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Razavi Pashabayg C, Momenifar N, Malekpour SA, Sadeghi M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Rafatpanah H, Valizadeh N, Sabet F, Jazayeri SM, Keyvani H, Rezaee SA, Norouzi M. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic study of Human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) in Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104426. [PMID: 32561293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes the neurological disorder HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and/or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Iran is one of the endemic regions of the HTLV-1 in the Middle East. To infer the origin of the virus in Iran and to follow the movements of human population and routes of virus spread to this country, phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were performed. To this purpose, the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HTLV-1 was used. New LTR sequences were obtained from 100 blood samples which infected with HTLV-1. Moreover, all Iranian LTR sequences which have been reported so far, were obtained from GenBank database. Sequences were aligned and maximum-likelihood and Bayesian tree topologies were explored. After identification of Iranian specific cluster, molecular-clock and coalescent models were used to estimate time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA). Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSP), representing population dynamics HTLV-1 strains back to the MRCA, were estimated using BEAST software. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Iranian, Kuwaiti, German, Israelite and southern Indian isolates are located within the widespread "transcontinental" subgroup A clade of HTLV-1 Cosmopolitan subtype a. Molecular clock analysis of the Iranian cluster dated back their respective tMRCA to be 1290 AC with a 95% HPD confidence intervals (918, 1517). BSPs indicated a rapid exponential growth rate in the effective number of infections prior the 15th century. Our results support the hypothesis of a multiple introductions of HTLV-1 into Iran with the majority of introductions occurring in prior the 15th century, at the same time the Mongol invasion of Iran. Our results further suggest that HTLV-1 introduction into Iran was facilitated by the commercial/migratory linkage as known as the ancient Silk Road which linked China to Antioch (now in Turkey).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cobra Razavi Pashabayg
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Momenifar
- Human and Animal Cell Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Malekpour
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Sabet
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Amaral JK, Bilsborrow JB, Schoen RT. Chronic Chikungunya Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: What They Have in Common. Am J Med 2020; 133:e91-e97. [PMID: 31705850 PMCID: PMC7385732 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus that causes an acute febrile illness, chikungunya fever, which is transmitted to humans by Aedes species mosquitoes. During acute illness, patients have high fever, polyarthralgias or polyarthritis, maculopapular rash, headache, and myalgia that lasts for days to weeks. Following resolution of acute infection, a significant proportion of patients develop chronic chikungunya arthritis that can resemble rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we first consider the historical background of infectious causes of inflammatory arthritis, and then the pathogenic and clinical manifestations of chronic chikungunya arthritis as a rheumatoid arthritis mimic. We believe that chronic chikungunya arthritis may be a postinfectious inflammatory process, and that an understanding of the parallels and differences between chronic chikungunya arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis may offer insights into better diagnosis and treatment of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kennedy Amaral
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Joshua B Bilsborrow
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Robert T Schoen
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
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Haziot ME, Gascon MR, Assone T, Fonseca LAM, Luiz ODC, Smid J, Paiva AM, Marcusso RMDN, de Oliveira ACP, Casseb J. Detection of clinical and neurological signs in apparently asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected carriers: Association with high proviral load. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006967. [PMID: 31042700 PMCID: PMC6513103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that HTLV-1 infection may be associated with a wider spectrum of neurologic manifestations that do not meet diagnostic criteria for HAM/TSP. These conditions may later progress to HAM/TSP or constitute an intermediate clinical form, between asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and those with full myelopathy. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of HTLV-1-associated disease in subjects without HAM/TSP, and the relationship between these findings with HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL). Methods: 175 HTLV-1-infected subjects were submitted to a careful neurological evaluation, during their regular follow up at the HTLV outpatient clinic of the Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas”, São Paulo city, Brazil. Clinical evaluation and blinded standardized neurological screening were performed for all the subjects by the same neurologist (MH). Results: After the neurological evaluation, 133 patients were classified as asymptomatic and 42 fulfilled the criteria for intermediate syndrome (IS). The mean age of the enrolled subjects was 46.3 years and 130 (74.3%) were females. Clinical classification shows that neurological symptoms (p<0.001), visual disorders (p = 0.001), oral conditions (p = 0.001), skin lesions (p<0.001), bladder disorders (p<0.001), and rheumatological symptoms (p = 0.001), were strongly associated to IS, except for disautonomy (p = 0.21). A multivariate analysis revealed that HTLV-1 proviral load, oral conditions, bladder disorders and rheumatological symptoms were independently associated with the IS. Conclusions: We found some early alterations in 42 patients (24%), particularly the presence of previously not acknowledged clinical and neurological symptoms, among subjects previously classified as "asymptomatic", who we reclassified as having an intermediate syndrome. At least 5–10 million people live with the Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) worldwide, and around 0.25–5% of them may develop HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/Tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which is associated with chronic inflammation. In this study, involving 175 HTLV-1-infected subjects originally classified as asymptomatic, we found that 42 of them in reality presented some early clinical conditions, including alterations related not only to the neurological system, but also to the eyes and the skin. We called such conditions intermediate syndrome. Thus, it seems reasonable to suggest that all HTLV-1-infected subjects should be monitored for symptoms that may arise earlier in the course of their infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E. Haziot
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Rita Gascon
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Assone
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Olinda do Carmo Luiz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur M. Paiva
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5-10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
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A public HTLV-1 molecular epidemiology database for sequence management and data mining. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42123. [PMID: 22970114 PMCID: PMC3438164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that 15 to 20 million people are infected with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). At present, there are more than 2,000 unique HTLV-1 isolate sequences published. A central database to aggregate sequence information from a range of epidemiological aspects including HTLV-1 infections, pathogenesis, origins, and evolutionary dynamics would be useful to scientists and physicians worldwide. Described here, we have developed a database that collects and annotates sequence data and can be accessed through a user-friendly search interface. The HTLV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Database website is available at http://htlv1db.bahia.fiocruz.br/. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS All data was obtained from publications available at GenBank or through contact with the authors. The database was developed using Apache Webserver 2.1.6 and SGBD MySQL. The webpage interfaces were developed in HTML and sever-side scripting written in PHP. The HTLV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Database is hosted on the Gonçalo Moniz/FIOCRUZ Research Center server. There are currently 2,457 registered sequences with 2,024 (82.37%) of those sequences representing unique isolates. Of these sequences, 803 (39.67%) contain information about clinical status (TSP/HAM, 17.19%; ATL, 7.41%; asymptomatic, 12.89%; other diseases, 2.17%; and no information, 60.32%). Further, 7.26% of sequences contain information on patient gender while 5.23% of sequences provide the age of the patient. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The HTLV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Database retrieves and stores annotated HTLV-1 proviral sequences from clinical, epidemiological, and geographical studies. The collected sequences and related information are now accessible on a publically available and user-friendly website. This open-access database will support clinical research and vaccine development related to viral genotype.
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Okayama A. Natural history of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection and immune system imbalances. Inflamm Regen 2010. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.30.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Yu H, Higa F, Yamadori I, Yara S, Tanimoto Y, Haranaga S, Tateyama M, Fujita J, Tanimoto M, Li H. Pulmonary complications in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers with Sjögren’s syndrome, three case reports and literature review. Rheumatol Int 2009; 30:253-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-0921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zervou EK, Georgiadou S, Tzilianos M, Georgitsi P, Pournara V, Nousis S, Pappas C, Daskalou L, Vrettou A, Karabini F, Dalekos GN. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I/II infections in volunteer blood donors from Northern and Western Greece: increased prevalence in one blood bank unit. Eur J Intern Med 2004; 15:422-427. [PMID: 15581745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Blood donors are routinely screened for antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic viruses type I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) in the United States, Canada, Japan, and some European countries. Previous reports from our group in relatively small numbers of donors have shown a zero prevalence of HTLV-I/II markers in our region. In this study, seven blood banks in the north and west of Greece participated in order to determine whether mandatory screening of blood donations for HTLV-I/II infection should be established. METHODS: Sera from 51,714 consecutive donors were investigated for anti-HTLV-I/II using two commercially available enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Reactive samples in one or both EIAs were repeatedly evaluated further by Western blot, which is specific for both confirmation and differentiation of HTLV-I and HTLV-II seroreactivities. Investigation for HTLV DNA was also done in all EIA-reactive donors, irrespective of the WB result, using a combination assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a DNA EIA. RESULTS: A total of 115 donors (0.222%; 95% CI 0.018-0.26%) were initially considered reactive for anti-HTLV-I/II by EIAs. However, only 7 of the 115 were confirmed as positive by WB (five HTLV-I and two HTLV-I/II). Thus, the prevalence of anti-HTLV-I/II in donors from northern and western Greece was 0.013% (95% CI 0.003-0.023%). Interestingly, the majority of WB-confirmed anti-HTLV-positive individuals were detected in the blood bank of Corfu (5/7, all anti-HTLV-I). This prevalence (5/15383; 0.032%; 95% CI 0.004-0.061%) was six times the prevalence found at the other blood banks combined (2/36331; 0.0055%; 95% CI 0-0.013%), but it was not statistically significant. None of the EIA-reactive donors had detectable HTLV DNA. CONCLUSIONS: The very low prevalence of confirmed anti-HTLV-I/II infection markers in northern and western Greek blood donors, together with the negative PCR results in EIA-reactive subjects, indicates that anti-HTLV-I/I routine screening is not really justified in this area of our country. However, the increased prevalence of WB-confirmed anti-HTLV-I-positive donors in the Corfu blood bank calls for further prospective and careful investigation in order to address whether this finding represents a real cluster phenomenon of HTLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Zervou
- Blood Bank at the University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
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Murphy EL, Wang B, Sacher RA, Fridey J, Smith JW, Nass CC, Newman B, Ownby HE, Garratty G, Hutching ST, Schreiber GB. Respiratory and urinary tract infections, arthritis, and asthma associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:109-16. [PMID: 15078605 PMCID: PMC3322766 DOI: 10.3201/eid1001.020714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) cause myelopathy; HTLV-I, but not HTLV-II, causes adult T-cell leukemia. Whether HTLV-II is associated with other diseases is unknown. Using survival analysis, we studied medical history data from a prospective cohort of HTLV-I– and HTLV-II–infected and –uninfected blood donors, all HIV seronegative. A total of 152 HTLV-I, 387 HTLV-II, and 799 uninfected donors were enrolled and followed for a median of 4.4, 4.3, and 4.4 years, respectively. HTLV-II participants had significantly increased incidences of acute bronchitis (incidence ratio [IR] = 1.68), bladder or kidney infection (IR = 1.55), arthritis (IR = 2.66), and asthma (IR = 3.28), and a borderline increase in pneumonia (IR = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98 to 3.38). HTLV-I participants had significantly increased incidences of bladder or kidney infection (IR = 1.82), and arthritis (IR = 2.84). We conclude that HTLV-II infection may inhibit immunologic responses to respiratory infections and that both HTLV-I and -II may induce inflammatory or autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Murphy
- Laboratory Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, California 94118, USA.
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Zehender G, Varchetta S, De Maddalena C, Colasante C, Riva A, Meroni L, Moroni M, Galli M. Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis of human T-cell lines expressing human T-lymphotropic virus type-2 (HTLV-2) Tax protein. Virology 2001; 281:43-50. [PMID: 11222094 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis was evaluated in seven T-cell lines (two infected with HTLV-2, one with HTLV-1, and four HTLV-free) as well as in Jurkat cells transfected with a Tax-2 expressing vector. Fas-mediated apoptosis was significantly reduced in the HTLV-1- and HTLV-2-infected lines in comparison with the HTLV-free lines regardless of the surface expression of Fas antigen (which was no different in the infected and uninfected cells). Fas-mediated apoptosis was also significantly inhibited in Jurkat cells transfected with the Tax-2 expressing vector without any modification in Fas expression. There was significantly more antiapoptotic Bcl-x(L) mRNA and protein in the transfected than in the untransfected Jurkat T cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that HTLV-2 is capable of inhibiting Fas-mediated apoptosis by means of a mechanism involving the tax-2 gene and probably the expression of bcl-x(L) messenger and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zehender
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milano, Italy.
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Khoa ND, Nakazawa M, Hasunuma T, Nakajima T, Nakamura H, Kobata T, Nishioka K. Potential role ofHOXD9 in synoviocyte proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 44:1013-21. [PMID: 11352232 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1013::aid-anr180>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of HOXD9 in the proliferation activity of cultured synoviocytes as well as the mechanisms that regulate HOXD9 transcription. METHODS Synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) were transfected with HOXD9 complementary DNA to establish stable transformants that overexpressed HOXD9. HOXD9 expression was detected by Western blotting with anti-HOXD9 antibody. The growth properties of the transformants were investigated by proliferation and colony formation assays. The expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta, c-Fos, and c-Myc was examined by Western blotting. Transcriptional regulation of HOXD9 was examined by transient cotransfection. RESULTS HOXD9 protein was highly expressed in RA synoviocytes, but there was no expression in OA synoviocytes. HOXD9 transfection induced stable HOXD9 protein expression in synoviocytes and showed an increased proliferation rate under both normal and serum-starved conditions, as well as an enhanced capacity to proliferate anchorage independently to form colonies in soft agar cultures, compared with control transfectants. Higher levels of bFGF and c-Fos were detected in HOXD9 transformants than in controls. Transient cotransfection assays of NIH3T3 fibroblasts and synoviocytes showed that HOXD9 activated the luciferase reporter construct containing the highly conserved region (HCR), an autoregulatory element of HOXD9 promoter. This activation was significantly increased by bFGF, suppressed by TNFalpha, and unchanged by transforming growth factor beta in synoviocytes. Human T lymphotropic virus type I tax also activated the luciferase reporter construct containing the HCR and had a synergistic effect with HOXD9 on HCR promoter activation. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that HOXD9 plays a potential role in synovial proliferation. In addition, they suggest that the involvement of HOXD9 in the regulation of cellular growth might be mediated, at least in part, by up-regulation of growth-related factors such as bFGF and c-Fos and/or might result from increased transcription activity by its regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Khoa
- St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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Yamaguchi T, Hirano T, Kumagai K, Tsurumoto T, Shindo H, Majima R, Arima N. Osteitis fibrosa cystica generalizata with adult T-cell leukaemia: a case report. Br J Haematol 1999; 107:892-4. [PMID: 10606900 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 62-year-old female initially suffering from extreme pain in both her lower extremities. Plain radiographs revealed multiple osteolytic lesions. Laboratory analyses indicated high levels of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) and detected HTLV-1 antibody. Histological examination of biopsied specimens which were obtained from osteolytic lesions indicated osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC) without tumour cells. After the initial biopsy, a subcutaneous mass developed in the left thigh. Microsections of the biopsied mass disclosed adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemical findings revealed that PTHrP secreted from ATL neoplastic cells induced the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perl
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Slattery JP, Franchini G, Gessain A. Genomic Evolution, Patterns of Global Dissemination, and Interspecies Transmission of Human and Simian T-cell Leukemia/Lymphotropic Viruses. Genome Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1101/gr.9.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using both env and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences, with maximal representation of genetic diversity within primate strains, we revise and expand the unique evolutionary history of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses (HTLV/STLV). Based on the robust application of three different phylogenetic algorithms of minimum evolution–neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood, we address overall levels of genetic diversity, specific rates of mutation within and between different regions of the viral genome, relatedness among viral strains from geographically diverse regions, and estimation of the pattern of divergence of the virus into extant lineages. Despite broad genomic similarities, type I and type II viruses do not share concordant evolutionary histories. HTLV-I/STLV-I are united through distinct phylogeographic patterns, infection of 20 primate species, multiple episodes of interspecies transmission, and exhibition of a range in levels of genetic divergence. In contrast, type II viruses are isolated from only two species (Homo sapiens and Pan paniscus) and are paradoxically endemic to both Amerindian tribes of the New World and human Pygmy villagers in Africa. Furthermore, HTLV-II is spreading rapidly through new host populations of intravenous drug users. Despite such clearly disparate host populations, the resultant HTLV-II/STLV-II phylogeny exhibits little phylogeographic concordance and indicates low levels of transcontinental genetic differentiation. Together, these patterns generate a model of HTLV/STLV emergence marked by an ancient ancestry, differential rates of divergence, and continued global expansion.
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Khoa ND, Hasunuma T, Kobata T, Kato T, Nishioka K. Expression of murine HOXD9 during embryonic joint patterning and in human T lymphotropic virus type I tax transgenic mice with arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1999; 42:686-96. [PMID: 10211882 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4<686::aid-anr11>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the expression of murine HOXD9 during normal joint development and in arthritic joints of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax transgenic mice and the role of HTLV-I tax in HOXD9 expression. METHODS Expression of HOXD9, HOXD1O, HOXD11, HOXD12, and HOXD13 genes in joint tissues at the ankle/foot regions of mouse embryos at day 10 to day 18 of gestation (E10-E18) and neonates within 10 days after birth was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ reverse transcription methods. Adult synovial tissues from 5 HTLV-I tax transgenic mice with chronic polyarthritis and 4 nontransgenic (normal) mice were also examined for expression of these HOXD genes. The effect of HTLV-I on HOXD9 expression in cultured synoviocytes was studied by in vitro infection and transfection experiments. RESULTS Expression of HOXD9 was detected in embryonic joints, preferentially on articular cartilage, only during the early stages of joint development (up to E15), whereas other HOXD genes were expressed throughout the embryonic and neonatal stages. In adult mice, transcripts of HOXD9 were specifically detected in synovial tissues from 4 of 5 arthritic mice, especially in the lining and sublining synovial cells, but not in synovial tissues of normal mice. Activation of HOXD9 was observed in cultured synoviocytes infected with HTLV-I in vitro as well as in those transfected with HTLV-I tax. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that HOXD9 is involved not only in the early stages of normal joint development, but may also be involved in the pathologic process of arthritis. HTLV-I tax appeared as an activator of this HOX gene in cultured synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Khoa
- St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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Zucker-Franklin D, Pancake BA. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax among American blood donors. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 5:831-5. [PMID: 9801344 PMCID: PMC96211 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.6.831-835.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/1998] [Accepted: 09/14/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, all blood used for transfusion is tested for the presence of antibodies to the structural components of the human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). Based on such serologic tests, the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection is estimated to range from 0.016 to 0.1%. As a consequence of studies of patients with mycosis fungoides and some of their healthy relatives who are antibody negative but were found to carry the tax sequence of HTLV-1 in their lymphocytes and who had antibodies to the p40(tax) protein, a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of the "tax-only" state in 250 healthy blood donors and other volunteers. Using PCR and Southern analysis for cell lysates and using Western blotting for plasmas, 8.6% of the blood donors proved to be tax sequence positive and antibody positive. Sequence analysis of specimens from 22 individuals proved that 20 of the sequences were homologous with that of HTLV-1 while 2 resembled the HTLV-2 sequence. The latter were obtained from volunteers of Indian origin. The possible clinical significance of the tax-only carrier state is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zucker-Franklin
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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