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Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine-Induced Behavioral Changes in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Research: A Systematic Review of Rodent Studies. Neuroscience 2022; 507:125-138. [PMID: 36332691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) was one of the first compounds used in clinical and preclinical studies that demonstrated the role of serotonin in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This systematic review aimed to (a) identify publications that report in rodents the effects of mCPP relevant to OCD, (b) explore the methodological characteristics of these studies, and (c) summarize the profile of mCPP effects. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Search terms were a combination of obsessive-compulsive disorder or OCD and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine or mCPP. Twenty-nine articles were included in the review. The years of publication ranged from 1993 to 2021. Most studies used adult male Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats. The most frequent dose of mCPP was 1.0 mg/kg administered acutely, intraperitoneally. In general, available preclinical evidence suggests increased defensive and compulsive behaviors associated with a decreased locomotor activity. But other results besides these and the absence of significant mCPP effects were also observed. Among the factors that may contribute to the variability of mCPP effects, differences in methods are highlighted, such as characteristics of the species/strains studied, mCPP doses and treatment regimens used. The heterogeneity of the OCD-like behaviors evaluated and the interaction of mCPP with different receptors may also be critical variables for discrepancies in the findings with mCPP. The information described in this review may contribute to a better understanding of how mCPP-induced behavioral changes in rodents have been used to study OCD, highlighting the main challenges for future investigations in this field.
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18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid, a Novel Naturally Derived Agent, Suppresses Prolactin Hyperactivity and Reduces Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia in In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Thompson T, Grabowski-Boase L, Tarantino LM. Prototypical anxiolytics do not reduce anxiety-like behavior in the open field in C57BL/6J mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 133:7-17. [PMID: 25812472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and effectively treating anxiety disorders are a challenge for both scientists and clinicians. Despite a variety of available therapies, the efficacy of current treatments is still not optimal and adverse side effects can result in non-compliance. Animal models have been useful for studying the underlying biology of anxiety and assessing the anxiolytic properties of potential therapeutics. The open field (OF) is a commonly used assay of anxiety-like behavior. The OF was developed and validated in rats and then transferred to use in the mouse with only limited validation. The present study tests the efficacy of prototypical benzodiazepine anxiolytics, chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and diazepam (DZ), for increasing center time in the OF in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Multiple doses of CDP and DZ did not change time spent in the center of the OF. Increasing illumination in the OF did not alter these results. The non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, buspirone (BUSP) also failed to increase center time in the OF while the anxiogenic meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) increased center time. Additional inbred mouse strains, BALB/cJ (BALB) and DBA/2J (D2) did not show any change in center time in response to CDP. Moreover, evaluation of CDP in B6 mice in the elevated plus maze (EPM), elevated zero maze (EZM) and light dark assay (LD) did not reveal changes in anxiety-like behavior while stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) was decreased by DZ. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies suggest that adequate CDP is present to induce anxiolysis. We conclude that the measure of center time in the OF does not show predictive validity for anxiolysis in these inbred mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey Thompson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Laura Grabowski-Boase
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lisa M Tarantino
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Tucci MC, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Johnson E, Wong M, Szechtman H. 5-HT2A/C receptors do not mediate the attenuation of compulsive checking by mCPP in the quinpirole sensitization rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behav Brain Res 2014; 279:211-7. [PMID: 25449840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence for a dopamine (DA)-serotonin (5-HT) interaction underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the quinpirole sensitization rat model of OCD, compulsive checking is induced by chronic treatment with the DA agonist quinpirole, and is attenuated by the 5-HT agonist drug mCPP. However, mCPP has affinity for a number of 5-HT receptor subtypes, and it is unknown by which receptors mCPP exerts its effects on quinpirole-treated animals. The present study tested in rats whether mCPP activity at 5-HT2A/C receptors mediates the attenuation of compulsive checking in quinpirole-treated animals. Rats were chronically treated with quinpirole on the open field for the induction of compulsive checking. Following the induction phase, animals were treated with mCPP (1.25 mg/kg) and the selective 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist ritanserin (1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) to test whether blockade of 5-HT2A/C receptors inhibits attenuation of checking by mCPP. Results showed that as expected, quinpirole induced compulsive checking, and mCPP reduced its performance. However, 5-HT2A/C receptor blockade by ritanserin did not inhibit the attenuation of compulsive checking by mCPP. These results suggest that the reduction in compulsive checking by mCPP is not mediated by activity at 5-HT2A/C receptors, but by another receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Tucci
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, HSC, 4N7, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S4L8.
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, HSC, 4N7, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S4L8
| | - Eric Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, HSC, 4N7, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S4L8
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, HSC, 4N7, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S4L8
| | - Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, HSC, 4N7, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S4L8
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Paira P, Hazra A, Sahu KB, Banerjee S, Mondal NB, Sahu NP, Weber M, Luger P. Facile synthesis of seven to nine-membered-fused tricyclic quinolones and quinolinium salts under phase transfer catalyzed conditions. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Walker EA, Brown EK, Sterious SN. In vivo Schild regression analyses using nonselective 5-HT2C receptor antagonists in a rat operant behavioral assay. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:187-97. [PMID: 17401722 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although competitive antagonism experiments are critical tools in the classification of potential pharmacotherapies, no studies have quantitatively compared the potencies of 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists using the Schild regression analysis in vivo. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the behavioral effects of 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists and antagonists, a series of nonselective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists, the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist ketanserin, the 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist SB 204,741, the 5-HT(2B/2C) receptor antagonist SB 200,646, and the peripherally acting 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist RS102,221 were evaluated for their capacity to competitively antagonize the agonists MK212, mCPP, or BW723C86 in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 28) were trained to respond under a fixed ratio 10 schedule of food reinforcement. A multiple-trial, cumulative-dosing procedure was used to evaluate the capacity of the compounds to suppress response rates. RESULTS MK212, mCPP, and the 5-HT(2B) receptor agonist BW723C86 dose-dependently decreased response rates. Only metergoline, mianserin, and methysergide produced a dose-dependent antagonism of the rate-decreasing effects of both mCPP and MK212. Apparent pA(2) analysis indicated that metergoline, mianserin, and methysergide were approximately equipotent as antagonists overall. Metergoline and mianserin failed to block the rate-decreasing effects of BW723C86. Ketanserin, SB 200,646, SB 204,741, and RS102,221 failed to block either mCPP or MK212, suggesting that 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), or peripheral 5-HT(2C) receptors do not play a primary role in the rate-decreasing effects of these two agonists. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these antagonism profiles suggest that the agonists MK212 and mCPP produce their rate-decreasing effects through a combination of 5-HT receptors with the 5-HT(2C) receptor playing a prominent but not exclusive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Bartolomé JM, Alcudia A, Andrés JI, Cid JM, García M, Megens A, Toledo MA, Trabanco AA. Novel 2-N,N-dimethylaminomethyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f]furo[2,3-d]oxepin derivatives displaying combined norepinephrine reuptake inhibition and 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2898-901. [PMID: 15911276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of cis-fused 2-N,N-dimethylaminomethyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f]furo[2,3-d]oxepin derivatives modified at position C-11 was prepared and evaluated for its potential antidepressant/anxiolytic properties. In vitro affinities for the norepinephrine transporter and for 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors, as well as the ED(50) values obtained in some in vivo assays predictive for antidepressant and anxiolytic potential are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Bartolomé
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A. Medicinal Chemistry Department, Toledo, Spain.
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Morley KC, Arnold JC, McGregor IS. Serotonin (1A) receptor involvement in acute 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) facilitation of social interaction in the rat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:648-57. [PMID: 15908091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed whether various co-administered serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists could prevent some of the acute behavioral effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") in rats. In the social interaction test, MDMA (5 mg/kg) significantly increased the duration of total social interaction between two conspecifics meeting for the first time. Microanalysis showed that MDMA increased adjacent lying and approach behaviours while reducing anogenital sniffing. MDMA (5 mg/kg) also caused elements of the serotonin syndrome including low body posture and piloerection. In the emergence test, MDMA significantly increased hide time and emergence latency indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. Pretreatment with the 5HT 1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (1 mg/kg), prevented MDMA-induced increases in social interaction and markers of the serotonin syndrome while the 5-HT 1B receptor antagonist GR 55562 (1 mg/kg) and 5-HT 2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (1 mg/kg) were ineffective. The 5-HT 2B/2C receptor antagonist, SB 206553 (2 mg/kg), prevented MDMA-induced prosocial effects but caused pronounced thigmotaxis (hyperactivity at the periphery of the testing chamber). The anxiogenic effect of MDMA on the emergence test was not prevented by pretreatment with any of the 5-HT receptor antagonists tested. These results indicate that prosocial effect of MDMA may involve 5-HT 1A and possibly 5-HT 2B/2C receptors. In contrast, MDMA-induced generalised anxiety, as measured by the emergence test, seems unlikely to involve the 5-HT 1A, 5-HT 1B or 5-HT 2A, 5-HT 2B or 5-HT 2C receptors.
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Synthesis of 2-N,N-dimethylaminomethyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f]furo[2,3-d]oxepine derivatives as potential anxiolytic agents. Part 2: substitutions by methyl groups on the tetrahydrofuran ring. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2005; 60:241-8. [PMID: 15784244 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2004] [Revised: 07/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New synthesis approaches that have led to a series of novel tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f]furo[2,3-d]oxepine derivatives are described. A systematic synthetic approach for the introduction of small carbon substituents (methyl groups) around the tetrahydrofuran moiety of tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f]furo[2,3-d]oxepine derivatives is reported. Preliminary pharmacological data of the newly synthesised compounds are also communicated.
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Cid J, Alonso JM, Andrés JI, Fernández J, Gil P, Iturrino L, Matesanz E, Meert TF, Megens A, Sipido VK, Trabanco AA. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of 2-(aminoalkyl)-3,3a,8,12b-tetrahydro-2H-dibenzocyclohepta[1,2-b]furan derivatives: a novel series of 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2765-71. [PMID: 15125929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Following the program started at Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development searching for 5-HT(2A/2C) antagonists we now report on the synthesis of a series of substituted 2-(aminomethyl)-3,3a,8,12b-tetrahydro-2H-dibenzocyclohepta[1,2-b]furan derivatives. The 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and H1 receptor affinities of the described compounds are reported. The mCCP antagonistic activity of a set of selected molecules is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cid
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, a division of Janssen-Cilag, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jarama s/n, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
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Trabanco AA, Alonso JM, Andrés JI, Cid JM, Fernández J, Iturrino L, Megens A. Synthesis of 2-N,N-Dimethylaminomethyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo-[b,f]furo[2,3-d]oxepin Derivatives as Potential Anxiolytic Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:262-5. [PMID: 14758015 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New synthesis approaches that have led to a series of novel tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f]furo[2,3-d]oxepin derivatives are described. According to preliminary data these novel tetracycles can be useful intermediates for the preparation of potential new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Avelino Trabanco
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag SA, Toledo, Spain.
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12
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Navarro JF, Maldonado E. Effects of acute, subchronic and intermittent MDMA (?ECSTASY?) administration on agonistic interactions between male mice. Aggress Behav 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Synthetic pyrethroids such as cyhalothrin are extensively used in agriculture for the control of a broad range of ectoparasites in farm animals. It has been suggested that type II pyrethroids might induce anxiogenic-like effects in laboratory animals. The present study was undertaken to investigate a possible anxiogenic-like outcome of cyhalothrin in rats. Adult male rats were orally dosed for 7 days with 1.0, 3.0, or 7.0 mg/kg/day of cyhalothrin, present in a commercial formulation (Grenade Coopers do Brazil S.A.). The neurobehavioral changes induced by cyhalothrin as well as those produced on corticosterone serum levels were measured 24 h after the last treatment. Picrotoxin (1.0 mg/kg) was also acutely used as a positive control for anxiety. Results showed that cyhalothrin: (1) induced some signs and symptoms of intoxication that included salivation, tremors, and liquid feces; (2) reduced total locomotor activity in the open-field; (3) reduced the percentage of time spent in open-field central zones; (4) increased immobility time in the open-field; (5) reduced the percentage of time spent in plus-maze open arms exploration; (6) reduced the time spent in social interactions, and (7) increased the levels of serum corticosterone. The behavioral changes reported for cyhalothrin (3.0 mg/kg/day) were similar of those induced by picrotoxin. The no effect level dose obtained for cyhalothrin in this study was 1.0 mg/kg/day. These results provide experimental evidence that cyhalothrin induces anxiety-like symptoms, with this effect being dose-related. Thus, anxiety must be included among the several signs and symptoms of pesticide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abbud Righi
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-900
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Prut L, Belzung C. The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 463:3-33. [PMID: 12600700 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2122] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The open field is a very popular animal model of anxiety-like behavior. An overview of the literature on the action elicited by effective or putative anxiolytics in animal subjected to this procedure indicates that classical treatments such as benzodiazepine receptor full agonists or 5-HT(1A) receptor full or partial agonists elicit an anxiolytic-like effect in this procedure in most cases (approximately 2/3). However, compounds (triazolobenzodiazepines such as adinazolam and alprazolam, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) that have a different spectrum of therapeutic efficacy in anxiety disorders such as panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder were poorly effective as anxiolytics in the open field test, suggesting that this paradigm may not model features of anxiety disorders. The procedure is also relevant for the study of compounds endowed with anxiogenic effects, as such effects were detected after treatments with benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists or with corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Prut
- EA3248, Psychobiologie des Emotions, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, Universite Francois Rabelias, Parc de Grandmont Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
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Andrés JI, Alonso JM, Fernández J, Iturrino L, Martínez P, Meert TF, Sipido VK. 2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)-tetrahydroisoxazolopyridobenzazepine derivatives. Synthesis of a new 5-HT(2C) antagonist with potential anxiolytic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3573-7. [PMID: 12443779 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following the program started at Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development searching for 5-HT(2A/2C) antagonists, we now report on the synthesis of 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydroisoxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[3,4-c]-[2]benzazepine and 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydroisoxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[3,2-c]-[2]benzazepine. A new method for the synthesis of pyridobenzazepines is described as well. The affinities for several receptors as well as the mCPP antagonistic activity of the compounds synthesised are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignacio Andrés
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jarama s/n, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
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Andrés JI, Alcázar J, Alonso JM, Díaz A, Fernández J, Gil P, Iturrino L, Matesanz E, Meert TF, Megens A, Sipido VK. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 2-(aminoalkyl)-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydrodibenzo[c,f]isoxazolo[2,3-a]azepine derivatives: a novel series of 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonists. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:243-8. [PMID: 11755364 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of novel 2-(aminoalkyl)-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydrodibenzo[c,f]isoxazolo[2,3-a]azepine derivatives as well as their 5-HT(2A/2C) and H(1) receptor binding affinities are described. The in vivo activity as potential anxiolytics of the synthesised compounds was measured in a mCPP challenge test. One of the compounds, 2a, proved to be a potent 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist showing as well oral activity and therefore could be considered as a potential anxiolytic/antidepressant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignacio Andrés
- Janssen-Cilag, Basic Research Centre, Jarama s/n, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
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Ignacio Andrés J, Alcázar J, Alonso JM, Dı́az A, Fernández J, Gil P, Iturrino L, Matesanz E, Meert TF, Megens A, Sipido VK. Synthesis and structure–Activity relationship of 2-(aminoalkyl)-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydrodibenzo[c,f]isoxazolo[2,3-a]azepine derivatives: a novel series of 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonists. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Palermo Neto J, Massoco CO, Fávare RC. Effects of maternal stress on anxiety levels, macrophage activity, and Ehrlich tumor growth. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2001; 23:497-507. [PMID: 11711253 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-0362(01)00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the effects of maternal stress on behavior and immune function of mice. Pregnant mice received a daily footshock (0.4 mA) from gestational day 15 (GD 15) to GD 19. Experiments were performed on male offspring aged 2 months. The following results were obtained for offspring from dams stressed during pregnancy: (1) decreased locomotor activity observed in the open-field central zone; (2) decreased number of entries into the open arms of the plus-maze and decreased time spent in the exploration of these arms; (3) decreased macrophage spreading and phagocytosis, but no changes in macrophage NO(2)(-) production; (4) increased growth of both the ascitic and solid forms of Ehrlich tumor. These changes were unrelated to differences in gestational parameters and did not reflect altered maternal-pup interactions or nutritional factors. The observed data provide experimental evidence that maternal stress alters stress/anxiety levels, macrophage activity and Ehrlich tumor growth at the same time and in the same litter. The data were discussed in the light of possible neuroendocrine-immune system interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Palermo Neto
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Morley KC, McGregor IS. (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') increases social interaction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 408:41-9. [PMID: 11070182 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments administered a low dose range (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) of (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy') to rats and assessed them in a variety of standard tests of anxiety. These tests included the emergence and elevated plus-maze tests, social interaction, cat odor avoidance and footshock-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. MDMA increased anxiety-related behaviours in the emergence and elevated plus-maze tests at all dose levels. A 5 mg/kg dose of MDMA also significantly reduced the time spent in close proximity to an anxiogenic cat odor stimulus. The 5 mg/kg dose also significantly reduced footshock-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. In the social interaction test, MDMA decreased aggressive behaviours at all doses tested, while the highest dose (5 mg/kg) also significantly increased the duration of social interaction. These results indicate that MDMA has both anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects depending upon the test situation employed. The facilitation of social interaction produced by MDMA in rats concurs with human experience of MDMA as a uniquely prosocial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Morley
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, A19, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
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