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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Zhang M, Zheng H, He J, Zhang M. Network pharmacology and in vivo studies reveal the neuroprotective effects of paeoniflorin on Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21800. [PMID: 38027768 PMCID: PMC10661068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that has still not been effectively treated. Paeoniflorin is a traditional Chinese medicine with potential neuroprotective effects against brain injury; however, the beneficial effects and mechanisms of action in AD have not been clarified. We aimed to explore the mechanisms of action of paeoniflorin in AD using network pharmacology and experimental validation. Network pharmacology analysis revealed 30 candidate targets through the intersection of the targets of paeoniflorin and related genes in AD, which were mainly enriched in oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, key targets of paeoniflorin against AD, namely Nrf2 (encoded by NFE2L2) and TLR4, were screened and found to be closely related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Subsequent in vivo experiments revealed that paeoniflorin treatment improved the cognition of APP/PS1 mice by ameliorating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which were associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and HO1, and the downregulation of TLR4. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that paeoniflorin alleviates cognitive impairment in AD by regulating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and that Nrf2, HO1, and TLR4 could be key targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiale He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Huainan First People's Hospital), Anhui, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Huainan First People's Hospital), Anhui, China
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Dilworth LL, Stennett DK, Bailey DH, Omoruyi FO. Effect of Annona squamosa leaf extract on human promyelocytic leukemia cells subjected to oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 20:612-620. [PMID: 37247307 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2023-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Annona squamosa has beneficial properties. However, its cytotoxicity and antioxidative effects on human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL60) deserve investigation. Therefore, the efficacy of its crude extracts in offsetting damage in HL60 cells subjected to oxidative stress was studied. METHODS Crude extracts at different concentrations were incubated with HL60 cells. The beneficial properties of the plant extract against oxidative damage were evaluated post-induction of oxidative stress utilizing hydrogen peroxide. RESULTS Extracts at concentrations 600 and 800 μg/mL were most effective at increasing the viability of damaged cells compared to the control group after 48 h of incubation. Significant increases in lipid peroxidation were observed in exposed cells treated with 600 μg/mL extract after 72 h of incubation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities significantly increased in exposed cells after 24 h of incubation at all extract concentrations. Exposed cells treated with 600 and 1,000 μg/dL of the extract showed significantly increased catalase activity after 48 h, and a similar profile was maintained after 72 h of exposure. SOD activity in exposed cells remained significantly increased at all treatment concentrations after 48 and 72 h of incubation. Treatment with 400, 600, and 800 μg/mL of the extract resulted in significantly increased reduced glutathione levels compared to the other groups after 24 and 72 h of incubation. However, after 48 h of incubation, significant increases were noted in glutathione levels in exposed cells incubated with either 400, 800, or 1,000 μg/mL extract. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that A. squamosa might effectively protect against oxidative damage in a time and extract concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell L Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Dennis H Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Felix O Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences/Department of Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
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4
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Goyal A, Verma A, Agrawal A, Dubey N, Kumar A, Behl T. Therapeutic implications of crocin in Parkinson's disease: A review of preclinical research. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:1229-1240. [PMID: 36752710 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is among the most common forms of neurodegenerative illness, with present treatment being primarily symptomatic and frequently coming with substantial adverse effects. Neuronal degeneration may arise due to a variety of pathological events, like inflammatory responses, neurotransmitter dysregulation, oxidative damage, mitochondrial malfunction, apoptosis, and genetic factors. The health issue and financial burden brought on by Parkinson's disease can worsen as the population ages. In the search for new and secure therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease, several natural compounds have been shown to exert considerable neuroprotective benefits. Crocin, a naturally occurring carotenoid molecule, was found to have neuroprotective potential in the therapy of this disorder. Taking into account, the outcomes of various studies and the restorative actions of crocin, the present study emphasized the protective ability of crocin in this disease. Given the strong evidence supporting the neuroprotective ability of crocin, it is inferred that crocin inhibits inflammatory, apoptotic, and antioxidant processes through multiple mechanisms. Therefore, this compound is considered a safe and effective therapeutic choice for neurodegenerative illnesses like Parkinson's disease. However, more research on its efficacy as a treatment of Parkinson's disease is needed, specifically examining its mechanisms and the results obtained in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aanchal Verma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nandini Dubey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidohli, Uttarakhand, India
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5
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Villalón-García I, Povea-Cabello S, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Talaverón-Rey M, Suárez-Rivero JM, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Reche-López D, Cilleros-Holgado P, Piñero-Pérez R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Vicious cycle of lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation in neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1196-1202. [PMID: 36453394 PMCID: PMC9838166 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.358614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation are closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, or neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorders. Mitochondrial dysfunction, lipofuscin accumulation, autophagy disruption, and ferroptosis have been implicated as the critical pathomechanisms of lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation in these disorders. Currently, the connection between lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation and the initial cause or consequence in neurodegeneration processes is unclear. In this review, we have compiled the known mechanisms by which lipid peroxidation triggers iron accumulation and lipofuscin formation, and the effect of iron overload on lipid peroxidation and cellular function. The vicious cycle established between both pathological alterations may lead to the development of neurodegeneration. Therefore, the investigation of these mechanisms is essential for exploring therapeutic strategies to restrict neurodegeneration. In addition, we discuss the interplay between lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation in neurodegeneration, particularly in PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration, a rare neurodegenerative disease with autosomal recessive inheritance, which belongs to the group of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M. Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Piñero-Pérez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A. Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain,Correspondence to: José A. Sánchez-Alcázar, MD, PhD, .
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Qubty D, Frid K, Har-Even M, Rubovitch V, Gabizon R, Pick CG. Nano-PSO Administration Attenuates Cognitive and Neuronal Deficits Resulting from Traumatic Brain Injury. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092725. [PMID: 35566074 PMCID: PMC9105273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), is one of the most common causes of neurological damage in young populations. It is widely considered as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. These diseases are characterized in part by the accumulation of disease-specific misfolded proteins and share common pathological features, such as neuronal death, as well as inflammatory and oxidative damage. Nano formulation of Pomegranate seed oil [Nano-PSO (Granagard TM)] has been shown to target its active ingredient to the brain and thereafter inhibit memory decline and neuronal death in mice models of AD and genetic Creutzfeldt Jacob disease. In this study, we show that administration of Nano-PSO to mice before or after TBI application prevents cognitive and behavioral decline. In addition, immuno-histochemical staining of the brain indicates that preventive Nano-PSO treatment significantly decreased neuronal death, reduced gliosis and prevented mitochondrial damage in the affected cells. Finally, we examined levels of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and Synaptophysin (SYP) in the cortex using Western blotting. Nano-PSO consumption led to higher levels of SIRT1 and SYP protein postinjury. Taken together, our results indicate that Nano-PSO, as a natural brain-targeted antioxidant, can prevent part of TBI-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Qubty
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.Q.); (M.H.-E.); (V.R.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Kati Frid
- The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (K.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Meirav Har-Even
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.Q.); (M.H.-E.); (V.R.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.Q.); (M.H.-E.); (V.R.)
| | - Ruth Gabizon
- The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (K.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.Q.); (M.H.-E.); (V.R.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence:
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7
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Saha S, Buttari B, Profumo E, Tucci P, Saso L. A Perspective on Nrf2 Signaling Pathway for Neuroinflammation: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:787258. [PMID: 35126058 PMCID: PMC8813964 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.787258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the leading causes of dementia. These neurological disorders are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-ß (Aß), tau protein and α-synuclein, contributing to mitochondrial fragmentation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Misfolded proteins activate microglia, which induces neuroinflammation, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequently facilitates synaptic damage and neuronal loss. So far, all the proposed drugs were based on the inhibition of protein aggregation and were failed in clinical trials. Therefore, the treatment options of dementia are still a challenging issue. Thus, it is worthwhile to study alternative therapeutic strategies. In this context, there is increasing data on the pivotal role of transcription factor NF- E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) on the redox homeostasis and anti-inflammatory functions in neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, Nrf2 signaling pathway has shown upregulation of antioxidant genes, inhibition of microglia-mediated inflammation, and improved mitochondrial function in neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting Nrf2 activation could be a novel therapeutic approach to target pathogenesis. The present review will examine the correlation between Nrf2 signaling with neuroinflammation in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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8
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Lotz-Havla AS, Woidy M, Guder P, Schmiesing J, Erdmann R, Waterham HR, Muntau AC, Gersting SW. Edgetic Perturbations Contribute to Phenotypic Variability in PEX26 Deficiency. Front Genet 2021; 12:726174. [PMID: 34804114 PMCID: PMC8600046 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes share metabolic pathways with other organelles and peroxisomes are embedded into key cellular processes. However, the specific function of many peroxisomal proteins remains unclear and restricted knowledge of the peroxisomal protein interaction network limits a precise mapping of this network into the cellular metabolism. Inborn peroxisomal disorders are autosomal or X-linked recessive diseases that affect peroxisomal biogenesis (PBD) and/or peroxisomal metabolism. Pathogenic variants in the PEX26 gene lead to peroxisomal disorders of the full Zellweger spectrum continuum. To investigate the phenotypic complexity of PEX26 deficiency, we performed a combined organelle protein interaction screen and network medicine approach and 1) analyzed whether PEX26 establishes interactions with other peroxisomal proteins, 2) deciphered the PEX26 interaction network, 3) determined how PEX26 is involved in further processes of peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolism, and 4) showed how variant-specific disruption of protein-protein interactions (edgetic perturbations) may contribute to phenotypic variability in PEX26 deficient patients. The discovery of 14 novel protein-protein interactions for PEX26 revealed a hub position of PEX26 inside the peroxisomal interactome. Analysis of edgetic perturbations of PEX26 variants revealed a strong correlation between the number of affected protein-protein interactions and the molecular phenotype of matrix protein import. The role of PEX26 in peroxisomal biogenesis was expanded encompassing matrix protein import, division and proliferation, and membrane assembly. Moreover, the PEX26 interaction network intersects with cellular lipid metabolism at different steps. The results of this study expand the knowledge about the function of PEX26 and refine genotype-phenotype correlations, which may contribute to our understanding of the underlying disease mechanism of PEX26 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie S Lotz-Havla
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Woidy
- University Children's Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Guder
- University Children's Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmiesing
- University Children's Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ania C Muntau
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Søren W Gersting
- University Children's Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Anwar MM. Oxidative stress-A direct bridge to central nervous system homeostatic dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 40:17-27. [PMID: 34716723 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurologists have highly observed a frequent increasing number of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) without any relevant evidence of any genetic or known AD-linked predisposing factors in the past few years. Those patients are characterized by continuous and irreversible neuron cells loss along with declined cognitive functions. Numerous studies have suggested that the exaggerated release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the brain may develop late-onset neurodegenerative disorders, especially AD-neuroinflammatory type. However, the central nervous system is vitally linked with whole-brain chemical integrity and its related healthy state, the cascade by which ROS may result in AD's development has not been highly justified or even maintained. It is widely known that the brain consumes a vast amount of oxygen and is characterized by being rich in lipid polyunsaturated fatty acids content, explaining why it is a prone region to oxidative stress (OS) and ROS damage. The formed OS-AD cytoskeletal protein aggregates can be considered a main predisposing factor for amyloid-beta (Aβ) hallmarks precipitation. Herein, this review aims to provide a detailed information on how oxidative stress can play a pathogenic role in activating damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)-related toll-like receptor-4 inflammatory (TLR-4) cascades resulting in the deposition of Aβ hallmarks in brain tissues ending with irreversible cognitive dysfunction. It also explains how microglia can be activated via ROS, which may significantly release several pro-inflammatory cascades ending with general brain atrophy. Furthermore, different types of suggested antioxidant therapies will be discussed to combat AD-related pathological disorders and hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt.,Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Sheng LT, Jiang YW, Feng L, Pan A, Koh WP. Dietary total antioxidant capacity and late-life cognitive impairment: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:561-569. [PMID: 33824992 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the dramatically rapid rate of aging worldwide, the maintenance of cognitive function in old age is a major public health priority. The association between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of midlife diet and cognitive function in late-life is still unclear. METHODS The study included 16 703 participants from a prospective cohort study in Singapore. Dietary intakes and selected supplementary use were assessed with a validated 165-item food frequency questionnaires at baseline (1993-1998). Two dietary TACs were calculated from the intake of antioxidant nutrients, the Comprehensive Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) and the Vitamin C Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (VCEAC). Cognitive function was assessed 20.2 years later using a Singapore-modified version of the Mini-Mental State Examination when subjects were 61-96 years old. Cognitive impairment was defined using education-specific cut-offs. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to estimate the associations between dietary TACs, component nutrients and cognitive impairment. RESULTS A total of 2392 participants (14.3%) were defined to have cognitive impairment. Both CDAI and VCEAC scores were inversely associated with odds of cognitive impairment in a dose-dependent manner. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval; p-trend) comparing the highest with the lowest quartile was 0.84 (0.73, 0.96; p-trend = .003) for the CDAI and 0.75 (0.66, 0.86; p-trend < .001) for the VCEAC. Higher intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and flavonoids were all inversely associated with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Higher dietary total antioxidant capacity was associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment in later life in a Chinese population in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Sheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Kermanshahi S, Ghanavati G, Abbasi-Mesrabadi M, Gholami M, Ulloa L, Motaghinejad M, Safari S. Novel Neuroprotective Potential of Crocin in Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Illustrated Mechanistic Review. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2573-2585. [PMID: 32940861 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that contribute to neuronal cytotoxicity and degeneration. Recent studies reported that crocin, a carotenoid chemical compound common in crocus and gardenia flowers, has protective effects in neurodegenerative disorders due to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties in the nervous system. This article reviews the new experimental, clinical, and pharmacological studies on the neuroprotective properties of crocin and its potential mechanisms to modulate metabolic oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kermanshahi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat highway, Beside the Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Ghanavati
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat highway, Beside the Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Abbasi-Mesrabadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat highway, Beside the Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat highway, Beside the Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat highway, Beside the Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496-14525, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Almuhayawi MS, Ramadan WS, Harakeh S, Al Jaouni SK, Bharali DJ, Mousa SA, Almuhayawi SM. The potential role of pomegranate and its nano-formulations on cerebral neurons in aluminum chloride induced Alzheimer rat model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1710-1716. [PMID: 32565686 PMCID: PMC7296487 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stress leading to degenerative changes in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is evident. Our aim was to evaluate the therapeutic and protective effects of pomegranate extract (PE) and pomegranate extract-loaded nanoparticles (PE nano) in an AlCl 3-induced AD rat model. Nanoparticles were synthesized with a PE load of 0.68% w/w, and 70 male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups: Group I was the control, Group II received PE., Group III received PE nano for 2 weeks, Group IV received AlCl 3 (50 mg/kg) daily orally for 4 weeks, Group V received PE for 2 weeks, Group VI received PE nano for 2 weeks, and Groups V and VI were started after AlCl 3 administration was stopped. Group VII received PE for 2 weeks and was stopped before AlCl 3 was administered. The Results revealed that the discrimination index in the novel object recognition test was the least in AD rat model but increased in cases protected with PE treated with PE nano. Similar results were shown based on calculating the brain weight/body weight percent. The biomarkers of antioxidant activity (catalase, glutathione and total antioxidant activity) in brain homogenate were significantly increased in groups treated with either PE or PE nano. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance measured to estimate lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in AD rat model and decreased in groups protected with PE or treated with PE nano. Histopathological studies using hematoxylin and eosin, cresyl violet, and silver stains revealed hyaline degeneration, chromatolysis, and hallmarks of AD; neurofibrillary tangles and the senile plaques in brains of AD rat model. Restoration of the histological architecture, Nissl granules, and minimal appearance of hallmarks of AD characterized brains treated with PE or PE nano. In conclusion, PE was more effective as a protectant than a therapeutic measure in alleviating the antioxidant, lipid peroxidative effects and histopathological hallmarks in AD brains. But, the therapeutic PE-loaded nanoparticles increased the efficacy of active components and produced similar results as the protective PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Almuhayawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa S. Ramadan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine (FM), KAU, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Steve Harakeh
- Special Infectious Disease Department, King Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, FM, KAU, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, FM, KAU, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, FM, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhruba J. Bharali
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Albany Nutraceuticals, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Albany Nutraceuticals, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Saad M. Almuhayawi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Cores Á, Piquero M, Villacampa M, León R, Menéndez JC. NRF2 Regulation Processes as a Source of Potential Drug Targets against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E904. [PMID: 32545924 PMCID: PMC7356958 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 acts by controlling gene expression, being the master regulator of the Phase II antioxidant response, and also being key to the control of neuroinflammation. NRF2 activity is regulated at several levels, including protein degradation by the proteasome, transcription, and post-transcription. The purpose of this review is to offer a concise and critical overview of the main mechanisms of NRF2 regulation and their actual or potential use as targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Marta Piquero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
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14
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Ueno Y, Kawamoto Y, Nakane Y, Natsume R, Miura K, Okumura Y, Murate T, Hattori E, Osawa T. Oxidized Perilla and Linseed Oils Induce Neuronal Apoptosis by Caspase-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050538. [PMID: 32357550 PMCID: PMC7278870 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is involved in bioregulatory functions. In recent years, the health-promoting effects of vegetable-derived edible oils rich in ALA have attracted attention. ALA has a variety of physiological effects such as anti-arteriosclerotic and antiallergic properties, but is prone to oxidation. Therefore, safety concerns exist with regard to adverse effects on humans induced by its oxides. However, the effects on neuronal cells induced by oxidized ALA-rich oils, such as perilla and linseed oils, have not been fully investigated. This information is very important from the viewpoint of food safety. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxidized perilla and linseed oils, which are rich in ALA, on the toxicity of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Perilla and linseed oils were significantly oxidized compared with other edible vegetable oils. These oxidized oils induce neuronal cell death and apoptosis via caspase-dependent and -independent pathways through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, they suppressed neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that oxidized perilla and linseed oils have the potential to cause neuronal loss and ROS-mediated apoptosis, and thus may affect the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ueno
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-561-73-1111
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawamoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collage of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yamato Nakane
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
| | - Risa Natsume
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
| | - Yui Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collage of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Murate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Collage of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Emi Hattori
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Osawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
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15
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Oxidative Stress: Role and Response of Short Guanine Tracts at Genomic Locations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174258. [PMID: 31480304 PMCID: PMC6747389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, oxidative stress has emerged as a major concern to biological researchers. It is involved in the pathogenesis of various lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The connection between oxidative stress and telomere shortening via oxidative guanine lesion is well documented. Telomeres are confined to guanine rich ends of chromosomes. Owing to its self-association properties, it adopts G-quadruplex structures and hampers the overexpression of telomerase in the cancer cells. Guanine, being the most oxidation prone nucleobase, when structured in G-quadruplex entity, is found to respond peculiarly towards oxidative stress. Interestingly, this non-Watson-Crick structural feature exists abundantly in promoters of various oncogenes, exons and other genomic locations. The involvement of G-quadruplex architecture in oncogene promoters is well recognized in gene regulation processes. Development of small molecules aimed to target G-quadruplex structures, have found to alter the overexpression of oncogenes. The interaction may lead to the obstruction of diseased cell having elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, presence of short guanine tracts (Gn) forming G-quadruplexes suggests its critical role in oxidative genome damage. Present review is a modest attempt to gain insight on the association of oxidative stress and G-quadruplexes, in various biological processes.
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16
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Valis M, Herman D, Vanova N, Masopust J, Vysata O, Hort J, Pavelek Z, Klimova B, Kuca K, Misik J, Zdarova Karasova J. The Concentration of Memantine in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Its Consequence to Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:943. [PMID: 31555132 PMCID: PMC6722429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Memantine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist utilized as a palliative cure for Alzheimer’s disease. This is the second study examining the memantine concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. The previously published study enrolled six patients, and three of them were theoretically in a steady state. In our study, we enrolled 22 patients who regularly used a standard therapeutic dose of memantine (20 mg/day, oral administration) before the sample collection. Patients were divided into four groups, according to the time of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid collection: 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after memantine administration. The cerebrospinal fluid samples were also assessed for selected oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine, glutathione, non-protein thiols, and non-protein disulfides). The plasma/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ratio for all time intervals were within the range of 45.89% (6 h) to 55.60% (18 h), which corresponds with previously published findings in most patients. The other aim of our study was to deduce whether the achieved “real” memantine concentration in the central compartment was sufficient to block NMDA receptors. The IC50 value of memantine as an NMDA antagonist is in micromolar range; the lowest limit is 112 ng/ml (GluN2C), and this value was achieved only in three cases. The memantine cerebrospinal fluid concentration did not reach one quarter of the IC50 value in five cases (one patient was excluded for noncompliance); therefore, the potency of memantine as a therapeutic effect in patients may be questionable. However, it appears that memantine therapy positively affected the levels of some oxidative stress parameters, especially non-protein thiols and 3-nitrotyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - David Herman
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Nela Vanova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czechia
| | - Jiri Masopust
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Oldrich Vysata
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zbysek Pavelek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Blanka Klimova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jan Misik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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17
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Islam MI, Shanta MA, Mondal M, Hoque N, Majumder S, Ahmed T, Rana MS. Protective effect of chloroform extract of Stereospermum chelonoides bark against amyloid beta42 induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells and against inflammation in Swiss albino mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:621-630. [PMID: 30030961 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background This study was designed to evaluate the free radical scavenging property of chloroform extract of the bark of Stereospermum chelonoides (SCBC) and to investigate its potential in Alzheimer's disease and inflammation, two oxidative stress related disorders. Methods Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant potential of SCBC were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and total antioxidant capacity determination assay. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were also determined. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based cytotoxicity and cyto-protective assays were performed on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Thioflavin-T assay and caspase activation measurement assay were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of cytoprotection of SCBC observed here. In vivo anti-inflammatory potential was measured using croton oil and xylene induced ear edema tests. Results Phytochemical screening of SCBC revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents. Dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activity was observed. The extract was enriched in flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds too. SCBC was found to inhibit amyloid-β peptide 1-42 (Aβ42) induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Encouraged by the cyto-protective effect, its effects on Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and caspase-3 activated apoptosis were observed. SCBC significantly slowed down the Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and caspase-3 activation in a concentration-dependent manner indicating its probable mechanism of rendering cyto-protection. SCBC has been able to reduce inflammation significantly in croton oil induced ear edema in both doses. Conclusions Thus, this study could form the basis for further study for the potential use of SCBC in oxidative stress associated cell death and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imamul Islam
- Department of Medical Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Meena Afroze Shanta
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh, Phone: +8801717400626
| | - Milon Mondal
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Nazia Hoque
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Senjuti Majumder
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
| | - Taksim Ahmed
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Md Sohel Rana
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
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18
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Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1483791. [PMID: 30112360 PMCID: PMC6077677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1483791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis are major neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal pathogenic proteins due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and pathogens, leading to neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. Herein, we reviewed the utility of plant polyphenols in regulating proliferation and differentiation of stem cells for inducing brain self-repair in AD and multiple sclerosis. Firstly, we discussed the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors involved in the pathophysiology of both the disorders. Next, we reviewed various stem cell therapies available and how they have proved useful in animal models of AD and multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we discussed how polyphenols utilize the potential of stem cells, either complementing their therapeutic effects or stimulating endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis, against these diseases. We suggest that polyphenols could be a potential candidate for stem cell therapy against neurodegenerative disorders.
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19
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Rama Rao KV, Iring S, Younger D, Kuriakose M, Skotak M, Alay E, Gupta RK, Chandra N. A Single Primary Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rodent Model Causes Cell-Type Dependent Increase in Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Isoforms in Vulnerable Brain Regions. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2077-2090. [PMID: 29648986 PMCID: PMC6098412 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a leading cause of morbidity in soldiers on the battlefield and in training sites with long-term neurological and psychological pathologies. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated activation of oxidative stress pathways after blast injury, but their distribution among different brain regions and their impact on the pathogenesis of bTBI have not been explored. The present study examined the protein expression of two isoforms: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 and 2 (NOX1, NOX2), corresponding superoxide production, a downstream event of NOX activation, and the extent of lipid peroxidation adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) to a range of proteins. Brain injury was evaluated 4 h after the shock-wave exposure, and immunofluorescence signal quantification was performed in different brain regions. Expression of NOX isoforms displayed a differential increase in various brain regions: in hippocampus and thalamus, there was the highest increase of NOX1, whereas in the frontal cortex, there was the highest increase of NOX2 expression. Cell-specific analysis of changes in NOX expression with respect to corresponding controls revealed that blast resulted in a higher increase of NOX1 and NOX 2 levels in neurons compared with astrocytes and microglia. Blast exposure also resulted in increased superoxide levels in different brain regions, and such changes were reflected in 4HNE protein adduct formation. Collectively, this study demonstrates that primary blast TBI induces upregulation of NADPH oxidase isoforms in different regions of the brain parenchyma and that neurons appear to be at higher risk for oxidative damage compared with other neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stephanie Iring
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Daniel Younger
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Matthew Kuriakose
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Maciej Skotak
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Eren Alay
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Raj K Gupta
- 2 Department of Defense Blast Injury Research Program Coordinating Office, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command , Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Namas Chandra
- 1 Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey
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20
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Yu CP, Gerlei KZ, Rágyanszki A, Jensen SJK, Viskolcz B, Csizmadia IG. Reactivity of Ala-Gly dipeptide with β-turn secondary structure. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Rani P, Krishnan S, Rani Cathrine C. Study on Analysis of Peripheral Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:328. [PMID: 28769864 PMCID: PMC5509803 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors are involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology including tau phosphorylation, amyloid β protein (Aβ) accumulation, lipid dysregulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The markers of these pathological processes in cerebral spinal fluid are used currently for AD diagnosis. However, peripheral biomarkers are the need of the hour for large population screening for AD. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the peripheral levels of redox markers, lipid peroxidation (LPO) indicators, and pathological markers in AD patients. Blood was collected from AD patients (n = 45), controls (n = 45), and analyzed for pathological markers of AD including Aβ42 and tau, LPO, and redox indicators. Plasma Aβ42 was significantly (P < 0.001) elevated while total tau was decreased in AD compared to controls. Hydroxynonenal (HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher (P < 0.001) in AD patients pointing the enhanced LPO in AD pathology. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis indicated that HNE is a better indicator of LPO compared to MDA. Plasma glutathione (GSH) level was significantly (P < 0.001) low while oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level was higher (P < 0.001) in AD patients with corresponding decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio (P < 0.001). ROC analysis indicated that GSH/GSSG ratio can be used as reliable indicator for redox imbalance in AD with a cutoff value of <8.73 (sensitivity 91.1%, specificity 97.8%). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation for both HNE and MDA with Aβ42 and a negative correlation with total tau. Negative correlation was observed between GSH/GSSG ratio and LPO markers. While oxidative stress has been implicated in pathology of various neurodegenerative disorders, the present study pinpoints the direct link between LPO and Aβ production in plasma of AD patients. Normally, at low amyloid concentration in body fluids, this peptide shown to function as a strong metal chelating antioxidant. However, when the Aβ production enhanced as in AD, through gain of functional transformation, Aβ evolves into prooxidant, thereby enhancing oxidative stress and LPO. Altered redox status with enhanced LPO observed in AD blood could contribute to the oxidation and S-glutathionylation proteins, which has to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniswamy Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sreeram Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
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22
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Youn K, Lee S, Jeong WS, Ho CT, Jun M. Protective Role of Corilagin on Aβ 25-35-Induced Neurotoxicity: Suppression of NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Med Food 2016; 19:901-911. [PMID: 27654707 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation and deposition of beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ), a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, has been recognized as a potent activator of neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction. In this study, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the neuroprotective effects of corilagin against Aβ25-35-triggered neurotoxicity and inflammatory responses were investigated in PC12 cells. Pretreatment with corilagin effectively protected PC12 cells against Aβ25-35-induced damage and apoptosis. Aβ25-35 induced damage in PC12 cells as revealed by increased production of reactive oxygen species, caspase-3 activity, and cell cycle arrest was attenuated by corilagin pretreatment. Corilagin not only significantly suppressed the production of neurotoxic inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 but also downregulated cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in PC12 cells. It also exerted a beneficial effect by suppressing the degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκB)-α and subsequent activation of transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mostly through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity in comparison to c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAP kinase (p38) mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. These findings suggest that attenuation of Aβ25-35-induced inflammatory responses by downregulating the NF-κB signaling pathway might be a valuable strategy for both Alzheimer's disease prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumju Youn
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Seonah Lee
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- 2 Department of Food and Life Science, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University , Gimhae, Korea
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- 3 Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mira Jun
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University , Busan, Korea.,4 Institute of Convergence Bio-Health (ICBH), Dong-A University , Busan, Korea
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Furman R, Murray IVJ, Schall HE, Liu Q, Ghiwot Y, Axelsen PH. Amyloid Plaque-Associated Oxidative Degradation of Uniformly Radiolabeled Arachidonic Acid. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:367-77. [PMID: 26800372 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a frequently observed feature of Alzheimer's disease, but its pathological significance is not understood. To explore the relationship between oxidative stress and amyloid plaques, uniformly radiolabeled arachidonate was introduced into transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease via intracerebroventricular injection. Uniform labeling with carbon-14 is used here for the first time, and made possible meaningful quantification of arachidonate oxidative degradation products. The injected arachidonate entered a fatty acid pool that was subject to oxidative degradation in both transgenic and wild-type animals. However, the extent of its degradation was markedly greater in the hippocampus of transgenic animals where amyloid plaques were abundant. In human Alzheimer's brain, plaque-associated proteins were post-translationally modified by hydroxynonenal, a well-known oxidative degradation product of arachidonate. These results suggest that several recurring themes in Alzheimer's pathogenesis, amyloid β proteins, transition metal ions, oxidative stress, and apolipoprotein isoforms, may be involved in a common mechanism that has the potential to explain both neuronal loss and fibril formation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Furman
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ian V. J. Murray
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
- Department
of Physiology and Neuroscience, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Hayley E. Schall
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yonatan Ghiwot
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Paul H. Axelsen
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective effects of multifaceted hybrid agents targeting MAO, cholinesterase, iron and β-amyloid in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:2080-94. [PMID: 26332830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accepted nowadays as a complex neurodegenerative disorder with multifaceted cerebral pathologies, including extracellular deposition of amyloid β peptide-containing plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, progressive loss of cholinergic neurons, metal dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, glutamate excitoxicity, oxidative stress and increased MAO enzyme activity. This may explain why it is currently widely accepted that a more effective therapy for AD would result from the use of multifunctional drugs, which may affect more than one brain target involved in the disease pathology. The current review will discuss the potential benefits of novel multimodal neuroprotective, brain permeable drugs, recently developed by Youdim and collaborators, as a valuable therapeutic approach for AD treatment. The pharmacological and neuroprotective properties of these multitarget-directed ligands, which target MAO enzymes, the cholinergic system, iron accumulation and amyloid β peptide generation/aggregation are described, with a special emphasis on their potential therapeutic value for ageing and AD-associated cognitive functions. This review is conceived as a tribute to the broad neuropharmacology work of Professor Moussa Youdim, Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Medicine and Director of Eve Topf Center of Excellence in Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Chief Scientific Officer of ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., at the occasion of his 75th birthday. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.13/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
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Antiamnesic Effect of Actinidia arguta Extract Intake in a Mouse Model of TMT-Induced Learning and Memory Dysfunction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:876484. [PMID: 26576196 PMCID: PMC4631892 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The antiamnesic effects of ethyl acetate fraction from Actinidia arguta (EFAA) on trimethyltin- (TMT-) induced memory impairment were investigated to find the possibility of functional food substances. EFAA showed a potent AChE inhibitory effect (IC50 = 53 μg/mL) and efficient neuroprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The administration of EFAA significantly decreased TMT-induced cognitive deficit in Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. After the behavioral tests, the antioxidant activities were confirmed using mice brain tissues. EFAA not only showed the inhibition of AChE activity and the decline of malondialdehyde (MDA) level as a sign of lipid peroxidation but also presented the increase of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and the decrease of the oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) ratio. Finally, the phenolics in EFAA were identified using liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry, and four main phenolics, such as quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeoyl hexose, and quercetin-3-glucoside, were identified. These results suggest that EFAA containing physiological phenolics might enhance drug-induced amnesia through AChE inhibition and neuroprotection.
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Uddin MN, Afrin R, Uddin MJ, Uddin MJ, Alam AHMK, Rahman AA, Sadik G. Vanda roxburghii chloroform extract as a potential source of polyphenols with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities: identification of a strong phenolic antioxidant. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:195. [PMID: 26100408 PMCID: PMC4477535 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively developing neurodegenerative disorder of the brain in the elderly people. Vanda roxburghii Rbr. root has been used traditionally in Bangladesh as tonic to brain and in the treatment of nervous system disorders including AD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cholinesterase inhibitory activities and antioxidant properties of the extracts from V. roxburghii. METHODS The crude methanol extract from the roots of plant was sequentially fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and water to yield their corresponding extracts. The extracts were assessed for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by modified Ellman method and antioxidant property by several assays including ferric reducing antioxidant power, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydroxyl radical, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Endogenous substances in the extracts were analyzed by the standard phytochemical methods and active compound was isolated by the chromatographic methods. RESULTS Chloroform extract was shown to demonstrate strong ferric-reducing antioxidant power and scavenging activity against DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals when compared with the other extracts and the reference standard catechin. The antioxidant effect was further verified by inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. Likewise, the chloroform extract exhibited the highest inhibition against both the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with IC50 values of 221.13 and 82.51 μg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed a large amount of phenolics and flavonoids in the chloroform extract. Bioactivity guided separation techniques led to the isolation of a strong antioxidant from the chloroform extract and its structure was determined as gigantol on the basis of spectral studies. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the chloroform extract of V. roxburghii, possibly due to its phenolic compounds, exert potential antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities, which may be useful in the treatment of AD.
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Chen X, Guo C, Kong J. Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:376-85. [PMID: 25774178 PMCID: PMC4350122 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are constantly produced in aerobic organisms as by-products of normal oxygen metabolism and include free radicals such as superoxide anion (O2−) and hydroxyl radical (OH−), and non-radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The mitochondrial respiratory chain and enzymatic reactions by various enzymes are endogenous sources of reactive oxygen species. Exogenous reactive oxygen species -inducing stressors include ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and divergent oxidizing chemicals. At low concentrations, reactive oxygen species serve as an important second messenger in cell signaling; however, at higher concentrations and long-term exposure, reactive oxygen species can damage cellular macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, which leads to necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Oxidative stress is a condition of imbalance between reactive oxygen species formation and cellular antioxidant capacity due to enhanced ROS generation and/or dysfunction of the antioxidant system. Biochemical alterations in these macromolecular components can lead to various pathological conditions and human diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are morphologically featured by progressive cell loss in specific vulnerable neuronal cells, often associated with cytoskeletal protein aggregates forming inclusions in neurons and/or glial cells. Deposition of abnormal aggregated proteins and disruption of metal ions homeostasis are highly associated with oxidative stress. The main aim of this review is to present as much detailed information as possible that is available on various neurodegenerative disorders and their connection with oxidative stress. A variety of therapeutic strategies designed to address these pathological processes are also described. For the future therapeutic direction, one specific pathway that involves the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is receiving considerable attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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28
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Javed H, Vaibhav K, Ahmed ME, Khan A, Tabassum R, Islam F, Safhi MM, Islam F. Effect of hesperidin on neurobehavioral, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and lipid alteration in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment in mice. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jones OAH, Dias DA, Callahan DL, Kouremenos KA, Beale DJ, Roessner U. The use of metabolomics in the study of metals in biological systems. Metallomics 2015; 7:29-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and systems biology/toxicology can elucidate novel pathways and mechanistic networks of metals and metalloids in biological systems, as well as providing useful biomarkers of the metal status of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A. Dias
- Metabolomics Australia
- School of Botany
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Damien L. Callahan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Melbourne VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Konstantinos A. Kouremenos
- Metabolomics Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- , Australia
| | - David J. Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
- Land and Water
- Highett, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia
- School of Botany
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
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No change of the lipid profile under the control of ApoE gene polymorphism in schizophrenics under paliperidone treatment. Psychiatr Q 2014; 85:487-96. [PMID: 25085446 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-014-9309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study tried to explore the effects of Paliperidone on the lipid profiles of schizophrenia patients. One hundred twenty-nine subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia were enrolled into this study and completed the lipid profile evaluation. Their blood samples were obtained on the morning following a 12-hours fast. Cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in plasma were determined, and lipoproteins were determined by enzymatic methods. All participants provided written informed consent, and underwent additional venous blood withdrawal for DNA extraction for genetic study of the ApoE gene polymorphism. Under T test, TC, TG and HDL levels all declined after Paliperidone treatment although with no statistically significant difference. The ratios of TC/HDL declined after Paliperidone treatment, but without statistically significant difference. After GEE-I analysis, we found that ApoE4 genotype (β = 34.471; p < 0.001) had a positive effect on the total cholesterol (TC) level; female had positive effect on the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (β = 15.361; p = 0.003); and age had a positive effect on the TG level (β = 1.317; p = 0.030). Smoking (β = 0.961; p = 0.016) had a positive effect on the ratio of TC/HDL change. Lipid profiles were not increased after Paliperidone treatment under the control of ApoE gene polymorphism.
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31
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Sun X, Wu Y, Herculano B, Song W. RCAN1 overexpression exacerbates calcium overloading-induced neuronal apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95471. [PMID: 24751678 PMCID: PMC3994074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) patients develop characteristic Alzheimer's Disease (AD) neuropathology after their middle age. Prominent neuronal loss has been observed in the cortical regions of AD brains. However, the underlying mechanism leading to this neuronal loss in both DS and AD remains to be elucidated. Calcium overloading and oxidative stress have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Two major isoforms of regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), RCAN1.1 and RCAN1.4, are detected in human brains. In this report we defined the transcriptional regulation of RCAN1.1 and RCAN1.4 by two alternative promoters. Calcium overloading upregulated RCAN1.4 expression by activating RCAN1.4 promoter through calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway, thus forming a negative feedback loop in isoform 4 regulation. Furthermore, RCAN1.4 overexpression exacerbated calcium overloading-induced neuronal apoptosis, which was mediated by caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. Our results suggest that downregulating RCAN1.4 expression in neurons could be beneficial to AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Sun
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yili Wu
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bruno Herculano
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lipoprotein-associated lysolipids are differentially involved in high-density lipoprotein- and its oxidized form-induced neurite remodeling in PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 2014; 68:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hwang M, Lee JM, Kim Y, Geum D. Functional Role of Parkin against Oxidative Stress in Neural Cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2014; 29:62-9. [PMID: 24741456 PMCID: PMC3970279 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2014.29.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is caused by selective cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. An early onset form of PD, autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism has been associated with a mutation in the parkin gene. The function of parkin is known to remove misfolding proteins and protect cell death. We aimed to investigate the role of parkin against oxidative stress in neuronal cells. METHODS Parkin knockout embryonic stem cells (PKO ES cells) were differentiated into neurons by adherent monolayer culture method. Oxidative stress was induced by the treatment of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in neurons derived from wild type and PKO ES cells, and cell viability was examined by MTT assay. After exposure to MPP(+), Tuj1-positive cell population was compared between PKO and wild type cells by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. The activated caspase3 protein level was also measured by Western blot analysis, FACS and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS There was no difference in the efficiency of neuronal differentiation between wild type and PKO ES cells. After exposure to MPP(+), no significant differences were found in cell viability and Tuj1-positive cell population between the two groups determined by MTT assay and FACS analysis, respectively. The activated caspase3 protein levels examined by Western blot analysis, FACS and immunocytochemistry were not changed in PKO cells compared with those of wild type cells after MPP(+) treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PKO neuronal cells including dopaminergic neurons are not sensitive to caspase3-dependent cell death pathway during the response against MPP(+)-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Myong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Department of Emergency Medical Technology, Kyungil University College of Nursing and Public Health, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Dongho Geum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Asaduzzaman M, Uddin MJ, Kader MA, Alam AHMK, Rahman AA, Rashid M, Kato K, Tanaka T, Takeda M, Sadik G. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and the antioxidant properties of Aegle marmelos leaf extract: implications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics 2014; 14:1-10. [PMID: 24646308 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by loss of memory and cognition. The effective therapeutic options for AD are limited and thus there is a demand for new drugs. Aegle marmelos (Linn.) (A. marmelos) leaves have been used in traditional medicine to promote intellect and enhance memory. In this study, we evaluated A. marmelos for its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant property in vitro in the treatment of AD. METHODS A crude methanol extract and four fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous) were prepared from the leaves of A. marmelos. The preparations were assessed for AChE inhibitory activity by the Ellman method, and their antioxidant properties were assessed by several assays: reducing power, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and hydroxyl radical, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of endogenous substances in A. marmelos were performed by the standard phytochemical methods. RESULTS Among the different extracts tested, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest inhibition of AChE activity. In the same way, ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest reducing activity and radical scavenging ability towards the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 3.84 μg/mL) and hydroxyl free radicals (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 5.68 μg/mL). The antiradical activity of the ethyl acetate fraction appeared to be similar to that of the reference standard butylated hydroxytoluene and catechin used in this study. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction displayed higher inhibition of brain lipid peroxidation. Phytochemical screening of different extractives of A. marmelos showed the presence of phenols and flavonoids, alkaloid, saponin, glycoside, tannin and steroids. Quantitative analysis revealed higher contents of phenolics (58.79-mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) and flavonoids (375.73-mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) in the ethyl acetate fraction. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of A. marmelos is a significant source of polyphenolic compounds with potential AChE inhibitory property and antioxidant activity and, thus, may be useful in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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Mot AI, Wedd AG, Sinclair L, Brown DR, Collins SJ, Brazier MW. Metal attenuating therapies in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 11:1717-45. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Acrylamide, a food contaminant, belongs to a large class of structurally similar toxic chemicals, 'type-2 alkenes', to which humans are widely exposed. Besides, occupational exposure to acrylamide has received wide attention through the last decades. It is classified as a neurotoxin and there are three important hypothesis considering acrylamide neurotoxicity: inhibition of kinesin-based fast axonal transport, alteration of neurotransmitter levels, and direct inhibition of neurotransmission. While many researchers believe that exposure of humans to relatively low levels of acrylamide in the diet will not result in clinical neuropathy, some neurotoxicologists are concerned about the potential for its cumulative neurotoxicity. It has been shown in several studies that the same neurotoxic effects can be observed at low and high doses of acrylamide, with the low doses simply requiring longer exposures. This review is focused on the neurotoxicity of acrylamide and its possible outcomes.
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Kurata T, Miyazaki K, Morimoto N, Kawai H, Ohta Y, Ikeda Y, Abe K. Atorvastatin and pitavastatin reduce oxidative stress and improve IR/LDL-R signals in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Res 2013; 35:193-205. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kurata
- Department of NeurologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyazaki
- Department of NeurologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Morimoto
- Department of NeurologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kawai
- Department of NeurologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of NeurologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of NeurologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of NeurologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Javed H, Khan A, Vaibhav K, Moshahid Khan M, Ahmad A, Ejaz Ahmad M, Ahmad A, Tabassum R, Islam F, Safhi MM, Islam F. Taurine ameliorates neurobehavioral, neurochemical and immunohistochemical changes in sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) caused by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. Neurol Sci 2013; 34:2181-92. [PMID: 23681104 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative loads in the brain are involved in age related impairments like learning and memory as well as neurodegeneration. Taurine, the most abundant free amino acid in humans has many potential health benefits through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of taurine on oxidative stress, neuronal loss and memory impairments in streptozotocin model of cognitive impairments in rats. The cognitive impairment was developed by giving single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 3 mg/kg body weight bilaterally. An increased latency and path length was observed in ICV-STZ group animals as compared to sham group animals and these were inhibited significantly in STZ group pre-treated with taurine (50 mg/kg body weight orally once daily for 15 days). Moreover, the significantly depleted content of GSH and elevated level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in ICV-STZ group animals were protected significantly with pre-treatment of taurine. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase was decreased in STZ group as compared to sham group and pre-treatment of STZ group with taurine has protected their activities significantly. Furthermore, the increased activity of acetylcholine esterase and decreased expression of choline acetyl transferase were attenuated by the pre-treatment of taurine. Taurine also protected the morphology of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons. This study concludes that the prophylactic intervention of taurine may be used to prevent the deterioration of cognitive functions and neurobehavioral activities, often associated with the generation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Javed
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Decursin Isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai Rescues PC12 Cells from Amyloid β-Protein-Induced Neurotoxicity through Nrf2-Mediated Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1: Potential Roles of MAPK. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:467245. [PMID: 23762139 PMCID: PMC3665219 DOI: 10.1155/2013/467245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Decursin (D), purified from Angelica gigas Nakai, has been proven to exert neuroprotective property. Previous study revealed that D reduced A β 25 ‒ 35-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Our study explored the underlying mechanisms by which D mediates its therapeutic effects in vitro. Pretreatment of cells with D diminished intracellular generation of ROS in response to A β 25 ‒ 35. Western blot revealed that D significantly increased the expression and activity of HO-1, which was correlated with its protection against A β 25 ‒ 35-induced injury. Addition of ZnPP, an HO-1 competitive inhibitor, significantly attenuated its protective effect in A β 25 ‒ 35-treated cells, indicating the vital role of HO-1 resistance to oxidative injury. Moreover, D induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, the upstream of HO-1 expression. While investigating the signaling pathways responsible for HO-1 induction, D activated ERK and dephosphorylated p38 in PC12 cells. Addition of U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK, blocked D-induced Nrf2 activation and HO-1 induction and meanwhile reversed the protection of D against A β 25 ‒ 35-induced cell death. These findings suggest D augments cellular antioxidant defense capacity through both intrinsic free radical scavenging activity and activation of MAPK signal pathways that leads to Nrf2 activation, and subsequently HO-1 induction, thereby protecting the PC12 cells from A β 25 ‒ 35-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.
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Zürbig P, Jahn H. Use of proteomic methods in the analysis of human body fluids in Alzheimer research. Electrophoresis 2013; 33:3617-30. [PMID: 23160951 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is the study of the entire population of proteins and peptides in an organism or a part of it, such as a cell, tissue, or fluids like cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, urine, or saliva. It is widely assumed that changes in the composition of the proteome may reflect disease states and provide clues to its origin, eventually leading to targets for new treatments. The ability to perform large-scale proteomic studies now is based jointly on recent advances in our analytical methods. Separation techniques like CE and 2DE have developed and matured. Detection methods like MS have also improved greatly in the last 5 years. These developments have also driven the fields of bioinformatics, needed to deal with the increased data production and systems biology. All these developing methods offer specific advantages but also come with certain limitations. This review describes the different proteomic methods used in the field, their limitations, and their possible pitfalls. Based on a literature search in PubMed, we identified 112 studies that applied proteomic techniques to identify biomarkers for Alzheimer disease. This review describes the results of these studies on proteome changes in human body fluids of Alzheimer patients reviewing the most important studies. We extracted a list of 366 proteins and peptides that were identified by these studies as potential targets in Alzheimer research.
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Use of TOF-SIMS in vascular biology. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1000:33-43. [PMID: 23585082 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-405-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry is a technique used for surface analysis. The recent introduction of metal cluster ionization sources opened the possibility to probe biological tissues, due to its reduced in-source fragmentation. Despite its limitations in mass range of the molecules analyzed, a combination of minimal sample processing, sensibility, and unsurpassed lateral resolution makes TOF-SIMS a good tool for molecular imaging in pathology.
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Effect of one-year vitamin C- and E-supplementation on cerebrospinal fluid oxidation parameters and clinical course in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2706-14. [PMID: 22878647 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant vitamins are being widely discussed as a therapeutic option in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently found that supplementation with vitamin C and E over 1 month leads to an increase of their levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and a reduction of CSF lipid peroxidation. In the present study, we followed-up the biochemical and clinical effect of vitamin C and E supplementation in an open clinical trial over 1 year. Twelve AD patients stably taking a cholinesterase inhibitor were supplemented with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and E (400 I.U./day), while 11 patients taking cholinergic medication only served as a control group. Cognition was assessed at baseline, after 6 months and 12 months using the Mini-Mental State Examination; a more detailed testing of cognitive function was performed at baseline and after 12 months. From eight of the vitamin-supplemented patients, CSF was taken at baseline, after 1 month and after 1 year to measure the antioxidant effect of vitamin supplementation on CSF lipids using a recently established in vitro oxidation assay. CSF antioxidant vitamins were significantly increased after 1 month and 1 year of supplementation, while in vitro oxidation of CSF lipids was significantly reduced only after 1 year of the supplementation. The clinical course of AD did not significantly differ between the vitamin and the control group. We conclude that supplementation with vitamins E and C did not have a significant effect on the course of AD over 1 year despite of a limited antioxidant effect that could be observed in CSF.
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Shin D, Howng SYB, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. miR-32 and its target SLC45A3 regulate the lipid metabolism of oligodendrocytes and myelin. Neuroscience 2012; 213:29-37. [PMID: 22521588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes generate large amounts of myelin by extension of their cell membranes. Though lipid is the major component of myelin, detailed lipid metabolism in the maintenance of myelin is not understood. We reported previously that miR-32 might be involved in myelin maintenance (Shin et al., 2009). Here we demonstrate a novel role for miR-32 in oligodendrocyte function and development through the regulation of SLC45A3 (solute carrier family 45, member 3) and other downstream targets such as CLDN-11. miR-32 is highly expressed in the myelin-enriched regions of the brain and mature oligodendrocytes, and it promotes myelin protein expression. We found that miR-32 directly regulates the expression of SLC45A3 by binding to the complementary sequence on the 3'UTR of cldn11 and slc45a3. As a myelin-enriched putative sugar transporter, SLC45A3 enhances intracellular glucose levels and the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. Therefore, overexpression of SLC45A3 triggers neutral lipid accumulation. Interestingly, both overexpression and suppression of SLC45A3 reduces myelin protein expression in mature oligodendrocytes and alters oligodendrocyte morphology, indicating that tight regulation of SLC45A3 expression is necessary for the proper maintenance of myelin proteins and structure. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-32 and its downstream target SLC45A3 play important roles in myelin maintenance by modulating glucose and lipid metabolism and myelin protein expression in oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shin
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Tranah GJ, Nalls MA, Katzman SM, Yokoyama JS, Lam ET, Zhao Y, Mooney S, Thomas F, Newman AB, Liu Y, Cummings SR, Harris TB, Yaffe K. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation associated with dementia and cognitive function in the elderly. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 32:357-72. [PMID: 22785396 PMCID: PMC4156011 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage may be a major cause of abnormal reactive oxidative species production in AD or increased neuronal susceptibility to oxidative injury during aging. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of mtDNA sequence variation on clinically significant cognitive impairment and dementia risk in the population-based Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. We first investigated the role of common mtDNA haplogroups and individual variants on dementia risk and 8-year change on the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) among 1,631 participants of European genetic ancestry. Participants were free of dementia at baseline and incidence was determined in 273 cases from hospital and medication records over 10-12 follow-up years. Participants from haplogroup T had a statistically significant increased risk of developing dementia (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.23, 2.82, p = 0.0008) and haplogroup J participants experienced a statistically significant 8-year decline in 3MS (β = -0.14, 95% CI = -0.27, -0.03, p = 0.0006), both compared with common haplogroup H. The m.15244A>G, p.G166G, CytB variant was associated with a significant decline in DSST score (β = -0.58, 95% CI -0.89, -0.28, p = 0.00019) and the m.14178T>C, p.I166V, ND6 variant was associated with a significant decline in 3MS score (β = -0.87, 95% CI -1.31, -3.86, p = 0.00012). Finally, we sequenced the complete ~16.5 kb mtDNA from 135 Health ABC participants and identified several highly conserved and potentially functional nonsynonymous variants unique to 22 dementia cases and aggregate sequence variation across the hypervariable 2-3 regions that influences 3MS and DSST scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Neuroprotective efficacy of Nardostachys jatamansi and crocetin in conjunction with selenium in cognitive impairment. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:1011-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Massaad CA. Neuronal and vascular oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:662-73. [PMID: 22654724 PMCID: PMC3263460 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a highly metabolically active organ producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are kept in check by an elaborate network of antioxidants. Although ROS are necessary for signaling and synaptic plasticity, their uncontrolled levels cause oxidation of essential macromolecules such as membrane lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins. Indeed, overproduction of ROS and/or failure of the antioxidant network lead to neuronal oxidative stress, a condition associated with not only aging but also Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific source of excessive ROS production has not yet been identified. On one hand, amyloid beta (Aβ) has been extensively shown to act as an oxidant molecule. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been shown to precede and exacerbate Aβ pathology. This review will address the involvement of oxidative stress in the context of neuronal as well as vascular dysfunction associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Massaad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Passarelli MK, Winograd N. Lipid imaging with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1811:976-90. [PMID: 21664291 PMCID: PMC3199347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental advances in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) now allow for the examination and characterization of lipids directly from biological materials. The successful application of SIMS-based imaging in the investigation of lipids directly from tissue and cells are demonstrated. Common complications and technical pitfalls are discussed. In this review, we examine the use of cluster ion sources and cryogenically compatible sample handling for improved ion yields and to expand the application potential of SIMS. Methodological improvements, including pre-treating the sample to improve ion yields and protocol development for 3-dimensional analyses (i.e. molecular depth profiling), are also included in this discussion. New high performance SIMS instruments showcasing the most advanced instrumental developments, including tandem MS capabilities and continuous ion beam compatibility, are described and the future direction for SIMS in lipid imaging is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Passarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park
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Axelsen PH, Komatsu H, Murray IVJ. Oxidative stress and cell membranes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:54-69. [PMID: 21357903 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00024.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β proteins and oxidative stress are believed to have central roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Lipid membranes are among the most vulnerable cellular components to oxidative stress, and membranes in susceptible regions of the brain are compositionally distinct from those in other tissues. This review considers the evidence that membranes are either a source of neurotoxic lipid oxidation products or the target of pathogenic processes involving amyloid β proteins that cause permeability changes or ion channel formation. Progress toward a comprehensive theory of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is discussed in which lipid membranes assume both roles and promote the conversion of monomeric amyloid β proteins into fibrils, the pathognomonic histopathological lesion of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Axelsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Muthaiyah B, Essa MM, Chauhan V, Chauhan A. Protective effects of walnut extract against amyloid beta peptide-induced cell death and oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2096-103. [PMID: 21706234 PMCID: PMC3183245 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) is the major component of senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. Aβ is known to increase free radical production in neuronal cells, leading to oxidative stress and cell death. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on dietary antioxidants that are able to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby offering protection against oxidative stress. Walnuts are rich in components that have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The inhibition of in vitro fibrillization of synthetic Aβ, and solubilization of preformed fibrillar Aβ by walnut extract was previously reported. The present study was designed to investigate whether walnut extract can protect against Aβ-induced oxidative damage and cytotoxicity. The effect of walnut extract on Aβ-induced cellular damage, ROS generation and apoptosis in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells was studied. Walnut extract reduced Aβ-mediated cell death assessed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) reduction, and release of lactate dehydrogenase (membrane damage), DNA damage (apoptosis) and generation of ROS in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that walnut extract can counteract Aβ-induced oxidative stress and associated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu Muthaiyah
- Department of Neurochemistry, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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