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Hwang IY, Roe JS, Seol JH, Kim HR, Cho EJ, Youn HD. pVHL-mediated transcriptional repression of c-Myc by recruitment of histone deacetylases. Mol Cells 2012; 33:195-201. [PMID: 22286234 PMCID: PMC3887712 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of Myc are to regulate cell growth,apoptosis, cell differentiation and stem-cell self-renewal. Abnormal accumulation of c-Myc is able to induce excessive proliferation of normal cells. von Hippel-Lindau protein(pVHL) is a key regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF1α), thus accumulation and hyperactivation of HIF1α is the most prominent feature of VHL-mutated renal cell carcinoma. Interestingly, the Myc pathway is reported to be activated in renal cell carcinoma even though the precise molecular mechanism still remains to be established. Here, we demonstrated that pVHL locates at the c-Myc promoter region through physical interaction with Myc. Furthermore, pVHL reinforces HDAC1/2 recruitment to the Myc promoter, which leads to the auto-suppression of Myc. Therefore, one possible mechanism of Myc auto-suppression by pVHL entails removing histone acetylation. Our study identifies a novel mechanism for pVHL-mediated negative regulation of c-Myc transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Hwang
- National Research Laboratory for Metabolic Checkpoint, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Roe
- National Research Laboratory for Metabolic Checkpoint, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Ja-Hwan Seol
- National Research Laboratory for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Hwa-Ryeon Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Metabolic Checkpoint, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Cho
- National Research Laboratory for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Hong-Duk Youn
- National Research Laboratory for Metabolic Checkpoint, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- World Class University (WCU) Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
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Liu J, Wang X, Zhou G, Wang H, Xiang L, Cheng Y, Liu W, Wang Y, Jia J, Zhao W. Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A is overexpressed in cervical cancer and upregulated by human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122:430-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kim TJ, Lee A, Lee SJ, Lee WC, Choi YJ, Lee KY, Kang CS. Prognostic Significance of Amplification of the c-MYCGene in Surgically Treated Stage IB-IIB Cervical Cancer. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2011.45.6.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahwon Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Chul Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong-Jin Choi
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo-Young Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Suk Kang
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Van Dang C, McMahon SB. Emerging Concepts in the Analysis of Transcriptional Targets of the MYC Oncoprotein: Are the Targets Targetable? Genes Cancer 2010; 1:560-567. [PMID: 21533016 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910379011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the MYC oncoprotein is among the most ubiquitous events in human cancer. MYC functions in part as a sequence-specific regulator of transcription. Although early searches for direct downstream target genes that explain MYC's potent biological activity were met with enthusiasm, the postgenomic decade has brought the realization that MYC regulates the transcription of not just a manageably small handful of target genes but instead up to 15% of all active loci. As the dust has begun to settle, two important concepts have emerged that reignite hope that understanding MYC's downstream targets might still prove valuable for defining critical nodes for therapeutic intervention in cancer patients. First, it is now clear that MYC target genes are not a random sampling of the cellular transcriptome but instead fall into specific, critical biochemical pathways such as metabolism, chromatin structure, and protein translation. In retrospect, we should not have been surprised to discover that MYC rewires cell physiology in a manner designed to provide the tumor cell with greater biosynthetic properties. However, the specific details that have emerged from these studies are likely to guide the development of new clinical tools and strategies. This raises the second concept that instills renewed optimism regarding MYC target genes. It is now clear that not all MYC target genes are of equal functional relevance. Thus, it may be possible to discern, from among the thousands of potential MYC target genes, those whose inhibition will truly debilitate the tumor cell. In short, targeting the targets may ultimately be a realistic approach after all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Van Dang
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Insinga RP, Dasbach EJ, Elbasha EH. Epidemiologic natural history and clinical management of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Disease: a critical and systematic review of the literature in the development of an HPV dynamic transmission model. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:119. [PMID: 19640281 PMCID: PMC2728100 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural history models of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and disease have been used in a number of policy evaluations of technologies to prevent and screen for HPV disease (e.g., cervical cancer, anogenital warts), sometimes with wide variation in values for epidemiologic and clinical inputs. The objectives of this study are to: (1) Provide an updated critical and systematic review of the evidence base to support epidemiologic and clinical modeling of key HPV disease-related parameters in the context of an HPV multi-type disease transmission model which we have applied within a U.S. population context; (2) Identify areas where additional studies are particularly needed. METHODS Consistent with our and other prior HPV natural history models, the literature review was confined to cervical disease and genital warts. Between October 2005 and January 2006, data were gathered from the published English language medical literature through a search of the PubMed database and references were examined from prior HPV natural history models and review papers. Study design and data quality from individual studies were compared and analyses meeting pre-defined criteria were selected. RESULTS Published data meeting review eligibility criteria were most plentiful for natural history parameters relating to the progression and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) without HPV typing, and data concerning the natural history of HPV disease due to specific HPV types were often lacking. Epidemiologic evidence to support age-dependency in the risk of progression and regression of HPV disease was found to be weak, and an alternative hypothesis concerning the time-dependence of transition rates is explored. No data were found on the duration of immunity following HPV infection. In the area of clinical management, data were observed to be lacking on the proportion of clinically manifest anogenital warts that are treated and the proportion of cervical cancer cases that become symptomatic by stage. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the natural history of HPV disease has been considerably enhanced over the past two decades, through the publication of an increasing number of relevant studies. However, considerable opportunity remains for advancing our understanding of HPV natural history and the quality of associated models, particularly with respect to examining HPV age- and type-specific outcomes, and acquired immunity following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P Insinga
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Erik J Dasbach
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Elamin H Elbasha
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA, USA
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Insinga RP, Liaw KL, Johnson LG, Madeleine MM. A systematic review of the prevalence and attribution of human papillomavirus types among cervical, vaginal, and vulvar precancers and cancers in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1611-22. [PMID: 18628412 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe prevalence and estimated attribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in U.S. cervical, vaginal, and vulvar precancers and cancers. METHODS U.S. studies reporting HPV typing for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) and/or invasive cancers of those sites were gathered from the PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/). Selected studies had PCR testing data for > or =10 cases for a disease endpoint. Analytic methods augmented prior reviews of cervical disease with an updated and expanded analysis (including vulvar and vaginal disease), new selection criteria for specimens, and adjustment for histologic type, where possible, among pooled cancer cases. In addition, for analyses of estimated attribution of HPV types, we incorporated accounting methods for lesions infected with multiple HPV types. RESULTS Data from 22 U.S. studies meeting review eligibility criteria were tabulated. Following adjustment for the presence of multiple HPV types in a single specimen, the top two HPV types contributing to disease were CIN 1 (HPV 16/66; 15.3%), CIN 2/3 (HPV 16/31; 61.9%), cervical cancer (HPV 16/18; 79.2%), VIN 1 (HPV 6/11; 41.7%), VIN 3 (HPV 16/18; 84.0%), vulvar cancer (HPV 16/33; 55.5%), VaIN 3 (HPV 16/18; 65.1%), and vaginal cancer (HPV 16/18; 72.7%). CONCLUSIONS The HPV type distribution and proportion of cases testing positive for any HPV type were observed to vary among U.S. cervical, vulvar, and vaginal neoplasias and by grade of disease. Adjustment for the presence of multitype HPV infections can have an important effect on the estimated attribution of HPV types to disease, particularly for types other than HPV 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P Insinga
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA.
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Elbasha EH, Dasbach EJ, Insinga RP. A multi-type HPV transmission model. Bull Math Biol 2008; 70:2126-76. [PMID: 18841421 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-008-9338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A prophylactic quadrivalent (types 6/11/16/18) vaccine against oncogenic and warts-causing genital Human papillomavirus (HPV) types was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2006. This paper presents a nonlinear, deterministic, age-structured, mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of HPV and disease occurrence in a US population stratified by gender and sexual activity group. The model can assess both the epidemiologic consequences and cost effectiveness of alternative vaccination strategies in a setting of organized cervical cancer screening in the United States. Inputs for the model were obtained from public data sources, published literature, and analyses of clinical trial data. The results suggest that a prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine can: (i) substantially reduce the incidence of disease, (ii) increase survival among females, (iii) improve quality of life for both males and females, (iv) be cost-effective when administered to females age 12-24 years, and (v) be cost-effective when implemented as a strategy that combines vaccination of both females and males before age 12 vaccination with a 12 to 24 years of age catch-up vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elamin H Elbasha
- Merck Research Laboratories, UG1C-60, PO Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA.
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Chen D, Xue W, Xiang J. The intra-nucleus integration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)in cervical mucosa cells and its relation with c-myc expression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008; 27:36. [PMID: 18782427 PMCID: PMC2543008 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between the integration of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) in the nuclei of cervical epithelium cells and the expression of c-myc. METHODS The expression of c-myc protein was measured by immunohistochemical test in 40 cases of the uterine cervix cancer, 30 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 30 cases of normal cervical epithelium; the sequence of mtDNA in the nuclei was detected by in situ hybridization technique. RESULTS The detection rates of mtDNA in the nuclei of cervical epithelium cells were 27.5%, 13.3% and 0% in cervical carcinoma, CIN, and normal cervical epithelium respectively. The expression rate of c-myc in cervical mucoma cells was 67% in the mtDNA sequence positive group and was significantly higher than that in the negative group (36%). CONCLUSION The integration of mtDNA into the nuclei of cervical epithelium cells may be involved in the carcinogenesis of cervical epithelium cells and the expression of c-myc might be related to the integration of mtDNA sequence into nuclei of cervical epithelium cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozhen Chen
- Center Laboratory, Wuxi Hospital for Matemaland Child Health Care, Affiliated Medical University of Nanjing, Wuxi, 214002, PR China
| | - Wenqun Xue
- Center Laboratory, Wuxi Hospital for Matemaland Child Health Care, Affiliated Medical University of Nanjing, Wuxi, 214002, PR China
| | - Jinying Xiang
- Center Laboratory, Wuxi Hospital for Matemaland Child Health Care, Affiliated Medical University of Nanjing, Wuxi, 214002, PR China
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Premalignant cervical lesions are characterized by dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification and c-Myc overexpression: possible biomarkers. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2007; 11:265-72. [PMID: 17917571 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0b013e31803c4df0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The c-Myc oncoprotein deregulation is associated with overall genomic instability and locus-specific genomic instability involving the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) locus. This study analyzes c-Myc protein levels and the stability of the DHFR gene in cervical tissue biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The stability of the DHFR gene was examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). c-Myc protein levels were evaluated using quantitative fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Forty-four cervical tissue biopsies were analyzed and included 33 preinvasive cervical lesions identified by histology, 14 samples were cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1; 7 were CIN 2; and 12 were CIN 3. Eleven biopsies had negative histology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION c-Myc protein levels were elevated in CIN 1, 2, and 3 (p = .02) biopsies. Concomitantly, DHFR gene amplification was detected in CIN 1, 2, and 3 (p = .0001). The degrees of DHFR gene amplification and of c-Myc protein levels were a measure of the progressive degree of the lesion.
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Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Stout NK, Ortendahl J, Kuntz KM, Goldie SJ, Salomon JA. Modeling human papillomavirus and cervical cancer in the United States for analyses of screening and vaccination. Popul Health Metr 2007; 5:11. [PMID: 17967185 PMCID: PMC2213637 DOI: 10.1186/1478-7954-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To provide quantitative insight into current U.S. policy choices for cervical cancer prevention, we developed a model of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, explicitly incorporating uncertainty about the natural history of disease. Methods We developed a stochastic microsimulation of cervical cancer that distinguishes different HPV types by their incidence, clearance, persistence, and progression. Input parameter sets were sampled randomly from uniform distributions, and simulations undertaken with each set. Through systematic reviews and formal data synthesis, we established multiple epidemiologic targets for model calibration, including age-specific prevalence of HPV by type, age-specific prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), HPV type distribution within CIN and cancer, and age-specific cancer incidence. For each set of sampled input parameters, likelihood-based goodness-of-fit (GOF) scores were computed based on comparisons between model-predicted outcomes and calibration targets. Using 50 randomly resampled, good-fitting parameter sets, we assessed the external consistency and face validity of the model, comparing predicted screening outcomes to independent data. To illustrate the advantage of this approach in reflecting parameter uncertainty, we used the 50 sets to project the distribution of health outcomes in U.S. women under different cervical cancer prevention strategies. Results Approximately 200 good-fitting parameter sets were identified from 1,000,000 simulated sets. Modeled screening outcomes were externally consistent with results from multiple independent data sources. Based on 50 good-fitting parameter sets, the expected reductions in lifetime risk of cancer with annual or biennial screening were 76% (range across 50 sets: 69–82%) and 69% (60–77%), respectively. The reduction from vaccination alone was 75%, although it ranged from 60% to 88%, reflecting considerable parameter uncertainty about the natural history of type-specific HPV infection. The uncertainty surrounding the model-predicted reduction in cervical cancer incidence narrowed substantially when vaccination was combined with every-5-year screening, with a mean reduction of 89% and range of 83% to 95%. Conclusion We demonstrate an approach to parameterization, calibration and performance evaluation for a U.S. cervical cancer microsimulation model intended to provide qualitative and quantitative inputs into decisions that must be taken before long-term data on vaccination outcomes become available. This approach allows for a rigorous and comprehensive description of policy-relevant uncertainty about health outcomes under alternative cancer prevention strategies. The model provides a tool that can accommodate new information, and can be modified as needed, to iteratively assess the expected benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of different policies in the U.S.
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Insinga RP, Dasbach EJ, Elbasha EH, Liaw KL, Barr E. Progression and regression of incident cervical HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 infections in young women. Infect Agent Cancer 2007; 2:15. [PMID: 17626624 PMCID: PMC2034372 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe type-specific progression, regression and persistence of incident human papillomavirus (HPV)-6-11-16 and -18 infections, along with type distribution in cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions. METHODS The study population consisted of 16-23 year-old women undergoing Pap testing and cervical swab polymerase chain reaction testing for HPV DNA at approximate 6 month intervals for up to 4 years in the placebo arm of a clinical trial of an HPV 16-vaccine. HPV types in incident infections were correlated with types in lesion biopsy specimens. RESULTS 56.7% of CIN-1 and nearly one-third of CIN-2/3 lesions following incident HPV-6-11-16 or -18 infections did not correlate with the incident infection HPV type. Cumulative 36-month progression rates to CIN-2/3 testing positive for the relevant HPV type were highest for HPV-16 infections (16.5%), followed by HPV-18 (8.2%). Overall, 26.0% of CIN-1, 50.0% of CIN-2 and 70.6% of CIN-3 biopsies tested positive for HPV-6-11-16-18 infections. CONCLUSION Women with a given HPV type may often be co-infected or subsequently infected with other types which may lead to subsequent cervical lesions. This issue has been addressed in this study reporting data for the natural history of HPV-6-11-16 and -18 infections and is a relevant consideration in designing future studies to evaluate the incidence/risk of CIN following other type-specific HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P Insinga
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., UG1C-60, P.O. Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA
| | - Erik J Dasbach
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., UG1C-60, P.O. Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA
| | - Elamin H Elbasha
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., UG1C-60, P.O. Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA
| | - Kai-Li Liaw
- Department of Epidemiology, Merck & Co., Inc., UG1D-60, P.O. Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA
| | - Eliav Barr
- Department of Clinical Research, Merck & Co., Inc., UG3CD-28, P.O. Box 1000, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA
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Insinga RP, Dasbach EJ, Elbasha EH, Liaw KL, Barr E. Incidence and Duration of Cervical Human Papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, and 18 Infections in Young Women: An Evaluation from Multiple Analytic Perspectives. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:709-15. [PMID: 17416761 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence and duration of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18 infections in a population of young American women. METHODS The study population consisted of U.S. women who at baseline were 16 to 23 years of age, reported zero to five lifetime sexual partners, never having been pregnant, and never having had a prior abnormal Papanicolaou test and were enrolled in the placebo arm of a randomized multicenter clinical trial of a HPV-16 L1 virus-like particle vaccine. Women underwent type-specific endocervical/ectocervical swab HPV DNA testing at approximately 6-month intervals for up to 48 months of follow-up. To contribute person-time in the analyses of type-specific HPV incidence, a woman must have had at least three satisfactory swab specimens available and been negative for the relevant HPV type (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, or HPV-18) on her first two trial swabs. The duration of incident HPV infections was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods. RESULTS Person-years of exposure ranged by type-specific analysis from 2,645 to 3,188, with an incidence rate per 100 person-years of 3.6 for HPV-6, 0.4 for HPV-11, 5.4 for HPV-16, and 2.1 for HPV-18. With censoring at the time of treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, where done, the mean duration of incident infections was 9.3, 8.4, 18.2, and 16.4 months, respectively, for HPV-6 (n = 103), HPV-11 (n = 13), HPV-16 (n = 142), and HPV-18 (n = 62). When the duration of HPV infections was truncated at the time of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia detection (any grade), where applicable, mean duration figures were 8.4, 8.1, 14.0, and 15.1 months for HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18 infections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Previous studies of the mean duration of cervical HPV infection have been based on prevalent infections and/or featured relatively short duration of follow-up. This study tested women for HPV infection over a period of up to 48 months and observed a mean duration of incident HPV-16/HPV-18 infections approximately twice that of HPV-6/HPV-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P Insinga
- Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA.
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Kim SH, Koo BS, Kang S, Park K, Kim H, Lee KR, Lee MJ, Kim JM, Choi EC, Cho NH. HPV integration begins in the tonsillar crypt and leads to the alteration of p16, EGFR and c-myc during tumor formation. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1418-25. [PMID: 17205528 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is high in the oropharyngeal mucosal regions, of which the tonsil is the most commonly affected. There may be a link between HPV and the pathogenesis of tonsillar cancer (TC), because of common anatomical characteristics between cervical and tonsillar cancer. We aimed to clarify whether HPV directly affects the oncogenesis and biologic behavior of TC by making a comparison between infection prevalence, physical status and viral loading numbers, and clinicopathologic prognostic factors. To compare HPV-related molecules between TC and tonsillitis (CFT), p16, survivin, HIF-1alpha, skp-1, cyclin A, cyclin B1, c-myc and EGFR were investigated. We observed a significant difference in HPV prevalence between 52 TCs and 69 CFTs (73.1% vs. 11.6%), and most of the HPVs were type 16 (87.2%) and nonepisomal (94.1%). Most TCs associated with HPV arose from the tonsillar crypts, and tended to be inverted and poorly differentiated. Compared with HPV-negative TC, HPV-positive TC showed a strong association with p16 overexpression (p<0.0001), and an inverse association with EGFR amplification (p=0.0478). HPV-16 integration status was strongly associated with c-myc amplification (p=0.034) and HIF-1alpha overexpression (p=0.022). HPV-16 integration could be directly related to tonsillar carcinogenesis initially in tonsillar crypts, followed by cell cycle aberration such as p16 overexpression related to the G1-S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Heon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Schlott T, Eiffert H, Bohne W, Landgrebe J, Brunner E, Spielbauer B, Knight B. Chlamydia trachomatis modulates expression of tumor suppressor gene caveolin-1 and oncogene C-myc in the transformation zone of non-neoplastic cervical tissue. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:409-19. [PMID: 16005053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is frequently found in association with benign proliferative, pre-neoplastic and malignant changes in cervical epithelium. The present study addresses the possible role of C. trachomatis infection of the uterine cervix in modulating human cancer gene expression. METHODS RNA was extracted from both C. trachomatis infected and non-infected human fibroblast cultures treated with ITFgamma. The extracted RNA was used for cDNA microarrays carrying 33,000 human genes to detect abnormal gene expression induced by Chlamydia. Forty specimens of cervix dissected from the transformation zone had previously tested negative for HPV and positive for C. trachomatis by standard DNA PCR (20). These samples were subjected to RT-PCR to detect the expression of the abnormal genes induced by Chlamydia infection. RESULTS The ITFgamma-induced, non-replicative Chlamydia-infected fibroblast cultures showed significant modulation of gene expression. The cultures showed a 2-fold decrease in the expression of the gene coding for the tumor suppressor caveolin-1, and increased expression of the oncogene C-myc, a promoter of cervical carcinogenesis. In tissues from the Chlamydia-infected cervical transformation zone, real-time RT-PCR demonstrated a highly significant average 4.7-fold reduction of caveolin-1 mRNA (P < or = 0.0001) and an average 2.1-fold increase in C-myc (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Human ITFgamma-treated fibroblasts as well as non-neoplastic cervical tissues responded to C. trachomatis with a strong down-regulation of caveolin-1 mRNA and a light up-regulation of C-myc mRNA. These changes were independent of the HPV high-risk types. This study reveals possible mechanisms by which C. trachomatis infection may contribute to neoplastic changes in the transformation of uterine cervix. These possible mechanisms require further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Schlott
- Department of Pathology, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str 40, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Lin Z, Gao M, Zhang X, Kim YS, Lee ES, Kim HK, Kim I. The hypermethylation and protein expression of p16 INK4A and DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in various uterine cervical lesions. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:364-70. [PMID: 15785933 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is aimed at investigating the significance of gene promoter methylation status and protein expression of p16 INK4A and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in the various uterine cervical lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methylation status by using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) and protein expression by using immunohistochemistry for p16 INK4A and MGMT genes were performed in cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN), invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), adenocarcinomas and non-neoplastic cervices. RESULTS None of 20 non-neoplastic cervices showed p16 INK4A and MGMT gene hypermethylation, whereas at least one of these genes was hypermethylated with 50.0% (5/10) of CIN I, 65.0% (13/20) of CIN II-III, 70.2% (33/47) of SCC and 85.0% (17/20) of adenocarcinoma. p16 INK4A protein was totally negative in non-neoplastic cervices, but positive with 90.0% of CIN I, 100% of CIN II-III and adenocarcinoma, and 78.7% of SCC. MGMT protein was expressed in 10% of non-neoplastic cervices, but significantly increased in SCC (42.5%) and adenocarcinoma (70.0%). The protein expression of p16 INK4A and MGMT was not related to their gene promoter methylation status. CONCLUSIONS The hypermethylation of p16 INK4A and MGMT genes in the uterine cervix may indicate the presence of malignant cells, and p16 INK4A immunostaining is useful in grading CIN and diagnosing invasive SCC and adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Lin
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Rocha-Zavaleta L, Huitron C, Cacéres-Cortés JR, Alvarado-Moreno JA, Valle-Mendiola A, Soto-Cruz I, Weiss-Steider B, Rangel-Corona R. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor-βγ signalling is activated by c-Kit in the absence of IL-2, or by exogenous IL-2 via JAK3/STAT5 in human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer. Cell Signal 2004; 16:1239-47. [PMID: 15337523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) induces signalling cascades promoting T cell proliferation. However, signal transduction pathways triggered in IL-2R-expressing solid tumours are unknown. This report shows that human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer cells express an IL-2R composed of beta and gamma chains (IL-2Rbetagamma), and that IL-2-mediated activation increases the phosphorylation of JAK3 and STAT5, stimulating cell proliferation. Interestingly, endogenous IL-2 is not produced by these cells, suggesting the activation of IL-2Rbetagamma by an alternative mechanism. Accordingly, we found that Stem Cell Factor (SCF)-activated c-Kit induces phosphorylation of the IL-2Rbeta chain in the absence of IL-2. Moreover, inhibition of IL-2Rbeta phosphorylation by blocking c-Kit tyrosine kinase activity abolishes both, IL-2 and SCF-mediated proliferation. Thus, these results demonstrate that IL-2 triggers a JAK3/STAT5 cascade in HPV-associated cervical cancer cells expressing IL-2Rbetagamma, and that this receptor can be alternatively activated by SCF-activated c-Kit in the absence of IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Research, National University of Mexico, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City
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17
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Abba MC, Laguens RM, Dulout FN, Golijow CD. The c-myc activation in cervical carcinomas and HPV 16 infections. Mutat Res 2004; 557:151-8. [PMID: 14729369 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prominent role for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the development of genital cancer, other genetic or environmental co-factors have also been involved. Studies of c-myc activation in cervical carcinomas have reported that gene over-expression (mainly gene amplification) are common in cervical squamous cell carcinomas and may correlate with the biologic behavior of the neoplasm. Using PCR based technology, DNAs from 79 normal cervical samples and 225 abnormal cervical tissue scrapes were analyzed for HPV detection and typing and for c-myc gene amplification. Significant differences were found between the different cyto/histology groups (P<0.0001) and also with HPV high-risk infected samples (P<0.0002). In this sense, we showed that the average c-myc copy number increased according to the histological grade of the lesion (OR=6.3, CI=2.1-18.8). Also, the results showed that the infection with HPV 16 was tightly associated with c-myc amplification (OR=10.6, CI=3.1-36). These results could indicate that oncogene amplification take place in pre-invasive stages of cervical disease and could cooperate not only in tumor progression but also in cell transformation. Moreover, the results strongly associate the c-myc gene amplification to the infection with the oncogenic HPV 16, showing that the pattern of virus infection and oncogene activation could be specific for different viral genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín C Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada (CIGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 s/n, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
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18
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Bulten J, Melchers WJG, Kooy-Smits MM, de Wilde PCM, Poddighe PJ, Robben JCM, Macville MVE, Massuger LFAG, Bakkers JMJE, Hanselaar AGJM. Numerical aberrations of chromosome 1 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are strongly associated with infection with high-risk human papillomavirus types. J Pathol 2002; 198:300-9. [PMID: 12375262 DOI: 10.1002/path.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the relationships between numerical aberrations of chromosome 1 and the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Five normal samples, 11 CIN1, 13 CIN2, 18 CIN3, and nine carcinomas were studied by in situ hybridization (ISH), using a DNA probe for the centromere of chromosome 1 (cen#1) and a DNA probe cocktail for HPV types 16 and 18. A short fragment polymerase chain reaction hybridization line probe assay (SPF-PCR-LiPA) technique was used to detect 25 HPV types. The mean number of cen#1 per nucleus (chromosome index, CI) was measured, and the fractional areas of dysplastic epithelium with HPV16/18 infection and with cen#1 aneusomy were estimated. Disomy was found in all normal epithelium and in 36% of CIN1. Tetrasomy was observed in 64% of CIN1, 15% of CIN2, and 17% of CIN3. Hyper-tetrasomy was observed in 77% of CIN2, 83% of CIN3, and 100% of invasive carcinomas. High-risk HPVs were present in 20%, 75%, and 94% of disomic, tetrasomic, and hyper-tetrasomic lesions, respectively. The mean CI value was significantly higher in the lesions infected with high-risk HPV than in the lesions not infected by high-risk HPV (p < 0.001), due to the significantly higher prevalence of hyper-tetrasomy. The ISH study disclosed that HPV16/18 was exclusively found within dysplastically altered epithelium. The area with aneusomy is mostly enclosed within the area infected with HPV. In 83% of the HPV16/18-positive CIN lesions, the fractional area of HPV-infected epithelium was equal to, or larger than, the fractional area with aneusomy. In conclusion, aneusomy for chromosome 1 is strongly associated with high-grade CIN lesions and infection with high-risk HPV; it is likely that the occurrence of numerical aberrations of chromosome 1 is preceded by infection with high-risk HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bulten
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Golijow CD, Abba MC, Mourón SA, Gómez MA, Dulout FN. c-myc gene amplification detected in preinvasive intraepithelial cervical lesions. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11:462-5. [PMID: 11906549 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.2001.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the c-myc gene amplification process in cervical samples and to analyze the relationship between the activation of this proto-oncogene and the cytologic and/or histologic status. Thirty-four normal cervical samples and 105 abnormal cervical tissue scrapes, previously used for PAP or histopathologic diagnosis, were analyzed for c-myc gene amplification. Detection of c-myc gene amplification was performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method known as target arbitrarily primed-PCR (TAP-PCR). For c-myc amplification, significant differences were found between normal samples and samples presenting different grades of lesions (P<0.001). A significant difference between high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HG-SIL) and the other stages of cervical disease was also found (P<0.05). This study demonstrated that c-myc copy number increases according to the histologic grade of the lesion. These results could indicate that oncogene amplification takes place in preinvasive stages of cervical disease and could cooperate not only in tumor progression but also in cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Golijow
- Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
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20
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Dang CV, Resar LM, Emison E, Kim S, Li Q, Prescott JE, Wonsey D, Zeller K. Function of the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor. Exp Cell Res 1999; 253:63-77. [PMID: 10579912 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The c-myc gene and the expression of the c-Myc protein are frequently altered in human cancers. The c-myc gene encodes the transcription factor c-Myc, which heterodimerizes with a partner protein, termed Max, to regulate gene expression. Max also heterodimerizes with the Mad family of proteins to repress transcription, antagonize c-Myc, and promote cellular differentiation. The constitutive activation of c-myc expression is key to the genesis of many cancers, and hence the understanding of c-Myc function depends on our understanding of its target genes. In this review, we attempt to place the putative target genes of c-Myc in the context of c-Myc-mediated phenotypes. From this perspective, c-Myc emerges as an oncogenic transcription factor that integrates the cell cycle machinery with cell adhesion, cellular metabolism, and the apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Dang
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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