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Farrington M, Wreghitt TG, Lever AML, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE, Barker RA. Neural Transplantation in Huntington's Disease: The NEST-UK Donor Tissue Microbiological Screening Program and Review of the Literature. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:279-94. [PMID: 16898222 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural transplantation of human fetal tissue for Huntington's disease (HD) is now entering the clinical arena. The safety of the procedure has now been demonstrated in a number of studies, although the efficacy of such an approach is still being investigated. Stringent but practicable screening of the donor tissue for potential pathogens is an essential prerequisite for successful implementation of any novel transplant program that uses human fetal tissue. In this article we summarize the UK-NEST protocol for the screening of human fetal tissue being grafted to patients with mild to moderate HD. We describe the results of microbiological screening of 87 potential tissue donors in a pilot study, and of the first four donor–recipient patients included in the UK-NEST series. The rationale for the adoption and interpretation of the various tests is described and our methodology is compared with those previously used by other centers. This article therefore presents a comprehensive, logical yet pragmatic screening program that could be employed in any clinical studies that use human fetal tissue for neurotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farrington
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency & Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Hisatsune C, Mikoshiba K. IP 3 receptor mutations and brain diseases in human and rodents. J Neurochem 2017; 141:790-807. [PMID: 28211945 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3 R) is a huge Ca2+ channel that is localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. The IP3 R releases Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum upon binding to IP3 , which is produced by various extracellular stimuli through phospholipase C activation. All vertebrate organisms have three subtypes of IP3 R genes, which have distinct properties of IP3 -binding and Ca2+ sensitivity, and are differently regulated by phosphorylation and by their associated proteins. Each cell type expresses the three subtypes of IP3 R in a distinct proportion, which is important for creating and maintaining spatially and temporally appropriate intracellular Ca2+ level patterns for the regulation of specific physiological phenomena. Of the three types of IP3 Rs, the type 1 receptor (IP3 R1) is dominantly expressed in the brain and is important for brain function. Recent emerging evidence suggests that abnormal Ca2+ signals from the IP3 R1 are closely associated with human brain pathology. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in our knowledge of the regulation of IP3 R1 and its functional implication in human brain diseases, as revealed by IP3 R mutation studies and analysis of human disease-associated genes. This article is part of the mini review series "60th Anniversary of the Japanese Society for Neurochemistry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Hisatsune
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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Multimodality Imaging of Neurodegenerative Processes: Part 2, Atypical Dementias. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016; 207:883-895. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Li T, Yang D, Sushchky S, Liu Z, Smith WW. Models for LRRK2-Linked Parkinsonism. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:942412. [PMID: 21603132 PMCID: PMC3096154 DOI: 10.4061/2011/942412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies. The pathogenesis of PD is not fully understood, but it appears to involve both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Treatment for PD that prevents neuronal death progression in the dopaminergic system and abnormal protein deposition in the brain is not yet available. Recently, mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified to cause autosomal-dominant late-onset PD and contribute to sporadic PD. Here, we review the recent models for LRRK2-linked Parkinsonism and their utility in studying LRRK2 neurobiology, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Foskett JK. Inositol trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channels in neurological diseases. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:481-94. [PMID: 20383523 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration by release from internal stores through the inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) Ca2+ release channel is a ubiquitous signaling system involved in the regulation of numerous processes. Because of its ubiquitous expression and roles in regulating diverse cell physiological processes, it is not surprising that the InsP3R has been implicated in a number of disease states. However, relatively few mutations in InsP3R genes have been identified to date. Here, I will discuss mutations in the type 1 InsP3R that have been discovered by analyses of human patients and mice with neurological disorders. In addition, I will highlight diseases caused by mutations in other genes, including Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases and some spinocerebellar ataxias, where the mutant proteins have been found to exert strong influences on InsP3R function that may link InsP3R to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, B39 Anatomy-Chemistry Bldg., 414 Guardian Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Yuan Y, Guo JZ, Zhou QX. The homeostasis of iron and suppression of HO-1 involved in the protective effects of nimodipine on neurodegeneration induced by aluminum overloading in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 586:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Klepac N, Relja M, Klepac R, Hećimović S, Babić T, Trkulja V. Oxidative stress parameters in plasma of Huntington's disease patients, asymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers and healthy subjects : a cross-sectional study. J Neurol 2007; 254:1676-83. [PMID: 17990062 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal data and postmortem studies suggest a role of oxidative stress in the Huntington's disease (HD), but in vivo human studies have been scarce. AIM To assess the presence of oxidative stress in HD patients and its occurrence relative to clinical symptoms. METHODS Oxidative stress markers were determined in plasma of HD patients (n = 19), asymptomatic HD gene carriers (with > 38 CAG repeats) (n = 11) and their respective sex and agematched healthy controls (n = 47 and n = 22) in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS With adjustment for age and sex, HD patients had higher plasma lipid peroxidation (LP) levels (ratio 1.20, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.32, p < 0.001) and lower reduced glutathione (GSH) levels (ratio 0.72, CI 0.55 to 0.94, p = 0.011) than their age and sex-matched controls. Although considerably younger, HD gene carriers did not differ from HD patients regarding LP and GSH levels, and had higher plasma LP (ratio 1.16, CI 1.02 to 1.32, p = 0.016) and lower GSH than their matched controls (ratio 0.73, CI 0.5 to 1.05). They had higher LP (ratio 1.18, CI 1.02 to 1.34, p = 0.019) and lower GSH (ratio 0.75, CI 0.51 to 1.11) than the healthy subjects matched to HD patients. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress is more pronounced in HD patients and asymptomatic HD gene carriers than in healthy subjects. Differences in plasma LP and GSH are in line with the brain findings in animal models of HD. Data suggest that oxidative stress occurs before the onset of the HD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Klepac
- Dept. of Neurology, University Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Kispatićeva, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Feigin A, Tang C, Ma Y, Mattis P, Zgaljardic D, Guttman M, Paulsen JS, Dhawan V, Eidelberg D. Thalamic metabolism and symptom onset in preclinical Huntington's disease. Brain 2007; 130:2858-67. [PMID: 17893097 PMCID: PMC4455546 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural basis for the transition from preclinical to symptomatic Huntington's disease (HD) is unknown. We used serial positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in preclinical HD gene carriers (p-HD) to assess the metabolic changes that occur during this period. Twelve p-HD subjects were followed longitudinally with [11C]-raclopride and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging, with scans at baseline, 18 and 44 months. Progressive declines in striatal D2-receptor binding were correlated with concurrent changes in regional metabolism and in the activity of an HD-related metabolic network. We found that striatal D2 binding declined over time (P < 0.005). The activity of a reproducible HD-related metabolic covariance pattern increased between baseline and 18 months (P < 0.003) but declined at 44 months (P < 0.04). These network changes coincided with progressive declines in striatal and thalamic metabolic activity (P < 0.01). Striatal metabolism was abnormally low at all time points (P < 0.005). By contrast, thalamic metabolism was elevated at baseline (P < 0.01), but fell to subnormal levels in the p-HD subjects who developed symptoms. These findings were confirmed with an MRI-based atrophy correction for each individual PET scan. Increases in network expression and thalamic glucose metabolism may be compensatory for early neuronal losses in p-HD. Declines in these measures may herald the onset of symptoms in gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feigin
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors (InsP3Rs) are a family of Ca2+ release channels localized predominately in the endoplasmic reticulum of all cell types. They function to release Ca2+ into the cytoplasm in response to InsP3 produced by diverse stimuli, generating complex local and global Ca2+ signals that regulate numerous cell physiological processes ranging from gene transcription to secretion to learning and memory. The InsP3R is a calcium-selective cation channel whose gating is regulated not only by InsP3, but by other ligands as well, in particular cytoplasmic Ca2+. Over the last decade, detailed quantitative studies of InsP3R channel function and its regulation by ligands and interacting proteins have provided new insights into a remarkable richness of channel regulation and of the structural aspects that underlie signal transduction and permeation. Here, we focus on these developments and review and synthesize the literature regarding the structure and single-channel properties of the InsP3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6085, USA.
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Andresen JM, Gayán J, Cherny SS, Brocklebank D, Alkorta-Aranburu G, Addis EA, Cardon LR, Housman DE, Wexler NS. Replication of twelve association studies for Huntington's disease residual age of onset in large Venezuelan kindreds. J Med Genet 2007; 44:44-50. [PMID: 17018562 PMCID: PMC2597910 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.045153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major determinant of age of onset in Huntington's disease is the length of the causative triplet CAG repeat. Significant variance remains, however, in residual age of onset even after repeat length is factored out. Many genetic polymorphisms have previously shown evidence of association with age of onset of Huntington's disease in several different populations. OBJECTIVE To replicate these genetic association tests in 443 affected people from a large set of kindreds from Venezuela. METHODS Previously tested polymorphisms were analysed in the HD gene itself (HD), the GluR6 kainate glutamate receptor (GRIK2), apolipoprotein E (APOE), the transcriptional coactivator CA150 (TCERG1), the ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), p53 (TP53), caspase-activated DNase (DFFB), and the NR2A and NR2B glutamate receptor subunits (GRIN2A, GRIN2B). RESULTS The GRIN2A single-nucleotide polymorphism explains a small but considerable amount of additional variance in residual age of onset in our sample. The TCERG1 microsatellite shows a trend towards association but does not reach statistical significance, perhaps because of the uninformative nature of the polymorphism caused by extreme allele frequencies. We did not replicate the genetic association of any of the other genes. CONCLUSIONS GRIN2A and TCERG1 may show true association with residual age of onset for Huntington's disease. The most surprising negative result is for the GRIK2 (TAA)(n) polymorphism, which has previously shown association with age of onset in four independent populations with Huntington's disease. The lack of association in the Venezuelan kindreds may be due to the extremely low frequency of the key (TAA)(16) allele in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Andresen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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11
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Fletcher JM, Hughes RA. Novel monocyclic and bicyclic loop mimetics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:515-24. [PMID: 16680799 DOI: 10.1002/psc.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein that promotes the survival of neurons. It is widely thought to possess clinical potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and in recent years, has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of some tumours. BDNF is thought to bind to its cellular receptors trkB and p75(NTR) primarily by way of solvent-exposed loops on the BDNF dimer. In this paper, we describe our recent progress towards the development of small peptides as mimetics and inhibitors of BDNF. Two classes of peptides were prepared: disulphide-constrained monomeric monocyclic peptides designed to mimic a single solvent-exposed loop; and homo- and heterodimeric bicyclic peptides designed to mimic pairs of loops. Each peptide was examined in cultures of embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons, both alone, and in competition with BDNF. All peptides were found to inhibit BDNF-mediated neuronal survival, while one--a dimeric peptide based on the two loop 4 regions of BDNF--behaved as a partial BDNF-like agonist. The work described in this paper supports the proposed receptor-binding role of loops 1, 2, and 4 of BDNF, and provides valuable steps towards our long-term goal of developing BDNF mimetics and inhibitors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Fletcher
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Feigin A, Ghilardi MF, Huang C, Ma Y, Carbon M, Guttman M, Paulsen JS, Ghez CP, Eidelberg D. Preclinical Huntington's disease: compensatory brain responses during learning. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:53-9. [PMID: 16261565 PMCID: PMC2519955 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Motor sequence learning is abnormal in presymptomatic Huntington's disease (p-HD). The neural substrates underlying this early manifestation of HD are poorly understood. To study the mechanism of this cognitive abnormality in p-HD, we used positron emission tomography to record brain activity during motor sequence learning in these subjects. Eleven p-HD subjects (age, 45.8 +/- 11.0 years; CAG repeat length, 41.6 +/- 1.8) and 11 age-matched control subjects (age, 45.3 +/- 13.4 years) underwent H(2) (15)O positron emission tomography while performing a set of kinematically controlled motor sequence learning and execution tasks. Differences in regional brain activation responses between groups and conditions were assessed. In addition, we identified discrete regions in which learning-related activity correlated with performance. We found that sequence learning was impaired in p-HD subjects despite normal motor performance. In p-HD, activation responses during learning were abnormally increased in the left mediodorsal thalamus and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; BA 11/47). Impaired learning performance in these subjects was associated with increased activation responses in the precuneus (BA 18/31). These data suggest that enhanced activation of thalamocortical pathways during motor learning can compensate for caudate degeneration in p-HD. Nonetheless, this mechanism may not be sufficient to sustain a normal level of task performance, even during the presymptomatic stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Feigin
- Center for Neurosciences, Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Colton
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2900, Bryan Research Bldg, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA): model for Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine diseases. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Colton CA, Xu Q, Burke JR, Bae SY, Wakefield JK, Nair A, Strittmatter WJ, Vitek MP. Disrupted spermine homeostasis: a novel mechanism in polyglutamine-mediated aggregation and cell death. J Neurosci 2005; 24:7118-27. [PMID: 15306645 PMCID: PMC6729181 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1233-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Our data suggest a novel mechanism whereby pathological-length polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins promote the spermine synthetic pathway, increasing polyQ-aggregation and cell death. As detected in a cell-free turbidity assay, spermine promotes aggregation of thio-polyQ62 in a dose-dependent manner. Using a stable neuronal cell line expressing pathological-length [polyQ57-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) (Q57)] or non-pathological-length [polyQ19-YFP (Q19)] polyglutamine protein, we show that multiple steps in the production of polyamines are affected in Q57 cells, suggesting dysfunctional spermine homeostasis. As the building block for spermine synthesis, arginine transport is significantly increased in neuronal cell lines stably expressing Q57. Q57 lines displayed upregulated basal and inducible arginase I activities that were not seen in polyQ19-YFP lines. Normal induction of spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferase in Q19 lines regulating back-conversion of spermine, thereby reducing spermine levels, however, was not observed in Q57 lines. Pharmacological activation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme of the polyamine synthetic pathway, increased cellular aggregates and increased cell death in Q57 cells not observed in Q19 cells. Inhibition of ODC by difluoromethylornithine prevented basal and induced cell death in Q57 cells, demonstrating a central role for polyamines in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Colton
- Deane Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Saft C, Andrich JE, Brune N, Gencik M, Kraus PH, Przuntek H, Epplen JT. Apolipoprotein E genotypes do not influence the age of onset in Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1692-6. [PMID: 15548484 PMCID: PMC1738834 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.022756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene has been defined as a critical factor for early onset neurodegeneration in Pick's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Unexpectedly, the epsilon4 allele appeared to delay the age of onset in Huntington's disease (HD) patients. Furthermore, sex specific effects were reported on earlier age of onset due to the ApoE epsilon2epsilon3 genotype in males with HD. The age of onset of HD is known to be negatively correlated with increasing lengths of pathogenetic CAG expansions in the huntingtin gene. METHODS In order to examine the effects of CAG block lengths, we have correlated ApoE genotypes with the age of onset in 145 patients symptomatic for HD with psychiatric and somatic symptoms (depression, psychosis, dementia, choreic, and other movement disorders) harbouring only modestly expanded huntingtin alleles (41-45 CAGs). RESULTS The negative correlation between age of onset and CAG block length was established in our HD cohort. Statistically significant effects of the epsilon4 allele were not obvious regarding clinical characteristics including age of onset, nor were any sex differences for the epsilon2epsilon3 genotype observed. CONCLUSION The ApoE genotype does not affect the course of HD significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Saft
- Huntington Center NRW, Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Bailey CDC, Graham RM, Nanda N, Davies PJA, Johnson GVW. Validity of mouse models for the study of tissue transglutaminase in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:493-503. [PMID: 15033177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes peptide cross-linking and polyamination reactions, and also is a signal-transducing GTPase. tTG protein content and enzymatic activity are upregulated in the brain in Huntington's disease and in other neurological diseases and conditions. Since mouse models are currently being used to study the role of tTG in Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, it is critical that the level of its expression in the mouse forebrain be determined. In contrast to human forebrain where tTG is abundant, tTG can only be detected in mouse forebrain by immunoblotting a GTP-binding-enriched protein fraction. tTG mRNA content and transamidating activity are approximately 70% lower in mouse than in human forebrain. However, tTG contributes to the majority of transglutaminase activity within mouse forebrain. Thus, although tTG is expressed at lower levels in mouse compared with human forebrain, it likely plays important roles in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D C Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
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Wexler NS, Lorimer J, Porter J, Gomez F, Moskowitz C, Shackell E, Marder K, Penchaszadeh G, Roberts SA, Gayán J, Brocklebank D, Cherny SS, Cardon LR, Gray J, Dlouhy SR, Wiktorski S, Hodes ME, Conneally PM, Penney JB, Gusella J, Cha JH, Irizarry M, Rosas D, Hersch S, Hollingsworth Z, MacDonald M, Young AB, Andresen JM, Housman DE, De Young MM, Bonilla E, Stillings T, Negrette A, Snodgrass SR, Martinez-Jaurrieta MD, Ramos-Arroyo MA, Bickham J, Ramos JS, Marshall F, Shoulson I, Rey GJ, Feigin A, Arnheim N, Acevedo-Cruz A, Acosta L, Alvir J, Fischbeck K, Thompson LM, Young A, Dure L, O'Brien CJ, Paulsen J, Brickman A, Krch D, Peery S, Hogarth P, Higgins DS, Landwehrmeyer B. Venezuelan kindreds reveal that genetic and environmental factors modulate Huntington's disease age of onset. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3498-503. [PMID: 14993615 PMCID: PMC373491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308679101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a triplet (CAG) expansion mutation. The length of the triplet repeat is the most important factor in determining age of onset of HD, although substantial variability remains after controlling for repeat length. The Venezuelan HD kindreds encompass 18,149 individuals spanning 10 generations, 15,409 of whom are living. Of the 4,384 immortalized lymphocyte lines collected, 3,989 DNAs were genotyped for their HD alleles, representing a subset of the population at greatest genetic risk. There are 938 heterozygotes, 80 people with variably penetrant alleles, and 18 homozygotes. Analysis of the 83 kindreds that comprise the Venezuelan HD kindreds demonstrates that residual variability in age of onset has both genetic and environmental components. We created a residual age of onset phenotype from a regression analysis of the log of age of onset on repeat length. Familial correlations (correlation +/- SE) were estimated for sibling (0.40 +/- 0.09), parent-offspring (0.10 +/- 0.11), avuncular (0.07 +/- 0.11), and cousin (0.15 +/- 0.10) pairs, suggesting a familial origin for the residual variance in onset. By using a variance-components approach with all available familial relationships, the additive genetic heritability of this residual age of onset trait is 38%. A model, including shared sibling environmental effects, estimated the components of additive genetic (0.37), shared environment (0.22), and nonshared environment (0.41) variances, confirming that approximately 40% of the variance remaining in onset age is attributable to genes other than the HD gene and 60% is environmental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Wexler
- Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Liu CY, Westerlund U, Svensson M, Moe MC, Varghese M, Berg-Johnsen J, Apuzzo MLJ, Tirrell DA, Langmoen IA. Artificial Niches for Human Adult Neural Stem Cells: Possibility for Autologous Transplantation Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 12:689-99. [PMID: 14977478 DOI: 10.1089/15258160360732713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular transplantation therapy is thought to play a central role in the concept of restorative neurosurgery, which aims to restore function to the damaged nervous system. Stem cells represent a potentially renewable source of transplantable cells. However, control of the behavior of these cells, both in the process of clonogenic expansion and post-transplantation, represents formidable challenges. Stem cell behavior is thought to be directed by extracellular signals in their in vivo niches, many of which are protein or peptide based. As only one example, activation of Notch plays an important role in normal development and is the strongest known signal for stem cells to choose glial over neuronal fates. Therefore, artificial extracellular matrix proteins represent a potentially powerful tool to custom design artificial niches to strategically control stem cell behavior. We have developed a family of aECM proteins that incorporate the active domains of the DSL ligands to the Notch receptor into an elastin-based backbone. The development of our DSL-elastin artificial proteins demonstrates the design strategy and methodology for the production of bioactive artificial extracellular matrix proteins aimed at modulating stem cell behavior, and this method can be used to design other bioactive aECM proteins. In addition, we have developed a method for the isolation and characterization of adult human neural stem cells from periventricular tissue harvested from living patients. This paper reviews cellular transplantation therapy from the clinical perspective and summarizes ongoing work aimed at exploring the intriguing possibility of autologous transplantation, whereby neural stem cells can be harvested from adult patients, expanded or modified in vitro in artificial niches, and retransplanted into the original patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA.
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van der Stelt M, Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and in the mesolimbic reward system: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 480:133-50. [PMID: 14623357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are the best studied endocannabinoids and are thought to act as retrograde messengers in the central nervous system (CNS). By activating presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors, they can reduce glutamate release in dorsal and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and alter synaptic plasticity, thereby modulating neurotransmission in the basal ganglia and in the mesolimbic reward system. In this review, we will focus on the role of the endocannabinoid system within these neuronal pathways and describe its effect on dopaminergic transmission and vice versa. The endocannabinoid system is unlikely to directly affect dopamine release, but can modify dopamine transmission trough trans-synaptic mechanisms, involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glutamatergic synapses, as well as by converging signal transduction cascades of the cannabinoid and dopamine receptors. The dopamine and endocannabinoid systems exert a mutual control on each other. Cannabinergic signalling may lead to release of dopamine, which can act via dopamine D1-like receptors as a negative feedback mechanism to counteract the effects of activation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. On the other hand, dopaminergic signalling via dopamine D2-like receptors may lead to up-regulation of cannabinergic signalling, which is likely to represent a negative feedback on dopaminergic signalling. The consequences of these interactions become evident in pathological conditions in which one of the two systems is likely to be malfunctioning. We will discuss neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, drug addiction and schizophrenia. Furthermore, the possible role of the endocannabinoid system in disorders not necessarily depending on the dopaminergic system, such as eating disorders and anxiety, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario van der Stelt
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Bldg. 70, I-80078 (NA), Pozzuoli, Italy
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van der Stelt M, Hansen HH, Veldhuis WB, Bär PR, Nicolay K, Veldink GA, Vliegenthart JFG, Hansen HS. Biosynthesis of endocannabinoids and their modes of action in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotox Res 2003; 5:183-200. [PMID: 12835123 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are thought to function as retrograde messengers, which modulate neurotransmitter release by activating presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the two best studied endogenous lipids which can act as endocannabinoids. Together with the proteins responsible for their biosynthesis, inactivation and the cannabinoid receptors, these lipids constitute the endocannabinoid system. This system is proposed to be involved in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases as well as Multiple Sclerosis. It has been demonstrated that the endocannabinoid system can protect neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity and acute neuronal damage in both in vitro and in vivo models. In this paper we review the data concerning the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in neurodegenerative diseases in which neuronal cell death may be elicited by excitotoxicity. We focus on the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids and on their modes of action in animal models of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Bio-organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Science, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Huntingtin, a protein altered by polyglutamine expansion in Huntington's disease (Httexp), forms a signaling complex with the InsP3R, an intracellular calcium channel, and Htt-associated protein 1A (HAP1A). The addition of Httexp increases the InsP3R sensitivity to InsP3, which subsequently makes neurons hyperresponsive to stimulation and presumably more prone to neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Varshney
- Department of Pharmacology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Langmoen IA, Ohlsson M, Westerlund U, Svensson M. A New Tool in Restorative Neurosurgery: Creating Niches for Neuronal Stem Cells. Neurosurgery 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/neurosurgery/52.5.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Langmoen IA, Ohlsson M, Westerlund U, Svensson M. A New Tool in Restorative Neurosurgery: Creating Niches for Neuronal Stem Cells. Neurosurgery 2003. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000058473.19461.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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