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Zhu L, Zhang J, Yang H, Li G, Li H, Deng Z, Zhang B. Propolis polyphenols: A review on the composition and anti-obesity mechanism of different types of propolis polyphenols. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1066789. [PMID: 37063322 PMCID: PMC10102383 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1066789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, one of the most common nutritional diseases worldwide, can lead to dyslipidemia, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, and inflammation. Some drugs have been developed to ameliorate obesity. However, these drugs may cause serious side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative “natural” remedies including propolis. Studies have found that propolis has excellent anti-obesity activity in in vitro and in vivo models during the past decades, of which polyphenols are the key component in regulating weight loss. This review focused on the different polyphenol compositions of propolis from different regions and plants, the evidence for the anti-obesity effects of different types of propolis and its derivatives, discussed the impact of propolis polyphenols on obesity related signal pathways, and proposed the molecular mechanism of how propolis polyphenols affect these signal pathways. For example, propolis and its derivatives regulate lipid metabolism related proteins, such as PPARα, PPARγ, SREBP-1&2, and HMG CoA etc., destroy the formation of CREB/CRTC2 transcription complex, activate Nrf2 pathway or inhibit protein kinase IKK ε/TBK1, thereby affecting fat production and lipid metabolism; The effects of propolis on adipokines (adiponectin, leptin and inflammatory factors) were discussed. Additionally, the mechanism of polyphenols in propolis promoting the browning of adipose tissues and the relationship between intestinal microorganisms was summarized. These information may be of value to better understand how specific propolis polyphenols interact with specific signaling pathways and help guide the development of new drugs to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinwu Zhang
- Nanchang Concentric Purple Nest Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Nanchang Concentric Purple Nest Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Guangyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Nanchang Concentric Purple Nest Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Zhang,
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Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Wojciechowska M, Sassek M, Krauss H, Leciejewska N, Szczepankiewicz D, Ślósarz P, Nogowski L, Kołodziejski PA. The Long-Term Effects of High-Fat and High-Protein Diets on the Metabolic and Endocrine Activity of Adipocytes in Rats. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040339. [PMID: 33920712 PMCID: PMC8073757 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The increasing prevalence of worldwide obesity and growing awareness of its negative consequences are forcing scientists to take a new view of nutrition and search for new diets. Therefore, to find some new relationships between diet and metabolism, we analyzed the effects of the long-term (60 and 120 days) use of a high-protein diet (HPD) and of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the metabolic and endocrine functions of fat tissue and on biochemical indices in rat blood in the present study. This research helped us to understand the roles of diet in the metabolic and endocrine functioning of adipocytes. Our study indicated that an HFD has a negative effect on fat tissue function, whereas the HPD showed positive results, such as increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose and lipid metabolism in isolated adipocytes in vitro. Abstract The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity and the rising awareness of their negative consequences are forcing researchers to take a new view of nutrition and its consequences for the metabolism of whole organisms as well as the metabolism of their individual systems and cells. Despite studies on nutrition having been carried out for a few decades, not many of them have focused on the impacts of these diets on changes in the metabolism and endocrine functions of isolated adipocytes. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effects of the long-term use (60 and 120 days) of a high-fat diet (HFD) and of a high-protein diet (HPD) on basic metabolic processes in fat cells—lipogenesis, lipolysis, and glucose uptake—and endocrine function, which was determined according to the secretion of adipokines into the incubation medium. Our results proved that the HPD diet improved insulin sensitivity, increased the intracellular uptake of glucose (p < 0.01) and its incorporation into lipids (p < 0.01) and modulated the endocrine function of these cells (decreasing leptin secretion; p < 0.01). The levels of biochemical parameters in the serum blood also changed in the HPD-fed rats. The effects of the HFD were inverse, as expected. We observed a decrease in adiponectin secretion and a diminished rate of lipogenesis (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the secretion of leptin and resistin (p < 0.01) from isolated adipocytes increased. In conclusion, we noted that the long-term use of HPD and HFD diets modulates the metabolism and endocrine functions of isolated rat adipocytes. We summarize that an HFD had a negative effect on fat tissue functioning, whereas an HPD had positive results, such as increased insulin sensitivity and an improved metabolism of glucose and lipids in fat tissue. Moreover, we noticed that negative metabolic changes are reflected more rapidly in isolated cells than in the metabolism of the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (L.N.)
- Correspondence: or (E.P.-O.); or (P.A.K.); Tel.: +48-618-486-084 (E.P.-O.); +48-511-468-396 (P.A.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Wojciechowska
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Polna 33, 60-535 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Hanna Krauss
- Department of Medicine, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, Nowy Świat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Piotr Ślósarz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Sloneczna 1, 62-002 Zlotniki, Poland;
| | - Leszek Nogowski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (L.N.)
| | - Paweł A. Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (N.L.); (D.S.); (L.N.)
- Correspondence: or (E.P.-O.); or (P.A.K.); Tel.: +48-618-486-084 (E.P.-O.); +48-511-468-396 (P.A.K.)
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3
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Alshaheen TA, Awaad MHH, Mehaisen GMK. Leptin improves the in vitro development of preimplantation rabbit embryos under oxidative stress of cryopreservation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246307. [PMID: 33529203 PMCID: PMC7853501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrification is an economically effective method for embryo cryopreservation in human and livestock animals; however, it carries the risk of damage by the exposure to severe oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of leptin at different levels on the in vitro development of fresh and vitrified preimplantation embryos in a rabbit model. Normal embryos at morulae stage were randomly cultured for 2 h with 0, 10, 20 or 100 ng/mL of leptin, then were cultured for further 48 h as freshly or after vitrification. Thereafter, developed blastocysts form the best leptin level in fresh and vitrified embryos along with their controls were allocated to analyze the pro-oxidant (malondialdehyde, MDA; nitric oxide, NO), antioxidant (total antioxidant capacity, TAC; superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidase, GPx), apoptotic (Bcl-2 associated X protein, BAX; heat shock 60kD protein member 1, HSP60; tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα) and developmental (sex determining region Y box protein 2, SOX2; Nanog homeobox protein, NANOG; Octamer-binding protein 4, OCT4) biomarkers. Results indicate that expanding and hatching rates of embryos were significantly higher at 20 ng/mL leptin than the other levels, while vitrification had an independent suppression effect on the in vitro development rates. The MDA and NO were significantly higher, while TAC, SOD and GPx were significantly lower in the vitrified than fresh embryos. In contrast, leptin treatment significantly decreased the pro-oxidant biomarkers and increased the antioxidant biomarkers in both fresh and vitrified embryos. Vitrification significantly increased the antiapoptotic biomarkers, and decreased the developmental biomarkers in embryos. In contrast, leptin decreased the BAX and TNFα, increased the HSP60, and moreover, ameliorated the reduction of developmental biomarkers in the vitrified embryos. These results conclude that leptin could be used as antiapoptotic and antioxidant promotor to support the in vitro embryonic development, particularly under oxidative stress emerged from cryopreservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A. Alshaheen
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. H. Awaad
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gamal M. K. Mehaisen
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail:
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Wahab F, Atika B, Ullah F, Shahab M, Behr R. Metabolic Impact on the Hypothalamic Kisspeptin-Kiss1r Signaling Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:123. [PMID: 29643834 PMCID: PMC5882778 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of data has established the hypothalamic kisspeptin (KP) and its receptor, KISS1R, as major players in the activation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis at the time of puberty and maintenance of reproductive capacity in the adult. Due to its strategic location, this ligand-receptor pair acts as an integrator of cues from gonadal steroids as well as of circadian and seasonal variation-related information on the reproductive axis. Besides these cues, the activity of the hypothalamic KP signaling is very sensitive to the current metabolic status of the body. In conditions of energy imbalance, either positive or negative, a number of alterations in the hypothalamic KP signaling pathway have been documented in different mammalian models including nonhuman primates and human. Deficiency of metabolic fuels during fasting causes a marked reduction of Kiss1 gene transcript levels in the hypothalamus and, hence, decreases the output of KP-containing neurons. Food intake or exogenous supply of metabolic cues, such as leptin, reverses metabolic insufficiency-related changes in the hypothalamic KP signaling. Likewise, alterations in Kiss1 expression have also been reported in other situations of energy imbalance like diabetes and obesity. Information related to the body's current metabolic status reaches to KP neurons both directly as well as indirectly via a complex network of other neurons. In this review article, we have provided an updated summary of the available literature on the regulation of the hypothalamic KP-Kiss1r signaling by metabolic cues. In particular, the potential mechanisms of metabolic impact on the hypothalamic KP-Kiss1r signaling, in light of available evidence, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Wahab
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Fazal Wahab,
| | - Bibi Atika
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Farhad Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahab
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quiad-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Mechanisms of Body Weight Reduction by Black Tea Polyphenols. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121659. [PMID: 27941615 PMCID: PMC6273558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most common nutritional diseases worldwide. This disease causes health problems, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension and inflammation. There are drugs used to inhibit obesity. However, they have serious side effects outweighing their beneficial effects. Black tea, commonly referred to as “fermented tea”, has shown a positive effect on reducing body weight in animal models. Black tea polyphenols are the major components in black tea which reduce body weight. Black tea polyphenols are more effective than green tea polyphenols. Black tea polyphenols exert a positive effect on inhibiting obesity involving in two major mechanisms: (i) inhibiting lipid and saccharide digestion, absorption and intake, thus reducing calorie intake; and (ii) promoting lipid metabolism by activating AMP-activated protein kinase to attenuate lipogenesis and enhance lipolysis, and decreasing lipid accumulation by inhibiting the differentiation and proliferation of preadipocytes; (iii) blocking the pathological processes of obesity and comorbidities of obesity by reducing oxidative stress. Epidemiological studies of the health relevance between anti-obesity and black tea polyphenols consumption remain to be further investigated.
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Hassan HA, El-Gharib NE. Obesity and Clinical Riskiness Relationship: Therapeutic Management by Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation—a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:647-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Early onset of obesity induces reproductive deficits in female rats. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:1104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Singla P, Bardoloi A, Parkash AA. Metabolic effects of obesity: A review. World J Diabetes 2010; 1:76-88. [PMID: 21537431 PMCID: PMC3083889 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v1.i3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the many recent advances in the biomedical world, vast changes are taking place in our growing knowledge of the physiological aspects of almost all the tissues and organs of the human body. One of the most prevalent topics of discussion is the question of obesity and its effect on the metabolic changes in the human body. The original classical role of adipose tissue as an energy storage organ has been greatly modified. We now know that it is an endocrine organ, producing adipokines like leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, apelin, etc, which modulate metabolic processes in the body. Since obesity is associated with an increase in the adipose tissue mass, these hormones may be expected to be produced in increased concentrations and may thus have a significant impact on the macronutrient metabolism. Further, these adipokines may interact with long term energy modulators like insulin. Even though the scientific community has started unravelling the mysteries of the close linkage between obesity, its hormones and their physiological effects, a lot still remains to be discovered. The present discussion makes an attempt to trace the basic modern day concepts of the role of obesity in various metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singla
- Parul Singla, Animesh Bardoloi, Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110001, India
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9
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Trotter-Mayo RN, Roberts MR. Leptin acts in the periphery to protect thymocytes from glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis in the absence of weight loss. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5209-18. [PMID: 18583419 PMCID: PMC2582910 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a member of the IL-6 cytokine family and is primarily produced by adipose tissue. At high enough concentration, leptin engages leptin receptors expressed in the hypothalamus that regulate a variety of functions, including induction of weight loss. Mice deficient in leptin (ob/ob) or leptin receptor (db/db) function exhibit thymic atrophy associated with a reduction in double-positive (DP) thymocytes. However, the mediator of such thymic atrophy remains to be identified, and the extent to which leptin acts in the periphery vs. the hypothalamus to promote thymocyte cellularity is unknown. In the present study, we first demonstrate that thymic cellularity and composition is fully restored in ob/ob mice subjected to adrenalectomy. Second, we observe that ob/ob mice treated with low-dose leptin peripherally but not centrally exhibit increased thymocyte cellularity in the absence of any weight loss or significant reduction in systemic corticosterone levels. Third, we demonstrate that reconstitution of db/db mice with wild-type bone marrow augments thymocyte cellularity and restores DP cell frequency despite elevated corticosterone levels. These and additional data support a mode of action whereby leptin acts in the periphery to reduce the sensitivity of DP thymocytes to glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis in vivo. Strikingly, our data reveal that leptin's actions on thymic cellularity in the periphery can be uncoupled from its anorectic actions in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Trotter-Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Münzberg H. Differential leptin access into the brain--a hierarchical organization of hypothalamic leptin target sites? Physiol Behav 2008; 94:664-9. [PMID: 18502454 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leptin target sites are found in several hypothalamic areas with dense populations of long form leptin receptor (LepRb) expressing neurons which mediate important leptin actions. Leptin action has been most intensely investigated in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), which represents an important leptin target site. Recent data have shown that non-ARC leptin target sites mediate important aspects of leptin action, however, including the regulation of energy balance. Therefore, the investigation of discrete leptin signaling systems and their interactions will be an important step to understand the homeostatic action of leptin. In this review I discuss our recent data investigating important differences in leptin accessibility to ARC neurons in contrast to other hypothalamic sites like the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and discuss their importance for the leptin signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Power ML, Schulkin J. Anticipatory physiological regulation in feeding biology: cephalic phase responses. Appetite 2008; 50:194-206. [PMID: 18045735 PMCID: PMC2297467 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anticipatory physiological regulation is an adaptive strategy that enables animals to respond faster to physiologic and metabolic challenges. The cephalic phase responses are anticipatory responses that prepare animals to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients. They enable the sensory aspects of the food to interact with the metabolic state of the animal to influence feeding behavior. The anticipatory digestive secretions and metabolic adjustments in response to food cues are key adaptations that affect digestive and metabolic efficiency and aid in controlling the resulting elevation of metabolic fuels in the blood. Cephalic phase responses enable digestion, metabolism, and appetite to be regulated in a coordinated fashion. These responses have significant effects on meal size. For example, if the cephalic phase insulin response is blocked the result is poor glucose control and smaller meals. Cephalic phase responses also are linked to motivation to feed, and may play a more direct role in regulating meal size beyond the permissive one of ameliorating negative consequences of feeding. For example, the orexigenic peptide ghrelin appears to display a cephalic phase response, rising before expected meal times. This anticipatory ghrelin response increases appetite; interestingly it also enhances fat absorption, linking appetite with digestion and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Power
- Research Department, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 409 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
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12
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Taylor AH, Ang C, Bell SC, Konje JC. The role of the endocannabinoid system in gametogenesis, implantation and early pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13:501-13. [PMID: 17584820 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmm018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal use of marijuana, in which the exocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol is the most active psychoactive ingredient, is known to have adverse effects on various aspects of reproduction including ovulation, spermatogenesis, implantation and pregnancy duration. Endogenous cannabinoids of which Anandamide is the prototype are widely distributed in the body especially in the reproductive tract and pregnancy tissues and act through the same receptors as the receptor as Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. Anandamide, has been reported to have pleiotropic effects on human reproduction and in experimental animal models. It appears to be the important neuro-cytokine mediator synchronizing the embryo-endometrial development for timed implantation, the development of the embryo into the blastocyst and transport of the embryo across the fallopian tubes. The mechanisms by which it exerts these effects are unclear but could be via direct actions on the various sites within the reproductive system or its differential actions on vascular tone dependent. In this review article we bring together the current knowledge on the role of endoccanabinoids in reproduction and postulate on the potential mechanisms on how these affect reproduction. In addition, we examine its role on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle as a potential mechanism for adverse pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Taylor
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, PO Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
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Sarwer DB, Allison KC, Gibbons LM, Markowitz JT, Nelson DB. Pregnancy and Obesity: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006; 15:720-33. [PMID: 16910904 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, more than 60% of American women of childbearing age are either overweight or obese. As the obesity epidemic in the United States and many other countries continues to grow unchecked, there is greater interest in the relationship between obesity and other major health issues. This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between obesity and pregnancy. We begin with a discussion of the relationship between excess body weight and fertility and then turn to the relationship between maternal body weight and pregnancy-related complications. The role of pregnancy as a possible risk factor for the development of obesity is noted. The studies investigating the efficacy of behavioral interventions to control excessive weight gain during pregnancy or help women lose weight after childbirth are then reviewed. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research examining the relationship between obesity and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sarwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Weight and Eating Disorders Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Ning K, Miller LC, Laidlaw HA, Burgess LA, Perera NM, Downes CP, Leslie NR, Ashford MLJ. A novel leptin signalling pathway via PTEN inhibition in hypothalamic cell lines and pancreatic beta-cells. EMBO J 2006; 25:2377-87. [PMID: 16675953 PMCID: PMC1478173 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity and diabetes, the ability of hypothalamic neurons to sense and transduce changes in leptin and insulin levels is compromised. The effects of both hormones require intracellular signalling via the PI3-kinase pathway, which is inhibited by the phosphatase PTEN. We show that leptin-stimulated F-actin depolymerization in mouse hypothalamic cells is inhibited by PTEN, a process involving independent effects of both its lipid and protein phosphatase activities. Potentially mediating this F-actin depolymerization, leptin, but not insulin, stimulated the phosphorylation of PTEN in a CK2 dependent manner, and inhibited its phosphatase activity. Similarly, hyperpolarization of mouse pancreatic beta-cells by leptin also requires coincident PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 generation and actin depolymerization, and could be inhibited by mechanisms requiring both the lipid and protein phosphatase activities of PTEN. These results demonstrate a critical role for PTEN in leptin signalling and indicate a mechanism by which leptin and insulin can produce PI3K dependent differential cellular outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Neurosciences Institute, Division of Pathology & Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lisa C Miller
- Neurosciences Institute, Division of Pathology & Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Hilary A Laidlaw
- Neurosciences Institute, Division of Pathology & Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Laura A Burgess
- Neurosciences Institute, Division of Pathology & Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nevin M Perera
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - C Peter Downes
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nick R Leslie
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael LJ Ashford
- Neurosciences Institute, Division of Pathology & Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Neurosciences Institute, Division of Pathology & Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK. Tel.: +44 1382 632497; Fax: +44 1382 667120; E-mail:
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Tosca L, Froment P, Solnais P, Ferré P, Foufelle F, Dupont J. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase regulates progesterone secretion in rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology 2005; 146:4500-13. [PMID: 16020477 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a major regulator of energy metabolism involved in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. In the ovary, cholesterol plays a key role in steroid production. We report the presence of AMPK in rat ovaries, and we have investigated its role in granulosa cells. We show using RT-PCR and Western blot that the mRNAs for the alpha1/2 and beta1/2 subunits and the proteins are found in the ovaries. Immunohistochemistry localized the alpha1 AMPK subunit in granulosa cells, corpus luteum, and oocyte and less abundantly in theca cells. Treatment with 1 mm 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxyamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of AMPK, increased dose-dependent and time-dependent phosphorylation of AMPKalpha1 on Thr172 in primary granulosa cells. Simultaneously, phosphorylation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase at Ser79 was also increased. AICAR treatment for 48 h halved progesterone secretion, 3beta-HSD protein and mRNA levels, and phosphorylation of both basal MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 and in response to IGF-I and/or FSH in granulosa cells. AICAR treatment (1 mM) had no detectable effect on basal and FSH- and/or IGF-I-induced estradiol production and on granulosa cell proliferation or viability. Adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant negative AMPK totally abolished the effects of AICAR on progesterone secretion, 3beta-HSD protein production, and MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Moreover, we showed using specific in- hibitors of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK that the MAPK ERK1/2 and not p38 is involved in progesterone secretion and 3beta-HSD expression, strongly suggesting that the activation of AMPK in response to AICAR reduces progesterone production through the MAPK ERK1/2 signaling pathway in rat granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Tosca
- Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, 37380, France
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