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Erb C, Konieczka K. [Rho kinase inhibitors as new local therapy option in primary open angle glaucoma]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:449-460. [PMID: 33403458 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2014 in Japan and 2017 in the USA, the Rho-kinase inhibitors were approved as a new antiglaucomatous substance group and will now be launched in Europe. OBJECTIVE On this occasion the current state of knowledge on Rho-kinase inhibitors is presented. METHODS In intensive search in PubMed the relevant experimental and clinical literature on the Rho-kinase inhibitors ripasudil and netarsudil and the combination of netarsudil and latanoprost were selected and compiled for this review. RESULTS The intraocular pressure lowering efficacy of ripasudil and netarsudil is in the range of the beta blocker timolol and the prostaglandin analogue latanoprost. In the fixed combination netarsudil/latanoprost the intraocular pressure reduction is greater than that of the single components and reaches a target pressure of below 15 mm Hg in 32%. Conjunctival hyperemia with 53-65% is the most common local side effect. Systemic side effects are very rare and so far there are no contraindications. CONCLUSION The Rho-kinase inhibitors are an interesting new introduction for glaucoma therapy, as each new pressure-lowering therapy represents an additional chance to reach the individually defined target pressure level in a glaucoma patient with local therapy; however, many of the pleiotropic effects associated with Rho-kinase inhibitors have so far only been found experimentally and will require clinical confirmation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Erb
- Augenklinik am Wittenbergplatz, Kleiststr. 23-26, 10787, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - K Konieczka
- Augenklinik, Universitätsspital, Mittlere Straße 91, 4056, Basel, Schweiz
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2
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Wang W, Zhang G, Gu H, Liu Y, Lao J, Li K, Guan H. Role of CtBP2 in the Apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:633-40. [PMID: 25627828 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. C-terminal-binding protein 2 (CtBP2) is a transcriptional repressor which plays an important role in central nervous system injury and repair. Using the glaucoma model of DBA/2J mouse whose retina ganglion cells (RGCs) were degenerating with the process of glaucoma, we demonstrated for the first time the special relationship between CtBP2 protein and RGCs. Our research indicated that the expression of CtBP2 was gradually decreased with aging by the means of Western blotting. The CtBP2 immunoreactivity-positive cells were present in the various retinal layers, and CtBP2-positive cells were dramatically decreased in ganglion cell layer. Our research also found ectopic expression of CtBP2 can protect the apoptosis of primary mouse RGC cells induced by L-glutamate. These results suggest that CtBP2 may have a potential therapeutic effect in protecting RGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Department of Pathology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
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3
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LI YONG, LIU XIAOHONG, HUANG SHOUYUE, HUANG PING, ZHONG YISHENG. Effect of SCH442416 on glutamate uptake in retinal Müller cells at increased hydrostatic pressure. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3993-3998. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Denoyer A, Roubeix C, Sapienza A, Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Baudouin C. [Retinal and trabecular degeneration in glaucoma: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 38:347-56. [PMID: 25659482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Academic and industrial research has brought new insights into the pathogenesis of glaucoma, aiming at identifying and targeting specific mechanisms to improve our current therapeutic strategy. Retinal neurodegeneration is still the main focus, whether in terms of extrinsic factors such as neurotrophin deprivation, glutamate toxicity, vascular deficiency and neuro-inflammation from glial cells, or in terms of retinal ganglion cell intrinsic sensibility to proapoptotic signals. However, glaucoma is not solely a retinal disease but also involves retinal and trabecular meshwork degeneration, extending into and/or even originating from the brain. The present review summarizes our current knowledge of key mechanisms involved in glaucoma degeneration, focusing on the direction of current research towards the future of glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Denoyer
- Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingt, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm CIC 503, centre d'investigation clinique, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm U968, UPMC UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, institut de la Vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - C Roubeix
- Inserm U968, UPMC UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, institut de la Vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - A Sapienza
- Inserm U968, UPMC UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, institut de la Vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - A Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Inserm U968, UPMC UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, institut de la Vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - S Mélik-Parsadaniantz
- Inserm U968, UPMC UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, institut de la Vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - C Baudouin
- Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingt, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm CIC 503, centre d'investigation clinique, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm U968, UPMC UMRS 968, CNRS UMR 7210, institut de la Vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Hôpital Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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5
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Yue YK, Mo B, Zhao J, Yu YJ, Liu L, Yue CL, Liu W. Neuroprotective Effect of Curcumin Against Oxidative Damage in BV-2 Microglia and High Intraocular Pressure Animal Model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:657-64. [PMID: 24963995 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kun Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Mo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Bejing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City, China
| | - Ya-Jie Yu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Bejing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Bejing, China
| | - Chang-Li Yue
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Bejing, China
| | - Wu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Bejing, China
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Kim KA, Shim SH, Ahn HR, Jung SH. Protective effects of the compounds isolated from the seed of Psoralea corylifolia on oxidative stress-induced retinal damage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Altered Expression of nNOS/NIDD in the Retina of a Glaucoma Model of DBA/2J Mice and the Intervention by nNOS Inhibition. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kim KA, Kim SM, Kang SW, Jeon SI, Um BH, Jung SH. Edible seaweed, Eisenia bicyclis, protects retinal ganglion cells death caused by oxidative stress. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:383-395. [PMID: 22610700 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether edible seaweed, Eisenia bicyclis, is effective in blunting the negative influence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on rat retinas and of oxidative stress-induced transformed retinal ganglion cell (RGC-5 cell line) death. The ethanol extract of E. bicyclis (EEEB) significantly attenuated the negative insult of L: -buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine plus glutamate on RGC-5 cells. Treatment of the RGC-5 cells with EEEB reduced the reactive oxygen species and recovered the reduced glutathione level caused by various radical species such as H(2)O(2), OH·, or O(2)·(-). Moreover, EEEB inhibited lipid peroxidation on rat brain homogenates caused by sodium nitroprusside. Applying NMDA to the retina affected the thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) produced a positive effect on ganglion cells. Importantly, EEEB protected the thinning of IPL and increased TUNEL positive cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Five phlorotannin derivatives were isolated using chromatographic methods and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis which has been known as an antioxidant. In conclusion, EEEB has a neuroprotective effect in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the major constituents of this extract, phlorotannins, could possibly be active compounds due to their antioxidative potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Kim
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Gangneung Institute, Daejeon-dong, Gangneung, 210-340, South Korea
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Xue W, Du P, Lin S, Dudley VJ, Hernandez MR, Sarthy VP. Gene expression changes in retinal Müller (glial) cells exposed to elevated pressure. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:754-67. [PMID: 21780925 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.585417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal Müller (glial) cells undergo "reactive gliosis", a stress response that is accompanied by changes in their morphology and upregulation of various cellular markers. Reactive gliosis is seen in many retinal diseases and conditions; however, it is not known whether it is a common, stereotypic response or the nature of the response varies with the type of retinal stress. To address this question, we have examined gene expression changes in Müller cells exposed to elevated pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat Müller cells (rMC-1) were exposed to elevated pressure, and RNA was extracted and analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays to identify pressure-responsive genes. RESULTS Analysis of microarray data showed that at 6 h, 186 genes had > 1.5-fold change with FDR < 0.01. Of these, 62 genes were up-regulated while 124 genes were down-regulated. At 24 h, 73 genes changed > 1.5-fold. Of these, 37 genes were up-regulated while 36 genes were down-regulated. Ingenuity canonical pathway analysis showed that several signaling and metabolic pathways were significantly changed in Müller cells under high pressure. In addition, among up- and down-regulated genes, we identified eight genes-areg, bmp4, cyp1b1, gpnmb, herc2, msh2, heph, and selenbp1, that have been directly or indirectly associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Two genes, areg and gpnmb, further showed time-dependent changes in mRNA and protein expression. CONCLUSION The results show that Müller cells in vitro respond to elevated pressure by differential regulation of expressed genes. The transcriptional profile is different from that seen with hypoxia, which indicates that Müller cells respond differentially to different microenvironmental changes in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 606111, USA
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Ali SAM, Hosaka YZ, Uehara M. Expression of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in the developing retina and kainic acid-induced retinopathy in ICR mice. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:439-45. [PMID: 21116103 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the developmental changes of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (PGs), decorin, biglycan and fibromodulin, in ICR mouse retinas and to elucidate their role in the adult retina using kainic acid (KA)-induced retinal degeneration model. Retinas of prenatal, postnatal and adult mice were collected for histological and immunohistochemical staining to investigate the changes in distribution of these PGs. Decorin-and fibromodulin-immunostainings were diffusely distributed at prenatal and early postnatal stages and were stronger in the adult retina. However, biglycan was moderately distributed in the prenatal and early postnatal stages and was faint in the adult retina. Retinas were collected at 1, 3 and 7 days after intravitreal injection of KA. Retinas of KA injected eyes underwent shrinkage accompanied by serious damage in the inner layers. Decorin and fibromodulin were upregulated in the inner retinal layers of KA-injected eyes compared to the normal ones. Our results suggest that decorin and fibromodulin play key roles in retinal differentiation, and contribute to the retinal damage and repair process. However, biglycan may have no or only a limited role in the mouse retinal development or repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwat Ali Mohamed Ali
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Kerr NM, Johnson CS, Green CR, Danesh-Meyer HV. Gap junction protein connexin43 (GJA1) in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head and retina. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 18:102-8. [PMID: 20934339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma is characterised by the progressive and irreversible death of retinal ganglion cells. Experimental evidence suggests that the initial site of injury to the retinal ganglion cell is at or near the lamina cribrosa or in the peripapillary retina. However, the mediators of axonal injury remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the gap junction protein connexin43 (GJA1) in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head and retina as a potential mediator of axonal injury. Using affinity isolated polyclonal antibodies to the C-terminal segment of human connexin43, the expression of connexin43 was determined in post-mortem human eyes with primary open angle glaucoma and age-matched controls. In normal eyes, connexin43 was present on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in the retinal ganglion cell layer and optic nerve head. In glaucomatous eyes, increased connexin43 immunoreactivity was observed at the level of the lamina cribrosa and in the peripapillary and mid-peripheral retina in association with glial activation. This novel finding may suggest that gap junction communication is a potential mediator of retinal ganglion cell injury in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Kerr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Jung SH, Kim BJ, Lee EH, Osborne NN. Isoquercitrin is the most effective antioxidant in the plant Thuja orientalis and able to counteract oxidative-induced damage to a transformed cell line (RGC-5 cells). Neurochem Int 2010; 57:713-21. [PMID: 20708054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The shrub Thuja orientalis is extensively used as a herbal medicine in Korea and China. In the present study extracts of the plant were subjected to fractionation and purification, with seven compounds (myricitrin, isoquercitrin, hypoletin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, quercitrin, kaempferin, kaempferol, and amentoflavone) being isolated. Of these seven compounds, isoquercitrin was found to be the most effective at attenuating the death of RGC-5 cells in culture caused by exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). It was found that an insult of H(2)O(2) to RGC-5 cells caused them to die by apoptosis, demonstrated not only by staining dead cells for phosphatidylserine but also by the up-regulation (cleaved PARP, AIF, p53) and down-regulation (Bcl-2) of proteins associated with apoptosis and survival. Subsequent studies showed that isoquercitrin acts as a powerful antioxidant. It scavenges ROS generally as demonstrated by staining of cultures as well as the generation of individual radical species (H(2)O(2), OH* and O(2)(*-)). Moreover, isoquercitrin reduced the depletion of glutathione (GSH) caused by elevation of specific radical species (H(2)O(2), OH* and O(2)(*-)) in RGC-5 cells in culture and blunted the decrease in catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx-1) caused by exposure of RGC-5 cells to H(2)O(2). Furthermore, isoquercitrin potently attenuated the lipid peroxidation of rat brain homogenates initiated by nitric oxide, with an IC(50) value of 1.04 μM. Since isoquercitrin can be tolerated when taken orally it is suggested that this substance might reach the retina and therefore be potentially useful for treating glaucoma, in which oxidative stress is thought to play a major role in the demise of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Jung
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Lee HJ, Kim KA, Kang KD, Lee EH, Kim CY, Um BH, Jung SH. The compound isolated from the leaves of Phyllostachys nigra protects oxidative stress-induced retinal ganglion cells death. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1721-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rosen AM, Stevens B. The Role of the Classical Complement Cascade in Synapse Loss During Development and Glaucoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 703:75-93. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5635-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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