1
|
Silsby M, Feldman EL, Dortch RD, Roth A, Haroutounian S, Rajabally YA, Vucic S, Shy ME, Oaklander AL, Simon NG. Advances in diagnosis and management of distal sensory polyneuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:1025-1039. [PMID: 36997315 PMCID: PMC10544692 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) is characterised by length-dependent, sensory-predominant symptoms and signs, including potentially disabling symmetric chronic pain, tingling and poor balance. Some patients also have or develop dysautonomia or motor involvement depending on whether large myelinated or small fibres are predominantly affected. Although highly prevalent, diagnosis and management can be challenging. While classic diabetes and toxic causes are well-recognised, there are increasingly diverse associations, including with dysimmune, rheumatological and neurodegenerative conditions. Approximately half of cases are initially considered idiopathic despite thorough evaluation, but often, the causes emerge later as new symptoms develop or testing advances, for instance with genetic approaches. Improving and standardising DSP metrics, as already accomplished for motor neuropathies, would permit in-clinic longitudinal tracking of natural history and treatment responses. Standardising phenotyping could advance research and facilitate trials of potential therapies, which lag so far. This review updates on recent advances and summarises current evidence for specific treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Silsby
- Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard D Dortch
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yusuf A Rajabally
- Inflammatory Neuropathy Clinic, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve Vucic
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anne Louise Oaklander
- Nerve Unit, Departments of Neurology and Pathology (Neuropathology), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil G Simon
- Northern Beaches Clinical School, Macquarie University, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knupp J, Pletan ML, Arvan P, Tsai B. Autophagy of the ER: the secretome finds the lysosome. FEBS J 2023; 290:5656-5673. [PMID: 37920925 PMCID: PMC11044768 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its components through the autophagy pathway has emerged as a major regulator of ER proteostasis. Commonly referred to as ER-phagy and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD), how the ER is targeted to the lysosome has been recently clarified by a growing number of studies. Here, we summarize the discoveries of the molecular components required for lysosomal degradation of the ER and their proposed mechanisms of action. Additionally, we discuss how cells employ these machineries to create the different routes of ER-lysosome-associated degradation. Further, we review the role of ER-phagy in viral infection pathways, as well as the implication of ER-phagy in human disease. In sum, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current field of ER-phagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Knupp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Madison L Pletan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeidler M, Kummer KK, Kress M. Towards bridging the translational gap by improved modeling of human nociception in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:965-978. [PMID: 35655042 PMCID: PMC9393146 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies which have explored the pathogenesis of pain disorders in preclinical models, there is a pronounced translational gap, which is at least partially caused by differences between the human and rodent nociceptive system. An elegant way to bridge this divide is the exploitation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming into human iPSC-derived nociceptors (iDNs). Several protocols were developed and optimized to model nociceptive processes in health and disease. Here we provide an overview of the different approaches and summarize the knowledge obtained from such models on pain pathologies associated with monogenetic sensory disorders so far. In addition, novel perspectives offered by increasing the complexity of the model systems further to better reflect the natural environment of nociceptive neurons by involving other cell types in 3D model systems are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Zeidler
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Antony A, Ng N, Lauto A, Coorssen JR, Myers SJ. Calcium-Mediated Calpain Activation and Microtubule Dissociation in Cell Model of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type-1 Expressing V144D SPTLC1 Mutation. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:225-234. [PMID: 34986032 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1A (HSN1A) is an autosomal, dominantly inherited peripheral neuropathy caused by mutations in serine palmitoyl transferase long chain 1 (SPTLC1), involved in the de novo synthesis of sphingolipids. We have previously reported calcium imbalance, as well as mitochondrial and ER stress in both HSN1 patient lymphoblasts and a transiently transfected cell model. In this study, we investigated the role of the Ca2+-activated protease calpain in destabilizing the cell cytoskeleton, by examining calpain activity in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing the V144D mutant and changes in microtubule-associated proteins (MAP). Intramitochondrial Ca2+ was found to be significantly depleted and cytoplasmic Ca2+ increased in the V144D mutant. Subsequently, calpain and proteasome activity were increased and calpain substrates, microtubule associated proteins MAP2, and tau were significantly reduced in the microtubule fraction of the mutant. Significant changes were also found in motor proteins dynein and KIF2A detected in the microtubule fraction of cells overexpressing the V144D mutation. There was also a reduction in anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial transport velocities in the V144D mutant. These findings strongly implicate cytoskeletal aberration caused by Ca2+ dysregulation and subsequent loss of microtubule transport functions as the cause of axonal dying back that is characteristic of HSN1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Antony
- Neuro-Cell Biology Laboratory and Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Neville Ng
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Keiraville, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Department of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon J Myers
- Neuro-Cell Biology Laboratory and Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Contribution of Skin Biopsy in Peripheral Neuropathies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120989. [PMID: 33333929 PMCID: PMC7765344 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades the study of cutaneous innervation through 3 mm-punch-biopsy has provided an important contribution to the knowledge of small fiber somatic and autonomic neuropathies but also of large fiber neuropathies. Skin biopsy is a minimally invasive technique with the advantage, compared to sural nerve biopsy, of being suitable to be applied to any site in our body, of being repeatable over time, of allowing the identification of each population of nerve fiber through its target. In patients with symptoms and signs of small fiber neuropathy the assessment of IntraEpidermal Nerve Fiber density is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis while the quantification of sudomotor, pilomotor, and vasomotor nerve fibers allows to evaluate and characterize the autonomic involvement. All these parameters can be re-evaluated over time to monitor the disease process and to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. Myelinated fibers and their receptors can also be evaluated to detect a “dying back” neuropathy early when nerve conduction study is still normal. Furthermore, the morphometry of dermal myelinated fibers has provided new insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of different types of inherited and acquired large fibers neuropathies. In genetic neuropathies skin biopsy has become a surrogate for sural nerve biopsy, no longer necessary in the diagnostic process, to study genotype–phenotype correlations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mo J, Chen J, Zhang B. Critical roles of FAM134B in ER-phagy and diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:983. [PMID: 33199694 PMCID: PMC7670425 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FAM134B (also called JK-1, RETREG1), a member of the family with sequence similarity 134, was originally discovered as an oncogene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, its most famous function is that of an ER-phagy-regulating receptor. Over the decades, the powerful biological functions of FAM134B were gradually revealed. Overwhelming evidence indicates that its dysfunction is related to pathophysiological processes such as neuropathy, viral replication, inflammation, and cancer. This review describes the biological functions of FAM134B, focusing on its role in ER-phagy. In addition, we summarize the diseases in which it is involved and review the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of inherited neuropathies featuring prominent sensory and autonomic involvement. Classification of HSAN is based on mode of inheritance, genetic mutation, and phenotype. In this review, we discuss the recent additions to this classification and the important updates on management with a special focus on the recently investigated disease-modifying agents. RECENT FINDINGS In this past decade, three more HSAN types were added to the classification creating even more diversity in the genotype-phenotype. Clinical trials are underway for disease-modifying and symptomatic therapeutics, targeting mainly HSAN type III. Obtaining genetic testing leads to accurate diagnosis and guides focused management in the setting of such a diverse and continuously growing phenotype. It also increases the wealth of knowledge on HSAN pathophysiologies which paves the way toward development of targeted genetic treatments in the era of precision medicine.
Collapse
|
8
|
A Novel Variant (Asn177Asp) in SPTLC2 Causing Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy Type 1C. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:182-191. [PMID: 30955194 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1) is a rare, autosomal dominantly inherited, slowly progressive and length-dependent axonal peripheral neuropathy. HSAN1 is associated with several mutations in serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT), the first enzyme in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. HSAN1 mutations alter the substrate specificity of SPT, which leads to the formation of 1-deoxysphingolipids, an atypical and neurotoxic subclass of sphingolipids. This study describes the clinical and neurophysiological phenotype of a German family with a novel SPTCL2 mutation (c.529A > G; N177D) associated with HSAN1 and the biochemical characterization of this mutation.) The mutaion was identified in five family members that segregated with the diesease. Patients were characterized genetically and clinically for neurophysiological function. Their plasma sphingolipid profiles were analyzed by LC-MS. The biochemical properties of the mutation were characterized in a cell-based activity assay. Affected family members showed elevated 1-deoxysphingolipid plasma levels. HEK293 cells expressing the N177D SPTLC2 mutant showed increased de novo 1-deoxysphingolipid formation, but also displayed elevated canonical SPT activity and increased C20 sphingoid base production. This study identifies the SPTLC2 N177D variant as a novel disease-causing mutation with increased 1-deoxySL formation and its association with a typical HSAN1 phenotype.
Collapse
|
9
|
Triplett J, Nicholson G, Sue C, Hornemann T, Yiannikas C. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IC accompanied by upper motor neuron abnormalities and type II juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasias. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2019; 24:224-229. [PMID: 30866134 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN-1) is an autosomal dominant sensory neuropathy occurring secondary to mutations in the SPTLC1 and SPTLC2 genes. We present two generations of a single family with Ser384Phe mutation in the SPTLC2 gene located on chromosome 14q24 characterized by a typical HSAN-1c presentation, with additional findings upper motor neuron signs, early demyelinating features on nerve conduction studies, and type II juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasias also known as macular telangiectasias (MacTel II). Although HSAN1 is characterized as an axonal neuropathy, demyelinating features were identified in two subjects on serial nerve conduction studies comprising motor conduction block, temporal dispersion, and prolongation of F-waves. MacTell II is a rare syndrome characterized by bilateral macular depigmentation and Müller cell loss. It has a presumed genetic basis, and these cases suggest that the accumulation of toxic sphingoplipids may lead to Müller cell degeneration, subsequent neuronal loss, depigmentation, and progressive central macular thinning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Triplett
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Garth Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Medicine, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn Sue
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Con Yiannikas
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boris JR. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in children and adolescents. Auton Neurosci 2018; 215:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
11
|
Fortugno P, Angelucci F, Cestra G, Camerota L, Ferraro AS, Cordisco S, Uccioli L, Castiglia D, De Angelis B, Kurth I, Kornak U, Brancati F. Recessive mutations in the neuronal isoforms of DST
, encoding dystonin, lead to abnormal actin cytoskeleton organization and HSAN type VI. Hum Mutat 2018; 40:106-114. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fortugno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | - Gianluca Cestra
- IBPM; Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari; CNR; Rome Italy
- Deptartment of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Rome “Sapienza,”; Rome Italy
| | - Letizia Camerota
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | | | - Sonia Cordisco
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | - Luigi Uccioli
- Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Daniele Castiglia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Barbara De Angelis
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”; Rome Italy
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité; Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
- FG Development and Disease; Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik; Berlin Germany
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wilson ER, Kugathasan U, Abramov AY, Clark AJ, Bennett DLH, Reilly MM, Greensmith L, Kalmar B. Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1-associated deoxysphingolipids cause neurotoxicity, acute calcium handling abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:1-14. [PMID: 29778900 PMCID: PMC6060082 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 (HSN-1) is a peripheral neuropathy most frequently caused by mutations in the SPTLC1 or SPTLC2 genes, which code for two subunits of the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). SPT catalyzes the first step of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Mutations in SPT result in a change in enzyme substrate specificity, which causes the production of atypical deoxysphinganine and deoxymethylsphinganine, rather than the normal enzyme product, sphinganine. Levels of these abnormal compounds are elevated in blood of HSN-1 patients and this is thought to cause the peripheral motor and sensory nerve damage that is characteristic of the disease, by a largely unresolved mechanism. In this study, we show that exogenous application of these deoxysphingoid bases causes dose- and time-dependent neurotoxicity in primary mammalian neurons, as determined by analysis of cell survival and neurite length. Acutely, deoxysphingoid base neurotoxicity manifests in abnormal Ca2+ handling by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria as well as dysregulation of cell membrane store-operated Ca2+ channels. The changes in intracellular Ca2+ handling are accompanied by an early loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in deoxysphingoid base-treated motor and sensory neurons. Thus, these results suggest that exogenous deoxysphingoid base application causes neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and Ca2+ handling deficits, which may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HSN-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Umaiyal Kugathasan
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alex J Clark
- Neural Injury Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David L H Bennett
- Neural Injury Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Bernadett Kalmar
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Islam F, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. RETREG1(FAM134B): A new player in human diseases: 15 years after the discovery in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4479-4489. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology; School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Rajshahi; Rajshahi Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology; School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Alfred King-yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology; School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Białecka M, Jurewicz A, Cięszczyk P, Machoy-Mokrzyńska A, Kurzawski M, Leźnicka K, Dziedziejko V, Safranow K, Droździk M, Bohatyrewicz A. Catechol-oxide-methyltransferase (COMT rs4680:G>A) gene polymorphism does not affect analgesics’ demand after elective hip replacement. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Graham Gwathmey
- Department of Neurology; University of Virginia; P.O. Box 800394 Charlottesville Virginia 22908 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Variant p.(Arg183Trp) in SPTLC2 Causes Late-Onset Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 18:81-90. [PMID: 26573920 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 1 (HSAN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder that can be caused by variants in SPTLC1 or SPTLC2, encoding subunits of serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase. Disease variants alter the enzyme's substrate specificity and lead to accumulation of neurotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids. We describe two families with autosomal dominant HSAN1C caused by a new variant in SPTLC2, c.547C>T, p.(Arg183Trp). The variant changed a conserved amino acid and was not found in public variant databases. All patients had a relatively mild progressive distal sensory impairment, with onset after age 50. Small fibers were affected early, leading to abnormalities on quantitative sensory testing. Sural biopsy revealed a severe chronic axonal neuropathy with subtotal loss of myelinated axons, relatively preserved number of non-myelinated fibers and no signs for regeneration. Skin biopsy with PGP9.5 labeling showed lack of intraepidermal nerve endings early in the disease. Motor manifestations developed later in the disease course, but there was no evidence of autonomic involvement. Patients had elevated serum 1-deoxysphingolipids, and the variant protein produced elevated amounts of 1-deoxysphingolipids in vitro, which proved the pathogenicity of the variant. Our results expand the genetic spectrum of HSAN1C and provide further detail about the clinical characteristics. Sequencing of SPTLC2 should be considered in all patients presenting with mild late-onset sensory-predominant small or large fiber neuropathy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Brouwer BA, Merkies ISJ, Gerrits MM, Waxman SG, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Faber CG. Painful neuropathies: the emerging role of sodium channelopathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2014; 19:53-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jns5.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte A. Brouwer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ingemar S. J. Merkies
- Department of Neurology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Spaarne Hospital; Hoofddorp The Netherlands
| | - Monique M. Gerrits
- Department of Clinical Genomics; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Department of Neurology; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research; Veterans Affairs Medical Center; West Haven CT USA
| | | | - Catharina G. Faber
- Department of Neurology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barros P, Morais H, Santos C, Roriz J, Coutinho P. Clinical and neurophysiologic characterization of an European family with hereditary sensory neuropathy, paroxysmal cough and gastroesophageal reflux. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 72:269-72. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2002, Spring et al reported a family with an autosomal dominant form of hereditary sensory neuropathy; patients also presented adult onset of gastroesophageal reflux and cough. Since then, no further families have been described. Objective: To study a new Portuguese family with these characteristics. Method: To describe the clinical and neurophysiologic characteristics of one family with features of sensory neuropathy associated with cough and gastroesophageal erflux. Results: Three of five siblings presented a similar history of paroxysmal cough (5th decade). About a decade later they experienced numbness and paraesthesia in the feets and in all cases there was evidence of an axonal sensory neuropathy. A history of gastroesophageal reflux of variable severity and age of onset was also present. Discussion: Molecular genetic studies have demonstrated genetic heterogeneity between the hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 subtypes. The identification of these families is of major importance because further work is required to identify the underlying genetic defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barros
- Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Hugo Morais
- Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | | | - José Roriz
- Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Clinical and diagnostic features of small fiber damage in diabetic polyneuropathy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 126:275-90. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
20
|
Kwok T, Ting PT, Wong EK, Brassard A. Peripheral Neuropathy for Dermatologists: What If Not Diabetic Neuropathy? J Cutan Med Surg 2013; 17 Suppl 1:S1-5. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2013.wound3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Patients with cutaneous manifestations associated with peripheral neuropathy often present to the dermatologist's office. Objective/Methods: This article outlines a practical approach for obtaining the history, performing a screening physical examination, and ordering initial diagnostic testing to diagnose the cause of nondiabetic neuropathy. When to refer for neurologic consultation and principles of management of neuropathic pain and neuropathy-related ulcers are also discussed. Results: Cutaneous manifestations of peripheral neuropathy may be secondary to a medical condition predisposing the patient to neuropathy or a manifestation of neuropathy itself. In the latter category, skin affected by neuropathy may show characteristics of xerosis, anhidrosis, rubor, edema, callus, ulceration, muscle wasting, and foot deformity. Most often these findings occur in association with diabetic neuropathy; however, many other infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, paraneoplastic, hereditary, and medication- or toxin-related causes should be considered. The treatment of cutaneous manifestations of neuropathy includes pressure downloading, control of edema, and optimal ulcer and neuropathic pain management. Conclusion: It is important for dermatologists to have a basic approach to neuropathy in patients with related skin disease. Referral to Neurology is warranted when basic workup for reversible causes is negative or for any severe, rapidly progressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Kwok
- From the Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Patricia T. Ting
- From the Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Eric K. Wong
- From the Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Alain Brassard
- From the Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Murphy SM, Ernst D, Wei Y, Laurà M, Liu YT, Polke J, Blake J, Winer J, Houlden H, Hornemann T, Reilly MM. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSANI) caused by a novel mutation in SPTLC2. Neurology 2013; 80:2106-11. [PMID: 23658386 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318295d789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and neurophysiologic phenotype of a family with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSANI) due to a novel mutation in SPTLC2 and to characterize the biochemical properties of this mutation. METHODS We screened 107 patients with HSAN who were negative for other genetic causes for mutations in SPTLC2. The biochemical properties of a new mutation were characterized in cell-free and cell-based activity assays. RESULTS A novel mutation (A182P) was found in 2 subjects of a single family. The phenotype of the 2 subjects was an ulcero-mutilating sensory-predominant neuropathy as described previously for patients with HSANI, but with prominent motor involvement and earlier disease onset in the first decade of life. Affected patients had elevated levels of plasma 1-deoxysphingolipids (1-deoxySLs). Biochemically, the A182P mutation was associated with a reduced canonical activity but an increased alternative activity with alanine, which results in largely increased 1-deoxySL levels, supporting their pathogenicity. CONCLUSION This study confirms that mutations in SPTLC2 are associated with increased deoxySL formation causing HSANI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad M Murphy
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSN/HSAN) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders of the peripheral nervous system that predominantly affect the sensory and autonomic neurons. Hallmark features comprise not only prominent sensory signs and symptoms and ulcerative mutilations but also variable autonomic and motor disturbances. Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance has been reported. Molecular genetics studies have identified disease-causing mutations in 11 genes. Some of the affected proteins have nerve-specific roles but underlying mechanisms have also been shown to involve sphingolipid metabolism, vesicular transport, structural integrity, and transcription regulation. Genetic and functional studies have substantially improved the understanding of the pathogenesis of the HSN/HSAN and will help to find preventive and causative therapies in the future.
Collapse
|
23
|
Brady C, Szalay EA. Knee Arthrodesis in Navajo Familial Neurogenic Arthropathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. JBJS Case Connect 2013; 3:e27. [PMID: 29252332 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.l.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brady
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Carrie Tingley Hospital, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1127 University Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Davidson GL, Murphy SM, Polke JM, Laura M, Salih MAM, Muntoni F, Blake J, Brandner S, Davies N, Horvath R, Price S, Donaghy M, Roberts M, Foulds N, Ramdharry G, Soler D, Lunn MP, Manji H, Davis MB, Houlden H, Reilly MM. Frequency of mutations in the genes associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy in a UK cohort. J Neurol 2012; 259:1673-85. [PMID: 22302274 PMCID: PMC3752368 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN, also known as the hereditary sensory neuropathies) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders, characterised by a progressive sensory neuropathy often complicated by ulcers and amputations, with variable motor and autonomic involvement. To date, mutations in twelve genes have been identified as causing HSAN. To study the frequency of mutations in these genes and the associated phenotypes, we screened 140 index patients in our inherited neuropathy cohort with a clinical diagnosis of HSAN for mutations in the coding regions of SPTLC1, RAB7, WNK1/HSN2, FAM134B, NTRK1 (TRKA) and NGFB. We identified 25 index patients with mutations in six genes associated with HSAN (SPTLC1, RAB7, WNK1/HSN2, FAM134B, NTRK1 and NGFB); 20 of which appear to be pathogenic giving an overall mutation frequency of 14.3%. Mutations in the known genes for HSAN are rare suggesting that further HSAN genes are yet to be identified. The p.Cys133Trp mutation in SPTLC1 is the most common cause of HSAN in the UK population and should be screened first in all patients with sporadic or autosomal dominant HSAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Davidson
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - S. M. Murphy
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - J. M. Polke
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. Laura
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. A. M. Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F. Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London, UK
| | - J. Blake
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - S. Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - N. Davies
- Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - R. Horvath
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S. Price
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - M. Donaghy
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - M. Roberts
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N. Foulds
- Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - G. Ramdharry
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - D. Soler
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - M. P. Lunn
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - H. Manji
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. B. Davis
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - H. Houlden
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. M. Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS, Waxman SG. Small-fibre neuropathies—advances in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:369-79. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
26
|
Bucci C, Bakke O, Progida C. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and intracellular traffic. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:191-225. [PMID: 22465036 PMCID: PMC3514635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of genes whose primary function is the regulation of membrane traffic are increasingly being identified as the underlying causes of various important human disorders. Intriguingly, mutations in ubiquitously expressed membrane traffic genes often lead to cell type- or organ-specific disorders. This is particularly true for neuronal diseases, identifying the nervous system as the most sensitive tissue to alterations of membrane traffic. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies. It is also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), which comprises a group of disorders specifically affecting peripheral nerves. This peripheral neuropathy, highly heterogeneous both clinically and genetically, is characterized by a slowly progressive degeneration of the muscle of the foot, lower leg, hand and forearm, accompanied by sensory loss in the toes, fingers and limbs. More than 30 genes have been identified as targets of mutations that cause CMT neuropathy. A number of these genes encode proteins directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of intracellular traffic. Indeed, the list of genes linked to CMT disease includes genes important for vesicle formation, phosphoinositide metabolism, lysosomal degradation, mitochondrial fission and fusion, and also genes encoding endosomal and cytoskeletal proteins. This review focuses on the link between intracellular transport and CMT disease, highlighting the molecular mechanisms that underlie the different forms of this peripheral neuropathy and discussing the pathophysiological impact of membrane transport genetic defects as well as possible future ways to counteract these defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Leonardis L, Auer-Grumbach M, Papić L, Zidar J. The N355K atlastin 1 mutation is associated with hereditary sensory neuropathy and pyramidal tract features. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:992-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Murphy SM, Davidson GL, Brandner S, Houlden H, Reilly MM. Mutation in FAM134B causing severe hereditary sensory neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83:119-20. [PMID: 21115472 PMCID: PMC3721196 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.228965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) are rare inherited neuropathies presenting with sensory loss and complications, including ulcers, infections, osteomyelitis and amputations. Usually, sensory symptoms predominate although motor involvement can occur. Autonomic features may be minimal (then hereditary sensory neuropathy, HSN, is preferred). HSAN has been classified into five subtypes depending on clinical presentation. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy II (HSANII or HSNII) is an early onset, autosomal recessive sensory neuropathy with ulcero-mutilating complications due to mutations in the HSN2 isoform of the WNK1 gene. Recently, a similar phenotype was described in a Saudi-Arabian family, and a homozygous nonsense mutation found in a new gene, FAM134B (family with sequence similarity 134, member B), encoding a newly identified Golgi protein. The index case in this family was initially thought to have leprosy. Three additional families (out of 75 patients) with similar phenotypes were found to have homozygous loss of function mutations in FAM134B. Here, we report the clinical and pathological findings in a further patient with HSNII due to a homozygous mutation in FAM134B.
Collapse
|
29
|
CMT2B-associated Rab7 mutants inhibit neurite outgrowth. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:491-501. [PMID: 20464402 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Charco-Marie-Tooth type 2B (CMT2B) neuropathy is a rare autosomal-dominant axonal disorder characterized by distal weakness, muscle atrophy, and prominent sensory loss often complicated by foot ulcerations. CMT2B is associated with mutations of the Rab7 protein, a small GTPase controlling late endocytic traffic. Currently, it is still unknown how these mutations cause the neuropathy. Indeed, CMT2B selectively affects neuronal processes, despite the ubiquitous expression of Rab7. Therefore, this study focused on whether these disorder-associated mutations exert an effect on neurite outgrowth. We observed a marked inhibition of neurite outgrowth upon expression of all the CMT2B-associated mutants in the PC12 and Neuro2A cell lines. Thus, our data strongly support previous genetic data which proposed that these Rab7 mutations are indeed causally related to CMT2B. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth by these CMT2B-associated Rab7 mutants was confirmed biochemically by impaired up-regulation of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) in PC12 cells and of the nuclear neuronal differentiation marker NeuN in Neuro2A cells. Expression of a constitutively active Rab7 mutant had a similar effect to the expression of the CMT2B-associated Rab7 mutants. The active behavior of these CMT2B-associated mutants is in line with their previously demonstrated increased GTP loading, thus confirming that active Rab7 mutants are responsible for CMT2B. Our findings provide an explanation for the ability of CMT2B-associated Rab7 mutants to override the activity of wild-type Rab7 in heterozygous patients. Thus, our data suggest that lowering the activity of Rab7 in neurons could be a targeted therapy for CMT2B.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Navajo Familial Neurogenic Arthropathy is a disease identified in Navajo children, primarily residing in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. To date, there are no reports in the orthopaedic literature regarding this disorder, particularly the clinical manifestations and treatment considerations. METHODS We carried out a retrospective chart and radiographic review of 2 patients with Navajo familial neurogenic arthropathy. We present these 2 patients as representative of the orthopaedic manifestations of Navajo familial neurogenic arthropathy. RESULTS Both patients have significant axial and appendicular bone abnormalities, Charcot-type arthopathy, heat intolerance and also anhidrosis. They have normal intelligence. Both patients underwent surgical interventions, with recurrent deformity and infection being the most common complications. CONCLUSIONS Navajo familial neurogenic arthropathy is a rare clinical entity, seen most commonly in the southwestern regions of the United States. Patients are found to have a myriad of orthopaedic abnormalities, and surgical intervention, while sometimes indicated, can be fraught with complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
Collapse
|
31
|
Thevenard’s Disease - a hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I / Thevenardova bolest - nasledna, senzorna i autonomna neuropatija tipa I. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10249-011-0023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThevenard’s Disease is a rare, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy which leads to hyperkeratotyc and ulcerative lesions of the feet. We present two patients, a father and son, 39 and 18 years of age, in whom the disease first manifested in adolescence. Plantar hyperkeratosis and trophic, painless ulcerations occurred first, with subsequent feet deformities. Neurological and radiological findings pointed to chronic demyelination, polyneuropathy with damage to sensory fibers. Differential diagnosis and treatment options are discussed
Collapse
|
32
|
Rotthier A, Baets J, De Vriendt E, Jacobs A, Auer-Grumbach M, Lévy N, Bonello-Palot N, Kilic SS, Weis J, Nascimento A, Swinkels M, Kruyt MC, Jordanova A, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Genes for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: a genotype-phenotype correlation. Brain 2009; 132:2699-711. [PMID: 19651702 PMCID: PMC2759337 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders characterized by axonal atrophy and degeneration, exclusively or predominantly affecting the sensory and autonomic neurons. So far, disease-associated mutations have been identified in seven genes: two genes for autosomal dominant (SPTLC1 and RAB7) and five genes for autosomal recessive forms of HSAN (WNK1/HSN2, NTRK1, NGFB, CCT5 and IKBKAP). We performed a systematic mutation screening of the coding sequences of six of these genes on a cohort of 100 familial and isolated patients diagnosed with HSAN. In addition, we screened the functional candidate gene NGFR (p75/NTR) encoding the nerve growth factor receptor. We identified disease-causing mutations in SPTLC1, RAB7, WNK1/HSN2 and NTRK1 in 19 patients, of which three mutations have not previously been reported. The phenotypes associated with mutations in NTRK1 and WNK1/HSN2 typically consisted of congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis, and early-onset ulcero-mutilating sensory neuropathy, respectively. RAB7 mutations were only found in patients with a Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B (CMT2B) phenotype, an axonal sensory-motor neuropathy with pronounced ulcero-mutilations. In SPTLC1, we detected a novel mutation (S331F) corresponding to a previously unknown severe and early-onset HSAN phenotype. No mutations were found in NGFB, CCT5 and NGFR. Overall disease-associated mutations were found in 19% of the studied patient group, suggesting that additional genes are associated with HSAN. Our genotype–phenotype correlation study broadens the spectrum of HSAN and provides additional insights for molecular and clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Rotthier
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mimura T, Amano S, Fukuoka S, Honda N, Arita R, Ochiai M, Yanagisawa M, Usui T, Ono K, Araki F, Yamagami S, Araie M, Awaya Y. In VivoConfocal Microscopy of Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy. Curr Eye Res 2009; 33:940-5. [DOI: 10.1080/02713680802450992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
34
|
Raman MCC, Johnson KA, Yard BA, Lowther J, Carter LG, Naismith JH, Campopiano DJ. The external aldimine form of serine palmitoyltransferase: structural, kinetic, and spectroscopic analysis of the wild-type enzyme and HSAN1 mutant mimics. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17328-17339. [PMID: 19376777 PMCID: PMC2719368 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid biosynthesis begins with the condensation of L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA catalyzed by the PLP-dependent enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). Mutations in human SPT cause hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type 1, a disease characterized by loss of feeling in extremities and severe pain. The human enzyme is a membrane-bound hetereodimer, and the most common mutations are located in the enzymatically incompetent monomer, suggesting a "dominant" or regulatory effect. The molecular basis of how these mutations perturb SPT activity is subtle and is not simply loss of activity. To further explore the structure and mechanism of SPT, we have studied the homodimeric bacterial enzyme from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. We have analyzed two mutants (N100Y and N100W) engineered to mimic the mutations seen in hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type 1 as well as a third mutant N100C designed to mimic the wild-type human SPT. The N100C mutant appears fully active, whereas both N100Y and N100W are significantly compromised. The structures of the holoenzymes reveal differences around the active site and in neighboring secondary structure that transmit across the dimeric interface in both N100Y and N100W. Comparison of the l-Ser external aldimine structures of both native and N100Y reveals significant differences that hinder the movement of a catalytically important Arg(378) residue into the active site. Spectroscopic analysis confirms that both N100Y and N100W mutants subtly affect the chemistry of the PLP. Furthermore, the N100Y and R378A mutants appear less able to stabilize a quinonoid intermediate. These data provide the first experimental insight into how the most common disease-associated mutations of human SPT may lead to perturbation of enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine C C Raman
- From EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ
| | - Kenneth A Johnson
- EaStChem, Scottish Structural Proteomics Facility, and Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of St. Andrews, Edinburgh KY16 9RH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley A Yard
- From EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ
| | - Jonathan Lowther
- From EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ
| | - Lester G Carter
- EaStChem, Scottish Structural Proteomics Facility, and Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of St. Andrews, Edinburgh KY16 9RH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James H Naismith
- EaStChem, Scottish Structural Proteomics Facility, and Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of St. Andrews, Edinburgh KY16 9RH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Romero de Ávila G, Pazos Otero N, Martínez Vázquez C, Fernández J, Navarro C. Artropatía de Charcot y úlceras neuropáticas plantares causadas por neuropatía autosómica sensorial hereditaria. Rev Clin Esp 2008; 208:373-4. [DOI: 10.1157/13124326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Auer-Grumbach M. Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008; 3:7. [PMID: 18348718 PMCID: PMC2311280 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN I) is a slowly progressive neurological disorder characterised by prominent predominantly distal sensory loss, autonomic disturbances, autosomal dominant inheritance, and juvenile or adulthood disease onset. The exact prevalence is unknown, but is estimated as very low. Disease onset varies between the 2nd and 5th decade of life. The main clinical feature of HSN I is the reduction of sensation sense mainly distributed to the distal parts of the upper and lower limbs. Variable distal muscle weakness and wasting, and chronic skin ulcers are characteristic. Autonomic features (usually sweating disturbances) are invariably observed. Serious and common complications are spontaneous fractures, osteomyelitis and necrosis, as well as neuropathic arthropathy which may even necessitate amputations. Some patients suffer from severe pain attacks. Hypacusis or deafness, or cough and gastrooesophageal reflux have been observed in rare cases. HSN I is a genetically heterogenous condition with three loci and mutations in two genes (SPTLC1 and RAB7) identified so far. Diagnosis is based on the clinical observation and is supported by a family history. Nerve conduction studies confirm a sensory and motor neuropathy predominantly affecting the lower limbs. Radiological studies, including magnetic resonance imaging, are useful when bone infections or necrosis are suspected. Definitive diagnosis is based on the detection of mutations by direct sequencing of the SPTLC1 and RAB7 genes. Correct clinical assessment and genetic confirmation of the diagnosis are important for appropriate genetic counselling and prognosis. Differential diagnosis includes the other hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN), especially HSAN II, as well as diabetic foot syndrome, alcoholic neuropathy, neuropathies caused by other neurotoxins/drugs, immune mediated neuropathy, amyloidosis, spinal cord diseases, tabes dorsalis, lepra neuropathy, or decaying skin tumours like amelanotic melanoma. Management of HSN I follows the guidelines given for diabetic foot care (removal of pressure to the ulcer and eradication of infection, followed by the use of specific protective footwear) and starts with early and accurate counselling of patients about risk factors for developing foot ulcerations. The disorder is slowly progressive and does not influence life expectancy but is often severely disabling after a long duration of the disease.
Collapse
|
37
|
Barisic N, Claeys KG, Sirotković-Skerlev M, Löfgren A, Nelis E, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a clinico-genetic confrontation. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:416-41. [PMID: 18215208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common neuromuscular disorder. It represents a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited neuropathies. Here, we review the results of molecular genetic investigations and the clinical and neurophysiological features of the different CMT subtypes. The products of genes associated with CMT phenotypes are important for the neuronal structure maintenance, axonal transport, nerve signal transduction and functions related to the cellular integrity. Identifying the molecular basis of CMT and studying the relevant genes and their functions is important to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders, and the processes involved in the normal development and function of the peripheral nervous system. The results of molecular genetic investigations have impact on the appropriate diagnosis, genetic counselling and possible new therapeutic options for CMT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Barisic
- Department of Pediatrics, Zagreb University Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yard BA, Carter LG, Johnson KA, Overton IM, Dorward M, Liu H, McMahon SA, Oke M, Puech D, Barton GJ, Naismith JH, Campopiano DJ. The Structure of Serine Palmitoyltransferase; Gateway to Sphingolipid Biosynthesis. J Mol Biol 2007; 370:870-86. [PMID: 17559874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipid biosynthesis commences with the condensation of L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to produce 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS). This reaction is catalysed by the PLP-dependent enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT; EC 2.3.1.50), which is a membrane-bound heterodimer (SPT1/SPT2) in eukaryotes such as humans and yeast and a cytoplasmic homodimer in the Gram-negative bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Unusually, the outer membrane of S. paucimobilis contains glycosphingolipid (GSL) instead of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and SPT catalyses the first step of the GSL biosynthetic pathway in this organism. We report here the crystal structure of the holo-form of S. paucimobilis SPT at 1.3 A resolution. The enzyme is a symmetrical homodimer with two active sites and a monomeric tertiary structure consisting of three domains. The PLP cofactor is bound covalently to a lysine residue (Lys265) as an internal aldimine/Schiff base and the active site is composed of residues from both subunits, located at the bottom of a deep cleft. Models of the human SPT1/SPT2 heterodimer were generated from the bacterial structure by bioinformatics analysis. Mutations in the human SPT1-encoding subunit have been shown to cause a neuropathological disease known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN1). Our models provide an understanding of how these mutations may affect the activity of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beverley A Yard
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Auer-Grumbach M, Mauko B, Auer-Grumbach P, Pieber TR. Molecular genetics of hereditary sensory neuropathies. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 8:147-58. [PMID: 16775373 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathies (HSN), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN), are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. They are caused by neuronal atrophy and degeneration, predominantly affecting peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons. Both congenital and juvenile to adulthood onset is possible. Currently, the classification of the HSN depends on the mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical presentation. Hallmark features are progressive sensory loss, chronic skin ulcers, and other skin abnormalities. Spontaneous fractures and neuropathic arthropathy are frequent complications and often necessitate amputations. Autonomic features vary between different subgroups. Distal muscle weakness and wasting may be present and is sometimes so prominent that it becomes difficult to distinguish HSN from Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome. Recent major advances in molecular genetics have led to the identification of seven gene loci and six-disease causing genes for autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive HSN. These genes have been shown to play roles in lipid metabolism and the regulation of intracellular vesicular transport, but also a presumptive transcriptional regulator, a nerve growth factor receptor, and a nerve growth factor have been described among the causative genes in HSN. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how mutations in the known genes lead to the phenotype of HSN. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of the molecular genetics of the HSN and the implicated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Houlden H, Charlton P, Singh D. Neurology and orthopaedics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:224-32. [PMID: 17308288 PMCID: PMC2117631 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.092072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurology encompasses all aspects of medicine and surgery, but is closer to orthopaedic surgery than many other specialities. Both neurological deficits and bone disorders lead to locomotor system abnormalities, joint complications and limb problems. The main neurological conditions that require the attention of an orthopaedic surgeon are disorders that affect the lower motor neurones. The most common disorders in this group include neuromuscular disorders and traumatic peripheral nerve lesions. Upper motor neurone disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke are also frequently seen and discussed, as are chronic conditions such as poliomyelitis. The management of these neurological problems is often coordinated in the neurology clinic, and this group, probably more than any other, requires a multidisciplinary team approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Houlden
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease and Department of Molecular Neurosciences, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Sensory ganglionopathies have a frequent association with neoplastic disorders (paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy, or SSN) or dysimmune disorders, with drugs, such as cisplatin or pyridoxine, and with inherited disorders with degeneration of dorsal root ganglion cells. Unsteady gait and pseudoathetoid movements of the hand are the distinctive signs encountered in these disorders. The chronic disorders are characterized by non-length-dependent abnormalities of sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) and differ from other sensory neuropathies in showing a global, rather than distal, decrease in SNAP amplitudes. This review focuses on recent advances in defining the mechanisms involved in sensory ganglionopathies, and describes the differential diagnosis including the rarely encountered hereditary neuronopathies and the infectious causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kuntzer
- Unité Nerf-Muscle, Service de Neurologie, CHU Vaudois, Lausanne, Suisse.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Verhoeven K, Timmerman V, Mauko B, Pieber TR, De Jonghe P, Auer-Grumbach M. Recent advances in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19:474-80. [PMID: 16969157 DOI: 10.1097/01.wco.0000245370.82317.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the genetic advances of hereditary sensory neuropathies and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, and provides information on phenotype-genotype correlation and on possible underlying pathomechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Hereditary sensory neuropathies, also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. These disorders are characterized by prominent sensory loss with acro-mutilating complications and a variable degree of motor and autonomic disturbances. Based on age at onset, clinical features and mode of inheritance, these disorders have originally been subdivided into five types. The identification of eight loci and six disease-causing genes for this group of disorders, however, has shown that this present classification has to be refined. SUMMARY This review will discuss each of the different loci and genes of these disorders, showing glimpses into a possible underlying pathomechanism leading to the degeneration of sensory and autonomic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Verhoeven
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Minde J, Svensson O, Holmberg M, Solders G, Toolanen G. Orthopedic aspects of familial insensitivity to pain due to a novel nerve growth factor beta mutation. Acta Orthop 2006; 77:198-202. [PMID: 16752279 DOI: 10.1080/17453670610045911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital insensitivity to pain is a rare hereditary sensory neuropathy. PATIENTS We present 6 patients from a family with a mutation in the nerve growth factor beta gene (NGFB). RESULTS 3 patients were homozygous with a mutilating arthropathy starting early in life, and 3 patients were presumably heterozygous with a milder course starting in adulthood. All patients had normal mental abilities. In addition to absence of deep pain, the patients had impaired temperature sensation, but no autonomic deficiency. Sural nerve biopsies showed a moderate loss of A-delta fibres and a severe reduction in C fibers. Clinically, the disorder most often affected the lower extremities, with an insidious progressive joint swelling or a painless fracture, but the spine could also be involved with gross and unstable spondylolisthesis. Fracture healing was uneventful, but the arthropathy was progressive, eventually resulting in gross deformity and instability. When treating patients with congenital disorders such as this one, it is important to consider the slowly progressive nature of the disorder, and the orthopedic operations should therefore be planned from a long-term standpoint. Arthrodesis, limb lengthening and spinal decompression or fusion are the only elective procedures that seem reasonable. Fitting of orthosis for joint protection is also demanding. To delay the development of neuropathic arthropathy, patient education is essential but difficult in the very young. INTERPRETATION The different expression between homo- and heterozygous subjects and the central role of nerve growth factor make this disease an interesting model system for studies of disease mechanisms and the molecular background to pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Minde
- Department of Orthopedics, Gällivare Hospital, Gällivare,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fujiwara Y, Hirokawa M, Wakao Y, Itou H, Komatsu T. Heart rate variability in a child with hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy 2 (HSAN 2) during general anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16:363-6. [PMID: 16490115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
Sommer C, Lauria G. Chapter 41 Painful small-fiber neuropathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2006; 81:621-633. [PMID: 18808863 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(06)80045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
|
46
|
Houlden H, King R, Blake J, Groves M, Love S, Woodward C, Hammans S, Nicoll J, Lennox G, O'Donovan DG, Gabriel C, Thomas PK, Reilly MM. Clinical, pathological and genetic characterization of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN I). Brain 2005; 129:411-25. [PMID: 16364956 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN I) is the most frequent type of hereditary neuropathy that primarily affects sensory neurons. The genetic locus for HSAN I has been mapped to chromosome 9q22.1-22.3 and recently the gene was identified as SPTLC1, encoding serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit-1. Sequencing in HSAN I families have previously identified mutations in exons 5, 6 and 13 of this gene. We analysed the SPTLC1 gene for mutations in 8 families with HSAN I, 60 individuals with sporadic sensory neuropathy, 6 HSAN II families, 20 Charcot-Marie-Tooth type I families and 20 families with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type II. Six HSAN I families and a single sporadic neuropathy case had an identical SPTLC1 mutation. No mutations were found in the other groups. Genetic haplotyping across the HSAN I critical region in 5 families and the sporadic case suggested a common founder. Several characteristics, previously not widely recognized were identified, including lack of penetrance of the SPTLC1 mutation in some individuals, variability in age of onset along with an earlier age of onset in younger generations, in some patients surprisingly early and often severe motor involvement and an earlier onset characterized by motor involvement with demyelinating features in males compared to females in 4 families. The sensory findings were often disassociated with prominent pain and temperature loss. Neurophysiology mainly showed a sensory axonal neuropathy but in many individuals there was electrical evidence of demyelination. Sural nerve biopsies from six affected individuals and the post-mortem findings in 1 case showed mainly axonal loss. This in depth study on the phenotype of HSAN I in 6 families and a single sporadic case with a common founder identifies a number of poorly recognized features in this disorder and highlights the clinical heterogeneity both within and between families suggesting the influence of other genetic and acquired factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and The Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent advances in aetiology, diagnostic assessment, and treatment of small fibre neuropathies. RECENT FINDINGS New causes of small fibre neuropathy have been recognized and advances in neurophysiologic and neuropathologic techniques for investigating small fibres have been made, increasing the interest in this field. In particular, skin biopsy proved to be a sensitive method to diagnose small fibre neuropathy. It allows the detection of subclinical abnormalities of peripheral nerve function in patients with diabetes and tongue denervation in patients with burning mouth syndrome. This technique has also been used to demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin in experimental models of neuropathy. Among nonconventional neurophysiologic techniques for investigating small fibres, laser-evoked potential and contact heat-evoked potential stimulators have been developed and deserve particular interest. Several trials on neuropathic pain that is a typical feature of small fibre neuropathies have been performed and guidelines have recently been published. SUMMARY Detection of small fibre impairment allows earlier diagnosis of neuropathy and could be used as an outcome measure in future regenerative neuropathy trials. Standardization of skin biopsy can have an important impact on clinical practice and research. Further studies are needed to assess the reliability of current neurophysiologic techniques for testing small fibre function in peripheral neuropathies and the correlation with well established neuropathologic examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lauria
- Immunology and Muscular Pathology Unit, National Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Sensory neuron diseases (SND) are a distinct subgroup of peripheral-nervous-system diseases, first acknowledged in 1948. Acquired SND have a subacute or chronic course and are associated with systemic immune-mediated diseases, vitamin intoxication or deficiency, neurotoxic drugs, and life-threatening diseases such as cancer. SND are commonly idiopathic but can be genetic diseases; the latter tend to involve subtypes of sensory neurons and are associated with certain clinical pictures. The loss of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia causes the degeneration of short and long peripheral axons and central sensory projections in the posterior columns. This pathological process leads to a pattern of sensory nerve degeneration that is not length dependent and explains distinct clinical and neurophysiological abnormalities. Here we propose a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of acquired and hereditary SND and discuss clinical, genetic, neurophysiological, neuroradiological, and neuropathological assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Sghirlanzoni
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|