110. [PMID: 39164783 PMCID: PMC11334420 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox imbalance is reported to play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, cancer development, and drug resistance. Severe oxidative damage is a general consequence of cancer cell responses to treatment and may cause cancer cell death or severe adverse effects. To maintain their longevity, cancer cells can rescue redox balance and enter a state of resistance to anticancer drugs. Therefore, targeting redox signalling pathways has emerged as an attractive and prospective strategy for enhancing the efficacy of anticancer drugs and decreasing their adverse effects. Over the past few decades, natural products (NPs) have become an invaluable source for developing new anticancer drugs due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that many NPs exhibit remarkable antitumour effects, whether used alone or as adjuvants, and are emerging as effective approaches to enhance sensitivity and decrease the adverse effects of conventional cancer therapies by regulating redox balance. Among them are several novel anticancer drugs based on NPs that have entered clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the synergistic anticancer effects and related redox mechanisms of the combination of NPs with conventional anticancer drugs. We believe that NPs targeting redox regulation will represent promising novel candidates and provide prospects for cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zijing Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunhao Qiao
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xinbing Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
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Thioredoxin reductase as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105854. [PMID: 34455077 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) belong to the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family enzymes that reduce thioredoxin (Trx). The couple TrxR and Trx is one of the major antioxidant systems that control the redox homeostasis in cells. The thioredoxin system, comprised of TrxR, Trx and NADPH, exerts its activities via a disulfide-dithiol exchange reaction. Inhibition of TrxR is an important clinical goal in all conditions in which the redox state is perturbed. The present review focuses on the most critical aspects of the cellular functions of TrxRs and their inhibition mechanisms by metal ions or chemicals, through direct targeting of TrxRs or their substrates or protein interactors. To update the involvement of overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs in various pathological conditions, human diseases associated with TrxRs genes were critically summarized by publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalogs and literature. The pieces of evidence presented here justify why TrxR is recognized as one of the most critical clinical targets and the growing current interest in developing molecules capable of interfering with the functions of TrxR enzymes.
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Ecker A, Barbosa NV, Ardisson-Araujo D. Accessing the transcriptional status of selenoproteins in skin cancer-derived cell lines. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 60:126476. [PMID: 32142958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenoproteins are selenocysteine (Sec)-containing proteins that exhibit numerous physiological functions, mainly antioxidative activities. Studies have suggested that several human selenoproteins play an important role in tumor initiation and progression, including melanoma. METHODS Using RNA-seq data set from Sequence Reads Archive (SRA) experiments published at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), we determined and compared the transcriptional levels of the 25 selenoproteins-coding sequences found in 16 human-derived melanoma cell lines and compared to four melanocyte controls. RESULTS 15 selenoprotein-coding genes were found to be expressed in melanoma and normal melanocyte cells, and their mRNA levels varied among the cell lines. All melanoma cells analyzed with BRAF or NRAS mutations presented upregulated levels of SELENOI, TXNRD1, and SELENOT transcripts and downregulated levels of SELENOW and SELENON transcripts in comparison with melanocytes controls. Moreover, SELENOW, SELENON, SELENOI, TXNRD1, and SELENOT-coding transcripts were affected when BRAF-mutated A375 cells were treated with CPI203, A771726 or Vorinostat drugs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that melanoma cells can modify, in a different manner, the selenoprotein transcript levels, as a possible mechanism to control tumor progression. We suggest that the usage of diet and supplements containing selenium should be carefully used for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assis Ecker
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nilda Vargas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Ardisson-Araujo
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Obrador E, Salvador R, López-Blanch R, Jihad-Jebbar A, Alcácer J, Benlloch M, Pellicer JA, Estrela JM. Melanoma in the liver: Oxidative stress and the mechanisms of metastatic cell survival. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 71:109-121. [PMID: 32428715 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a fatal disease with a rapid systemic dissemination. The most frequent target sites are the liver, bone, and brain. Melanoma metastases represent a heterogeneous cell population, which associates with genomic instability and resistance to therapy. Interaction of melanoma cells with the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium initiates a signaling cascade involving cytokines, growth factors, bioactive lipids, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the cancer cell, the endothelium, and also by different immune cells. Endothelial cell-derived NO and H2O2 and the action of immune cells cause the death of most melanoma cells that reach the hepatic microvascularization. Surviving melanoma cells attached to the endothelium of pre-capillary arterioles or sinusoids may follow two mechanisms of extravasation: a) migration through vessel fenestrae or b) intravascular proliferation followed by vessel rupture and microinflammation. Invading melanoma cells first form micrometastases within the normal lobular hepatic architecture via a mechanism regulated by cross-talk with the stroma and multiple microenvironment-related molecular signals. In this review special emphasis is placed on neuroendocrine (systemic) mechanisms as potential promoters of liver metastatic growth. Growing metastatic cells undergo functional and metabolic changes that increase their capacity to withstand oxidative/nitrosative stress, which favors their survival. This adaptive process also involves upregulation of Bcl-2-related antideath mechanisms, which seems to lead to the generation of more resistant cell subclones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ali Jihad-Jebbar
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Alcácer
- Pathology Laboratory, Quirón Hospital, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Health & Functional Valorization, San Vicente Martir Catholic University, 46001, Valencia, Spain
| | - José A Pellicer
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Estrela
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Cui Q, Wang JQ, Assaraf YG, Ren L, Gupta P, Wei L, Ashby CR, Yang DH, Chen ZS. Modulating ROS to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 41:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Perotti V, Baldassari P, Molla A, Vegetti C, Bersani I, Maurichi A, Santinami M, Anichini A, Mortarini R. NFATc2 is an intrinsic regulator of melanoma dedifferentiation. Oncogene 2015; 35:2862-72. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wall BA, Wangari-Talbot J, Shin SS, Schiff D, Sierra J, Yu LJ, Khan A, Haffty B, Goydos JS, Chen S. Disruption of GRM1-mediated signalling using riluzole results in DNA damage in melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:263-74. [PMID: 24330389 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gain of function of the neuronal receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (Grm1), was sufficient to induce melanocytic transformation in vitro and spontaneous melanoma development in vivo when ectopically expressed in melanocytes. The human form of this receptor, GRM1, has been shown to be ectopically expressed in a subset of human melanomas but not benign nevi or normal melanocytes, suggesting that misregulation of GRM1 is involved in the pathogenesis of certain human melanomas. Sustained stimulation of Grm1 by the ligand, glutamate, is required for the maintenance of transformed phenotypes in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of an inhibitor of glutamate release, riluzole, on human melanoma cells that express metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1). Various in vitro assays conducted show that inhibition of glutamate release in several human melanoma cell lines resulted in an increase of oxidative stress and DNA damage response markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Wall
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program of Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Peng ZF, Lan LX, Zhao F, Li J, Tan Q, Yin HW, Zeng HH. A novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in HL-60 and K562 cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:16-21. [PMID: 18196608 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b071605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system is associated with cancer cell growth and anti-apoptosis process. Effects of 1,2-[bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2H)-ketone)]ethane (BBSKE), a novel TrxR inhibitor, were investigated on human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and K562. BBSKE treatment induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in both cell lines. Apoptosis induced by BBSKE is through Bcl-2/Bax and caspase-3 pathways. Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma-bearing mice were used to investigate the anti-tumor effect of BBSKE in vivo. Tumor-bearing mice treated with BBSKE showed an increase of life span with a comparable effect to cyclophosphamide (CTX). These results suggest a potential usage of BBSKE as a therapeutic agent against non-solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Fu Peng
- Department of Chem-Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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Söderberg A, Barral AM, Söderström M, Sander B, Rosén A. Redox-signaling transmitted in trans to neighboring cells by melanoma-derived TNF-containing exosomes. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:90-9. [PMID: 17561097 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is known to be involved in redox signaling pathways that regulate normal processes and disease progression, including cytokine signaling, oxidative stress, and cancer. In studies on immune surveillance against cancer, hydrogen peroxide was found to disrupt cytotoxic T-cell function, thus contributing to tumor escape. In this study, secretion of TNF-containing vesicles of rab9+ endosomal origin, termed exosomes, was investigated using GFP-TNF constructs. We observed a polarized intracellular trafficking and apical secretion of TNF-positive nanovesicles. Cell-to-cell transfer of TNF was observed in exosomes in real-time microscopy, occurring separate from the melanin/melanosome compartment. Exosomes were prepared by ultracentrifugation or immunoisolation on anti-beta2-microglobulin magnetic beads. TNF as well as TNF receptors 1 and 2 were present in the exosomes as determined by Western blot, flow cytometry, and deconvolution microscopy. The functional significance of melanoma-derived exosomes was established by their signaling competence with ability to generate significantly higher ROS levels in T cells compared with sham exosomes (P=0.0006). In conclusion, we report here, for the first time, that TNF is found in tumor cell-derived exosomes and that these exosomes transmit redox signaling in trans to neighboring cells. The results are of importance for a better understanding of tumor escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Söderberg
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Linköpings Universitet, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
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Zhao F, Yan J, Deng S, Lan L, He F, Kuang B, Zeng H. A thioredoxin reductase inhibitor induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in five cultured human carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Lett 2005; 236:46-53. [PMID: 15982805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system is associated with cancer cell growth and anti-apoptosis process. Effects of 1, 2-[bis (1,2-Benzisoselenazolone-3 (2H) -ketone)]ethane (BBSKE), a novel TrxR inhibitor, were investigated on A549, HeLa, Bel-7402, BGC823 and KB cell lines. After treated with BBSKE, a good linear correlation coefficient (r>or=0.989) between TrxR activity and cell viability exists in each cell line together with cell growth/proliferation inhibition and apoptosis through Bcl-2/Bax and Caspase-3 pathways. These results suggest that there exists some relationship between TrxR inactivation and growth/proliferation inhibition or apoptosis in the investigated cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Jekell A, Hossain A, Alehagen U, Dahlström U, Rosén A. Elevated circulating levels of thioredoxin and stress in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6:883-90. [PMID: 15556050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Revised: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex syndrome, in which reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines are important stressors that contribute to the pathogenesis. AIM We have studied physiological stress response parameters in CHF, in particular the redox-active regulator thioredoxin. SUBJECTS A case-control study was conducted including a consecutive sample of CHF patients (n=27) of NYHA class II and III; comparison control subjects (n=29) were recruited from an association for retired people. METHOD Baseline levels of Trx, lipid peroxides (oxidative stress), TNF and IL-6 cytokines, platelet-activation marker P-selectin, cortisol (as peripheral effector of HPA axis), and the potent antioxidant selenoprotein Trx-reductase were assessed. RESULTS Mean (+/-S.E.M.) plasma levels of Trx were significantly higher in patients with CHF (32+/-3 ng/ml), than in the healthy subjects (12+/-3 ng/ml, P<0.0001). Trx levels increased in proportion to severity of disease (NYHA class III>NYHA class II) and degree of stress. Trx elevation correlated well with increased oxidative stress (lipid peroxides, P<0.0001), circulatory P-selectin (P<0.0001), morning level of free salivary cortisol (P=0.0002), and serum creatinine (P=0.0417), but not with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-6. CONCLUSION Trx was strikingly elevated in heart failure cases compared with controls, signifying an adaptive stress response that is higher the more severe the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jekell
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Human cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx), which is the 12-kDa protein disulfide reductase with the Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site and a key component of cellular redox biochemistry and regulation, acts as cocytokine upon leaderless secretion. A 10-kDa C-terminally truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) comprising the 80 or 84 N-terminal amino acids is also secreted and present in plasma, where it originally was purified and identified as eosinophilic cytotoxicity enhancing factor. Recombinant Trx80 was discovered to be a potent mitogenic cytokine that stimulates growth of resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a synthetic medium, an effect that Trx lacks. Trx80 is very different from Trx because it is a dimer lacking reductase activity and the cytokine activity is not dependent on the Cys residues of the Trx active-site motif. The primary targets of Trx80 in PBMC are monocytes that are activated to proliferate and increase expression of CD14, CD40, CD54, and CD86. Trx80 induces secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 in CD40+ monocytes from PBMC. Trx80 and IL-2 together were strongly synergistic to induce secretion of interferon-gamma in PBMC. Trx80 is a potent cytokine for monocytes directing the immune system to a Th1 response via IL-12 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Pekkari
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Song H, Cho D, Jeon JH, Han SH, Hur DY, Kim YS, Choi I. Vitamin D(3) up-regulating protein 1 (VDUP1) antisense DNA regulates tumorigenicity and melanogenesis of murine melanoma cells via regulating the expression of fas ligand and reactive oxygen species. Immunol Lett 2003; 86:235-47. [PMID: 12706526 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of vitamin D(3) up-regulating protein-1 (VDUP1) was up-regulated by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (VD3) treatment in B16 mouse melanoma cells. The functional effect of VDUP1 on B16F10 melanoma cells was demonstrated by reduction of Fas ligand and CD44 expression in cells transfected with VDUP1 antisense cDNA. Furthermore, intracellular reactive oxygen species level and cell proliferation were decreased in antisense transfectants compared with those in vector controls. However, melanin synthesis was up-regulated in antisense transfectants. In addition, VDUP1 antisense transfectants showed an increased susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cells in vitro. When VDUP1 antisense transfectants were implanted into syngeneic mice, significant reduction of tumor cell growth was observed with the infiltrate of T cells and NK cells in tumor area. Taken together, these results demonstrate that VDUP1 has critical physiological roles and can be a novel therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkeun Song
- Laboratory of Immunology, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Eoun-Dong 52, Yusong, Taejon 305-333, South Korea
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Haddad JJ. Pharmaco-redox regulation of cytokine-related pathways: from receptor signaling to pharmacogenomics. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:907-26. [PMID: 12361802 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a multi-diverse family of polypeptide regulators; they are relatively low molecular weight (< 30 kDa), pharmacologically active proteins that are secreted by one cell for the purpose of altering either its own functions (autocrine effect) or those of adjacent cells (paracrine effect). Cytokines are small, nonenzymatic glycoproteins whose actions are both diverse and overlapping (specificity/redundancy) and may affect diverse and overlapping target cell populations. In many instances, individual cytokines have multiple biological activities. Different cytokines can also have the same activity, which provides for functional redundancy (network) within the inflammatory and immune systems. As biological cofactors that are released by specific cells, cytokines have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication, and behavior of other cells. As a result, it is infrequent that loss or neutralization of one cytokine will markedly interfere with either of these systems. The biological effect of one cytokine is often modified or augmented by another. Because an interdigitating, redundant network of cytokines is involved in the production of most biological effects, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions, it usually requires more than a single defect in the network to alter drastically the outcome of the process. This fact, therefore, may have crucial significance in the development of therapeutic strategies for biopharmacologic intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Labs, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Dept of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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Sahaf B, Söderberg A, Ekerfelt C, Paulie S, Rosén A. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay for detection of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase secretion from cells. Methods Enzymol 2002; 353:22-35. [PMID: 12078496 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)53033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress response was determined in this study by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays for thioredoxin (Trx) and Trx reductase (TrxR). On exposure to oxidative stress, cells can launch a variety of defense mechanisms, including release of antioxidant proteins. The Trx system, consisting of Trx, TrxR, and NADPH, constitutes one of these cellular defense systems for maintenance of a healthy reduction-oxidation (redox) balance. Trx and TrxR are rapidly upregulated and released from monocytes, lymphocytes, and other normal and neoplastic cells on exposure. Secreted Trx and TrxR have proved to be eminent indicators of oxidative stress. Trx is a small, 12-kDa protein released through a leaderless pathway, whereas TrxR, which is a 116-kDa selenoprotein and required for regeneration of Trx, is secreted through the Golgi pathway. In this chapter we present a detailed laboratory bench protocol for enumeration of single cells secreting redox-active Trx and TrxR after oxidative stress exposure. Physiological stimuli (such as interferon gamma, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 1, and CD23 ligation; and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionophore) as well as UV light and hydrogen peroxide were used to generate oxidative stress, and some are presented in detail. The protocol includes a description of cell isolation, preparation, handling, and development of ELISpot plates, troubleshooting notes, presentation of results, statistical evaluation, and comments on alternative sources of materials and manufacturer Web addresses. We concluded that the ELISpot assay is a useful method for detection of single cells secreting the redox-active proteins Trx and TrxR after oxidative stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Sahaf
- Herzenberg Laboratory, Beckman Center, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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