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Gut-homing Δ42PD1+Vδ2 T cells promote innate mucosal damage via TLR4 during acute HIV type 1 infection. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:1389-1402. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vigdorovich V, Oliver BG, Carbonetti S, Dambrauskas N, Lange MD, Yacoob C, Leahy W, Callahan J, Stamatatos L, Sather DN. Repertoire comparison of the B-cell receptor-encoding loci in humans and rhesus macaques by next-generation sequencing. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e93. [PMID: 27525066 PMCID: PMC4973324 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (RMs) are a widely used model system for the study of vaccines, infectious diseases and microbial pathogenesis. Their value as a model lies in their close evolutionary relationship to humans, which, in theory, allows them to serve as a close approximation of the human immune system. However, despite their prominence as a human surrogate model system, many aspects of the RM immune system remain ill characterized. In particular, B cell-mediated immunity in macaques has not been sufficiently characterized, and the B-cell receptor-encoding loci have not been thoroughly annotated. To address these gaps, we analyzed the circulating heavy- and light-chain repertoires in humans and RMs by next-generation sequencing. By comparing V gene segment usage, J-segment usage and CDR3 lengths between the two species, we identified several important similarities and differences. These differences were especially notable in the IgM(+) B-cell repertoire. However, the class-switched, antigen-educated B-cell populations converged on a set of similar characteristics, implying similarities in how each species responds to antigen. Our study provides the first comprehensive overview of the circulating repertoires of the heavy- and light-chain sequences in RMs, and provides insight into how they may perform as a model system for B cell-mediated immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina Yacoob
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Viral and Infectious Disease Division , Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Viral and Infectious Disease Division , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
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Wei Q, Liu L, Cong Z, Wu X, Wang H, Qin C, Molina P, Chen Z. Chronic Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Administration Reduces IgE(+)B Cells but Unlikely Enhances Pathogenic SIVmac251 Infection in Male Rhesus Macaques of Chinese Origin. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:584-591. [PMID: 27109234 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) is the major psychoactive component of the cannabis plant. Δ(9)-THC has been used in the active ingredient of Marinol as an appetite stimulant for AIDS patients. Its impact on progression of HIV-1 infection, however, remains debatable. Previous studies indicated that Δ(9)-THC administration enhanced HIV-1 infection in huPBL-SCID mice but seemingly decreased early mortality in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected male Indian-derived rhesus macaques. Here, we determine the chronic effect of Δ(9)-THC administration using 0.32 mg/kg or placebo (PBO), i.m., twice daily for 428 days on SIVmac251 infected male Chinese-derived rhesus macaques. Sixteen animals were divided into four study groups: Δ(9)-THC(+)SIV(+), Δ(9)-THC(+)SIV(-), PBO/SIV(+) and PBO/SIV(-) (n = 4/group). One-month after daily Δ(9)-THC or PBO administrations, macaques in groups one and three were challenged intravenously with pathogenic SIVmac251/CNS, which was isolated from the brain of a Chinese macaque with end-staged neuroAIDS. No significant differences in peak and steady state plasma viral loads were seen between Δ(9)-THC(+)SIV(+) and PBO/SIV(+) macaques. Regardless of Δ(9)-THC, all infected macaques displayed significant drop of CD4/CD8 T cell ratio, loss of CD4(+) T cells and higher persistent levels of Ki67(+)CD8(+) T cells compared with uninfected animals. Moreover, long-term Δ(9)-THC treatment reduced significantly the frequency of circulating IgE(+)B cells. Only one Δ(9)-THC(+)SIV(+) macaque died of simian AIDS with paralyzed limbs compared with two deaths in the PBO/SIV(+) group during the study period. These findings indicate that chronic Δ(9)-THC administration resulted in reduction of IgE(+)B cells, yet it unlikely enhanced pathogenic SIVmac251/CNS infection in male Rhesus macaques of Chinese origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.5, Panjiayuan, Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute and Research Center for Infection and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Cong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.5, Panjiayuan, Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.5, Panjiayuan, Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.5, Panjiayuan, Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Patricia Molina
- Department of Physiology, The Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at New Orleans, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Research Center for Infection and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518112, People's Republic of China
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Imbalances of gut-homing CD4+ T-cell subsets in HIV-1-infected Chinese patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 64:25-31. [PMID: 23572009 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318293a114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Full reconstitution of CD4 T cells in both peripheral blood and mucosal tissues is a desirable goal of treating AIDS patients. To date, few studies have investigated the potential role of gut-homing CD4 T-cell subsets as biomarkers in assisting Asian populations infected with HIV-1. METHODS A large cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese patients with focus on the frequency, absolute number, and ratio of gut-homing Th1, Th17, and Treg subsets in 3 groups of age- and gender-matched study subjects: healthy donors, untreated AIDS patients, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients with sustained undetectable viral load. RESULTS HIV-1 chronic infection resulted in positively correlated loss of total and gut-homing CD4 T cells (P < 0.001) among patients compared with healthy controls. Profiles of T-cell subsets, however, were different between total and gut-homing CD4 T cells in terms of frequency and absolute number. ART partially restored the frequencies of gut-homing Th1, Th17, and Treg cells but the lost number of gut-homing Th17 cells was found not easily reversible. These changes together with an increased frequency of gut-homing CD4 Treg cells led to dual imbalances of gut-homing Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg ratios, which were negatively correlated with viral load (P = 0.014 and P < 0.001) and hardly restored even by prolonged ART. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insights into the investigation of gut-homing Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg imbalances in AIDS patients, which may have potential implications on the reconstitution of mucosal CD4 T cells.
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Xue J, Cong Z, Xiong J, Wang W, Jiang H, Chen T, Wu F, Liu K, Su A, Ju B, Chen Z, Couto MA, Wei Q, Qin C. Repressive effect of primary virus replication on superinfection correlated with gut-derived central memory CD4(+) T cells in SHIV-infected Chinese rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72295. [PMID: 24023734 PMCID: PMC3759369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible mechanism of susceptibility to superinfection with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-1157ipd3N4 was explored in twelve SHIVSF162P3-infected Chinese rhesus macaques. Based on the kinetics of viral replication for the second infecting virus following SHIV-1157ipd3N4 inoculation, the monkeys were divided into two groups: those relatively resistant to superinfection (SIR) and those relatively sensitive to superinfection (SIS). We found that superinfection-resistant macaques had high primary viremia, whereas superinfection-sensitive macaques had low primary viremia, suggesting that primary SHIVSF162P3 infection with a high viral-replication level would repress superinfection with a heterologous SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Although no correlation of protection against superinfection with virus-specific CD4+ T cell or CD8+ T cell immune responses from gut was observed prior to superinfection, superinfection susceptibility was strongly correlated with CD4+ Tcm cells from gut both prior to the second infecting virus inoculation and on day 7 after superinfection, but not with CD4+ Tem cells from gut or with CD4+ Tcm cells from peripheral blood and lymph node. These results point to the important roles of gut-derived CD4+ Tcm cells for the study of the mechanisms of protection against superinfection and the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of vaccines and therapies against acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Cong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fangxin Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Su
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Ju
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Marcelo A. Couto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (CQ)
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (CQ)
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Ren W, Mumbauer A, Zhuang K, Harbison C, Knight H, Westmoreland S, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Cheng-Mayer C. Mucosal transmissibility, disease induction and coreceptor switching of R5 SHIVSF162P3N molecular clones in rhesus macaques. Retrovirology 2013; 10:9. [PMID: 23369442 PMCID: PMC3571932 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosally transmissible and pathogenic CCR5 (R5)-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) molecular clones are useful reagents to identity neutralization escape in HIV-1 vaccine experiments and to study the envelope evolutionary process and mechanistic basis for coreceptor switch during the course of natural infection. Results We observed progression to AIDS in rhesus macaques infected intrarectally with molecular clones of the pathogenic R5 SHIVSF162P3N isolate. Expansion to CXCR4 usage was documented in one diseased macaque that mounted a neutralizing antibody response and in another that failed to do so, with the latter displaying a rapid progressor phenotype. V3 loop envelop glycoprotein gp120 sequence changes that are predictive of a CXCR4 (X4)-using phenotype in HIV-1 subtype B primary isolates, specifically basic amino acid substations at positions 11 (S11R), 24 (G24R) and 25 (D25K) of the loop were detected in the two infected macaques. Functional assays showed that envelopes with V3 S11R or D25K mutation were dual-tropic, infecting CD4+ target cells that expressed either the CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor. And, consistent with findings of coreceptor switching in macaques infected with the pathogenic isolate, CXCR4-using variant was first detected in the lymph node of the chronically infected rhesus monkey several weeks prior to its presence in peripheral blood. Moreover, X4 emergence in this macaque coincided with persistent peripheral CD4+ T cell loss and a decline in neutralizing antibody titer that are suggestive of immune deterioration, with macrophages as the major virus-producing cells at the end-stage of disease. Conclusions The data showed that molecular clones derived from the R5 SHIVSF162P3N isolate are mucosally transmissible and induced disease in a manner similar to that observed in HIV-1 infected individuals, providing a relevant and useful animal infection model for in-depth analyses of host selection pressures and the env evolutionary changes that influence disease outcome, coreceptor switching and vaccine escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuze Ren
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Ave,, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Pathogenicity and mucosal transmissibility of the R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(AD8) in rhesus macaques: implications for use in vaccine studies. J Virol 2012; 86:8516-26. [PMID: 22647691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00644-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new pathogenic R5 simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) for the evaluation of candidate anti-HIV vaccines in nonhuman primates. Here, we characterize swarm SHIV(AD8) stocks, prepared from three infected rhesus macaques with documented immunodeficiency at the time of euthanasia, for their capacity to establish durable infections in macaques following inoculation by the intravenous (i.v.) or intrarectal (i.r.) route. All three viral stocks (SHIV(AD8-CE8J), SHIV(AD8-CK15), and SHIV(AD8-CL98)) exhibited robust replication in vivo and caused marked depletion of CD4(+) T cells affecting both memory and naïve CD4(+) T lymphocyte subsets following administration by either route. Eleven of 22 macaques inoculated with the new SHIV(AD8) stocks were euthanized with clinical symptoms of immunodeficiency and evidence of opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis, Candida, and Mycobacterium). A single but unique founder virus, also present in the SHIV(AD8-CE8J) swarm stock, was transmitted to two animals following a single i.r. inoculation of approximately 3 50% animal infectious doses, which is close to the threshold required to establish infection in all exposed animals. Because the three new SHIV(AD8) viruses are mucosally transmissible, exhibited tier 2 sensitivity to anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, deplete CD4(+) T lymphocytes in vivo, and induce AIDS in macaques, they are eminently suitable as challenge viruses in vaccine experiments.
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Acute Infection of Chinese Macaques by a CCR5-Tropic SHIV Carrying a Primary HIV-1 Subtype B' Envelope. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53:285-91. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181cc4f4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Generation of the pathogenic R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVAD8 by serial passaging in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2010; 84:4769-81. [PMID: 20147396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02279-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new pathogenic R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) was generated following serial passaging in rhesus macaques. All 13 animals inoculated with SHIV(AD8) passaged lineages experienced marked depletions of CD4(+) T cells. Ten of these infected monkeys became normal progressors (NPs) and had gradual losses of both memory and naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes, generated antiviral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, and sustained chronic immune activation while maintaining variable levels of plasma viremia (10(2) to 10(5) RNA copies/ml for up to 3 years postinfection [p.i.]). To date, five NPs developed AIDS associated with opportunistic infections caused by Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium avium, and Campylobacter coli that required euthanasia between weeks 100 and 199 p.i. Three other NPs have experienced marked depletions of circulating CD4(+) T lymphocytes (92 to 154 cells/microl) following 1 to 2 years of infection. When tested for coreceptor usage, the viruses isolated from four NPs at the time of their euthanasia remained R5 tropic. Three of the 13 SHIV(AD8)-inoculated macaques experienced a rapid-progressor syndrome characterized by sustained plasma viremia of >1 x 10(7) RNA copies/ml and rapid irreversible loss of memory CD4(+) T cells that required euthanasia between weeks 19 and 23 postinfection. The sustained viremia, associated depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, and induction of AIDS make the SHIV(AD8) lineage of viruses a potentially valuable reagent for vaccine studies.
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The development of an AIDS mucosal vaccine. Viruses 2010; 2:283-297. [PMID: 21994611 PMCID: PMC3185548 DOI: 10.3390/v2010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that mucosal tissues contain the largest surface area of the human body and are the front line of natural host defense against various pathogens. In fact, more than 80% of infectious disease pathogens probably gain entry into the susceptible human hosts through open mucosal surfaces. Human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1), a mainly sexually transmitted virus, also primarily targets the vaginal and gastrointestinal mucosa as entry sites for viral transmission, seeding, replication and amplification. Since HIV-1 establishes its early replication in vaginal or rectal mucosal tissues, the induction of sufficient mucosal immunity at the initial site of HIV-1 transmission becomes essential for a protective vaccine. However, despite the fact that current conventional vaccine strategies have remained unsuccessful in preventing HIV-1 infection, sufficient financial support and resources have yet to be given to develop a vaccine able to elicit protective mucosal immunity against sexual transmissions. Interestingly, Chinese ancestors invented variolation through intranasal administration about one thousand years ago, which led to the discovery of a successful smallpox vaccine and the final eradication of the disease. It is the hope for all mankind that the development of a mucosal AIDS vaccine will ultimately help control the AIDS pandemic. In order to discover an effective mucosal AIDS vaccine, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of mucosal immunology and to test various mucosal vaccination strategies.
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Ho O, Larsen K, Polacino P, Li Y, Anderson D, Song R, Ruprecht RM, Hu SL. Pathogenic infection of Macaca nemestrina with a CCR5-tropic subtype-C simian-human immunodeficiency virus. Retrovirology 2009; 6:65. [PMID: 19602283 PMCID: PMC2720380 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) have been used in AIDS research for years, less is known about the early immunopathogenic events in this species, as compared to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Similarly, the events in early infection are well-characterized for simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), but less so for chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV), although the latter have been widely used in HIV vaccine studies. Here, we report the consequences of intrarectal infection with a CCR5-tropic clade C SHIV-1157ipd3N4 in pig-tailed macaques. Results Plasma and cell-associated virus was detectable in peripheral blood and intestinal tissues of all four pig-tailed macaques following intrarectal inoculation with SHIV-1157ipd3N4. We also observed a rapid and irreversible loss of CD4+ T cells at multiple mucosal sites, resulting in a marked decrease of CD4:CD8 T cell ratios 0.5–4 weeks after inoculation. This depletion targeted subsets of CD4+ T cells expressing the CCR5 coreceptor and having a CD28-CD95+ effector memory phenotype, consistent with the R5-tropism of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. All three animals that were studied beyond the acute phase seroconverted as early as week 4, with two developing cross-clade neutralizing antibody responses by week 24. These two animals also demonstrated persistent plasma viremia for >48 weeks. One of these animals developed AIDS, as shown by peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell depletion starting at 20 weeks post inoculation. Conclusion These findings indicate that SHIV-1157ipd3N4-induced pathogenesis in pig-tailed macaques followed a similar course as SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Thus, R5 SHIV-C-infection of pig-tailed macaques could provide a useful and relevant model for AIDS vaccine and pathogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- On Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA.
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Role of HIV-1 subtype C envelope V3 to V5 regions in viral entry, coreceptor utilization and replication efficiency in primary T-lymphocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Virol J 2007; 4:126. [PMID: 18036244 PMCID: PMC2216014 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several subtypes of HIV-1 circulate in infected people worldwide, including subtype B in the United States and subtype C in Africa and India. To understand the biological properties of HIV-1 subtype C, including cellular tropism, virus entry, replication efficiency and cytopathic effects, we reciprocally inserted our previously characterized envelope V3–V5 regions derived from 9 subtype C infected patients from India into a subtype B molecular clone, pNL4-3. Equal amounts of the chimeric viruses were used to infect T-lymphocyte cell lines (A3.01 and MT-2), coreceptor cell lines (U373-MAGI-CCR5/CXCR4), primary blood T-lymphocytes (PBL) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Results We found that subtype C envelope V3–V5 region chimeras failed to replicate in T-lymphocyte cell lines but replicated in PBL and MDM. In addition, these chimeras were able to infect U373MAGI-CD4+-CCR5+ but not U373MAGI-CD4+-CXCR4+ cell line, suggesting CCR5 coreceptor utilization and R5 phenotypes. These subtype C chimeras were unable to induce syncytia in MT-2 cells, indicative of non-syncytium inducing (NSI) phenotypes. More importantly, the subtype C envelope chimeras replicated at higher levels in PBL and MDM compared with subtype B chimeras and isolates. Furthermore, the higher levels subtype C chimeras replication in PBL and MDM correlated with increased virus entry in U373MAGI-CD4+-CCR5+. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that the envelope V3 to V5 regions of subtype C contributed to higher levels of HIV-1 replication compared with subtype B chimeras, which may contribute to higher viral loads and faster disease progression in subtype C infected individuals than other subtypes as well as rapid HIV-1 subtype C spread in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Vlasak
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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14
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Centlivre M, Sommer P, Michel M, Ho Tsong Fang R, Gofflo S, Valladeau J, Schmitt N, Thierry F, Hurtrel B, Wain-Hobson S, Sala M. HIV-1 clade promoters strongly influence spatial and temporal dynamics of viral replication in vivo. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:348-58. [PMID: 15690084 PMCID: PMC546425 DOI: 10.1172/jci22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the primary determinant of cell tropism is the interaction of viral envelope or capsid proteins with cellular receptors, other viral elements can strongly modulate viral replication. While the HIV-1 promoter is polymorphic for a variety of transcription factor binding sites, the impact of these polymorphisms on viral replication in vivo is not known. To address this issue, we engineered isogenic SIVmac239 chimeras harboring the core promoter/enhancer from HIV-1 clades B, C, and E. Here it is shown that the clade C and E core promoters/enhancers bear a noncanonical activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site, absent from the corresponding clade B region. Relative ex vivo replication of chimeras was strongly dependent on the tissue culture system used. Notably, in thymic histocultures, replication of the clade C chimera was favored by IL-7 enrichment, which suggests that the clade C polymorphism in the AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding sites is involved. Simultaneous infection of rhesus macaques with the 3 chimeras revealed a strong predominance of the clade C chimera during primary infection. Thereafter, the B chimera dominated in all tissues. These data show that the clade C promoter is particularly adapted to sustain viral replication in primary viremia and that clade-specific promoter polymorphisms constitute a major determinant for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Centlivre
- Unité de Rétrovirologie Moléculaire, Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Noyau, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Centlivre M, Sommer P, Michel M, Fang RHT, Gofflo S, Valladeau J, Schmitt N, Thierry F, Hurtrel B, Wain-Hobson S, Sala M. HIV-1 clade promoters strongly influence spatial and temporal dynamics of viral replication in vivo. J Clin Invest 2005. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200522873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Smith MZ, Dale CJ, De Rose R, Stratov I, Fernandez CS, Brooks AG, Weinfurter J, Krebs K, Riek C, Watkins DI, O'connor DH, Kent SJ. Analysis of pigtail macaque major histocompatibility complex class I molecules presenting immunodominant simian immunodeficiency virus epitopes. J Virol 2005; 79:684-95. [PMID: 15613296 PMCID: PMC538543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.684-695.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines will need to induce effective T-cell immunity. We studied immunodominant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-specific T-cell responses and their restricting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina), an increasingly common primate model for the study of HIV infection of humans. CD8+ T-cell responses to an SIV epitope, Gag164-172KP9, were present in at least 15 of 36 outbred pigtail macaques. The immunodominant KP9-specific response accounted for the majority (mean, 63%) of the SIV Gag response. Sequencing from six macaques identified 7 new Mane-A and 13 new Mane-B MHC class I alleles. One new allele, Mane-A*10, was common to four macaques that responded to the KP9 epitope. We adapted reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA) to MHC class I genotype M. nemestrina. Mane-A*10 was detected in macaques presenting KP9 studied by RSCA but was absent from non-KP9-presenting macaques. Expressed on class I-deficient cells, Mane-A*10, but not other pigtail macaque MHC class I molecules, efficiently presented KP9 to responder T cells, confirming that Mane-A*10 restricts the KP9 epitope. Importantly, naive pigtail macaques infected with SIVmac251 that respond to KP9 had significantly reduced plasma SIV viral levels (log10 0.87 copies/ml; P=0.025) compared to those of macaques not responding to KP9. The identification of this common M. nemestrina MHC class I allele restricting a functionally important immunodominant SIV Gag epitope establishes a basis for studying CD8+ T-cell responses against AIDS in an important, widely available nonhuman primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Z Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Si Z, Gorry P, Babcock G, Owens CM, Cayabyab M, Phan N, Sodroski J. Envelope glycoprotein determinants of increased entry in a pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2) passaged in monkeys. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:163-73. [PMID: 15018704 DOI: 10.1089/088922204773004888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Passage of a nonpathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-HXBc2) in monkeys resulted in changes in the viral envelope glycoproteins that are responsible for a dramatic increase in replication and pathogenicity in vivo. Here, we show that the envelope glycoproteins of the pathogenic SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 mediate virus entry into rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) more efficiently than the parental SHIV-HXBc2 envelope glycoproteins, and study the basis for this increase. Both parental and pathogenic SHIVs exclusively use CXCR4 as a coreceptor. The determinants of the increased entry associated with the SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 envelope glycoproteins are located in both the gp120 and gp41 subunits. Changes in the gp120 V3 variable loop specify a decreased sensitivity to SDF-1, consistent with an increase in the affinity of the HXBc2P 3.2 gp120 glycoprotein for CXCR4. Thus, multiple changes in the gp120 variable loops and the gp41 ectodomain of a pathogenic SHIV cooperate to allow enhanced replicative capacity, which in part results from increased chemokine receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Si
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
In the absence of antiretroviral treatment, HIV-1 establishes a chronic, progressive infection of the human immune system that invariably, over the course of years, leads to its destruction and fatal immunodeficiency. Paradoxically, while viral replication is extensive throughout the course of infection, deterioration of conventional measures of immunity is slow, including the characteristic loss of CD4(+) T cells that is thought to play a key role in the development of immunodeficiency. This conundrum suggests that CD4(+) T cell-directed viral cytopathicity alone cannot explain the course of disease. Indeed, recent advances now indicate that HIV-1 pathogenesis is likely to result from a complex interplay between the virus and the immune system, particularly the mechanisms responsible for T cell homeostasis and regeneration. We review these data and present a model of HIV-1 pathogenesis in which the protracted loss of CD4(+) T cells results from early viral destruction of selected memory T cell populations, followed by a combination of profound increases in overall memory T cell turnover, damage to the thymus and other lymphoid tissues, and physiological limitations in peripheral CD4(+) T cell renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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